CHAPTER III. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. The State of Wisconsin is bounded on the north by Minnesota and Michigan; on the east by the State last mentioned; on the south, by Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota; and on the west, by the two last named States. Its boundaries, as more particularly described, are as follows: Beginning at its northeast corner of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan, where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude, crosses the same; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram; thence down the main channel of the Montreal river to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian vil lage, according to Nicollett's map, thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croix; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning. The general shape of Wisconsin is that of an irregular pentagon. Its land area is 53,924 square miles; and, in respect to size, it ranks with the other States as the 15th. It is known as one of the North Central States, east of the Mississippi. It extends from 9 degrees 50 minutes to 15 degrees 50 minutes west longitude from Washington city, and from 42 degrees 30 minutes to about 47 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. It has Lake Michigan on the east, Green bay, Menomonee and Brule rivers, Lake Vieux Desert, the Montreal river, Lake Superior and the St. Louis river; on the northeast and north; and, on the west, the St. Croix and the Mississippi rivers.* The average length of the State is about 260 miles; its average breadth 215 miles. The surface features of Wisconsin present a configuration between the mountainous, on the one hand, and a monotonous level, on the other. The State occupies a swell of land lying between three notable depressions: Lake Michigan, on the east; Lake Superior, on the north; and the valley of the Mississippi, on the west. From these depressions the surface slopes upward to the summit altitudes. Scattered over the State are prominent hills, but no mountains. Some of these hills swell upward into rounded domes, some ascend precipitously into castellated towers; and some reach prominence without regard to beauty ***The boundary of Wisconsin is commonly given as Lake Superior and the State of Michigan on the north, and Michiigan and Lake Michigan on the east, and sometimes, also, the Mississippi river is given as a part of the western boundary. These boundaries are not the true ones. The State of Wisconsin extends to the center of Lakes Michigan and Superior, and to the center of the main channel of the Mississippi river. As the States of Wisconsin and Michigan meet in the center of Lake Michigan, it is not Lake Michigan that bounds Wisconsin on the east, but the State of Michigan, and so on. The correct boundary of Wisconsin in general terms, is as follows: Wisconsin is bounded north by Minnesota and Michigan, east by Michigan, south by Illinois, and west by Iowa and Minnesota."-A. O. Wright. Collins, whig..... Dewey's majority. or form or convenience of description. The The constitution of Wisconsin provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of State, treasurer and attorney general, as the officers of State. The first State election was held May 8, 1848, when, not only State officers were chosen, but members of the Legislature and members of Congress. The following are the names of the governors elected and the terms they have served, since Wisconsin became a State: Nelson Dewey, June 7, 1848 to Jan. 5, 1852; Leonard J. Farwell, Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 5, 1854; William A. Barstow, Jan. 2, 1854, to March 21, 1856; Arthur McArthur, † March 21, to March 25, 1856; Coles Bashford, March 25, 1856, to Jan. 4, 1858; Alexander W. Randall, Jan. 4, 1858, to Jan. 6, 1862; Louis P. Harvey, Jan. 6, 1862, to April 19, 1862; Edward Solomon, April 19, 1862, to Jan. 4, 1864; James T. Lewis, Jan. 4, 1864, to Jan. 1, 1866; Lucius Farchild, Jan. 1, 1866, to Jan. 1, 1872: C. C. Washburn, Jan. 1, 1872, to Jan. 5, 1874; William R. Taylor, Jan. 5, 1874, to Jan. 3, 1876; Harrison Ludington, Jan. 3, 1876, to Jan. 7, 1878; William E. Smith, Jan. 7, 1878 to Jan. 2, 1882, Jeremiah M. Rusk, Jan. 2, 1882, and still in office. Farwell, whig..... Farwell's majority..... Barstow, democrat.. 1849. 16,649 11,317 5, 332 1851. 22, 319 21,812 507 1853. 30,405 21,886 3, 334 8,519 1855. 36, 355 36, 198 Barstow's pluralitv..... Barstow, democrat.. Randall's majority..... Fairchild, republican.. 1869. Fairchilds' majority.. 1871. Washburn, republican Doolittle, democrat Washburn's majority.... 1873. Taylor, democrat... Washburn, republican. Taylor's majority 1875. Ludington, republican.. Taylor, democrat. Ludington's majority.... 1877. Smith, republican.. Mallory, democrat. Allis, greenback.. Smith's majority.. 1879. Smith, republican.. Jenkins, democrat. May, greenback.. Smith's majority over both.. 1881. Kusk, republican. Fratt, democrat. Kanouse. prohibition. Allis, green back........ Rusk's plurality..... The following are the persons that have been elected secretaries of State, with their terms of office, since the State was admitted into the Union: Thomas McHugh, June 7, 1848, to Jan. 7, 1850; 15, 375 William A. Barstow, Jan. 7, 1850, to Jan. 5, 1852; C. D. Robinson, Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1854; Alexander T. Gray, Jan. 2, 1854, to Jan. 7, 1856; David W. Jones, Jan. 7, 1856, to Jan. 841 2, 1860; Louis P. Harvey, Jan. 2, 1866, to Jan. 6, 1862; James T. Lewis, Jan. 6, 1862, to Jan. 4, 1864; Lucius Fairchild, Jan. 4, 1864, to Jan. 1, 1866; Thomas S. Allen, Jan. 1, 1836, to Jan. 3, 1870; Llywelyn Breese, Jan. 3, 1870, to Jan. 8, 273 5, 1874; Peter Doyle, Jan. 5, 1874, to January 7, 1878; Ham B. Warner, Jan. 7, 1878, to Jan. 2, 1882; Ernest G. Timme, Jan. 2, 1882 and still in office. 78,759 70.486 26, 216 .100, 535 The treasurers, with their terms of office, 12.509 have been as follows: Jairus C. Fairchild, June 7, 1848, to Jan. 5, 81,754 1852; Edward H. Janssen, Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 69,797 7, 1856; Charles Kuehn, Jan. 7, 1856, to Jan 4. 13, 225 7.002 1858; Samuel D. Hastings, Jan. 4, 1858, to Jan. 1, 1866; William E. Smith, Jan. 1, 1866, to Jan. 3, 1870; Henry Baetz, Jan. 3, 1870 to Jan. 5, 1874; Ferdinand Kuehn, Jan. 5, 1874, to Jan. 7, 1878; Richard Guenther, Jan. 7, 1878, to Jan. 2, 1882; Edward C. McFetridge, Jan. 2, 1882 and still in office. 11, 957 The following are the names of the lieutenant governors and their terms of service, since Wisconsin, became a State: John E. Holmes, June 7, 1848, to Jan. 7, 1850; Samuel W. Beall, Jan. 7, 1850, to Jan. 5, 1852; Timothy Burns, Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1854; James T. Lewis, Jan. 2, 1854, to Jan. 7, 1856; Arthur McArthur, Jan. 7, 1856, to Jan. 4, 1858; E. D. Campbell, Jan. 4, 1858. to Jan. 2, 1860; Butler G. Noble, Jan. 2,) 1860 to Jan. 6, 1862; Edward Solomon, Jan. 6, 1862, to April 19, 1862; Gerry W. Hazelton, (ex-officio), Sept. 10, 1862, to Sept. 26, 1862; Attorneys-General, with their terms of office, have been elected as follows: James S. Brown, June 7, 1848, to Jan. 7, 1850; S. Park Coon, Jan. 7, 1850, to Jan. 5, 1852; Experience Estabrook, Jan. 5, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1854; George B. Smith, Jan. 2, 1854, to Jan. 7, 1856; William R. Smith, Jan. 7, 1856, to Jan. 4, 1858; Gabriel Bouck, Jan. 4, 1858 to Jan. 2, 1860; James H. Howe, Jan. 2, 1860, to Oct. 7, 1862; Winfield Smith, Oct. 7, 1862, to Jan. 1, 1866; Charles R. Gill, Jan. 2, 1866 to Jan. 3, 1870; Stephen S. Barlow, Jan. 3, 1870, to Jan. 5, 1874; A. Scott Sloan, Jan. 5, 1874, to Jan. 7, 1878; Alexander Wilson, Jan. 7, 1878, to Jan. 2, 1882; Leander F. Frisby, Jan. 2, 1862, and still in office. The constitution divided the State into nineteen senatorial and sixty-six assembly districts. In each of these districts, on the 8th of May, 1848, one member was elected. The first Legislature of the State began its session at Madison, the capital, where all subsequent ones have convened. The commencement and ending of each session, with the names of the speakers, were as follows. Ninean E. Whiteside, June 5, 1848, to Aug ust 21. Harrison C. Hobart, Jan. 10, 1849, to April 2. 26. J. Allen Barker, Jan. 14, 1863, to April 2. William W. Field, Jan. 13, 1864, to April 4. William W. Field, Jan. 11, 1865, to April 10. Henry D. Barron, Jan. 10, 1866, to April 12. Angus Cameron, Jan. 9, 1867, to April 11. Alexander M. Thomson, Jan. 8, 1868 to March 6. Alexander M. Thomson, Jan. 13, 1869, to March 11. 17. 21. James M. Bingham, Jan. 12, 1870, to March William E. Smith, Jan. 11, 1871, to March 25. Daniel Hall, Jan. 10, 1872, to March 26. Henry D. Barron, Jan. 8, 1873, to March 20. Gabe Bouck, Jan. 14, 1874, to March 12. Frederick W. Horn, Jan. 13, 1875, to March 6. Samuel S. Fifield, Jan. 12, 1876, to March 14. John B. Cassoday, Jan: 10, 1877, to March 8. Augustus R. Barrows, Jan. 9, 1878, to March Augustus R. Barrows, June 4, 1878, to June 7. David M. Kelley, Jan. 8, 1879, to March 5. Alexander A. Arnold, Jan. 14, 1880, to March 17. Ira D. Bradford, Jan. 12, 1881, to April 4. Franklin L. Gilson, Jan. 11, 1882, to March 31. Earl P. Finch, Jan. 10, 1883, to April 4. The constitution divided the State into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of Congress was elected May 8, 1848. ' The first district embraced the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock and Green; the second district was com posed of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, Lafayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. here be stated that the first Legislature changed the apportionment, making three districts; other apportionments have been made at each decade, so that there are now nine congressional districts.) The first members were elected to the XXXth Congress, which expired March 4, 1849. The members elected from Wisconsin to that and subsequent Congresses are: (It may XXXIst Congress, 1849-51. First District. --Charles Durkee. XXXIIId Congress, 1853–55. XXXIVth Congress, 1855-57. XXXVth Congress, 1857-59. XXXVIth Congress, 1859-61. XXXVIIth Congress, 1861-63. First District.-John F. Potter. Second District. -Luther Hanchett, Walter McIndoe. Third District. --A. Scott Sloan. XXXVIIIth Congress, 1863-65. First District.-James S. Brown. Third District.-Amasa Cobb. Fourth District.-Charles A. Eldredge. Fifth District. --Ezra Wheeler. XXXIXth Congress, 1865-67. Fourth District.-Charles A. Eldredge. Fifth District.--Philetus Sawyer. Sixth District.-Walter D. McIndoe, * Took their seats June 5 and 9, 1848. + Died Nov. 24, 1862; McIndoe elected to fill the vacancy, Dec, 30, 1882. XLth Congress, 1867-69. First District--Halbert E. Paine. Third District. -Amasa Cobb. Fourth District-Charles A. Eldredge. Sixth District. -Cadwallader C. Washburn. First District. -Halbert E. Paine. Third District.-Amasa Cobb. Fourth District.-Charles A. Eldredge. XLIIId Congress, 1873-75. XLVth Congress, 1877-79. Sixth District. --Gabriel Bouck. Seventh District.-Herman L. Humphrey. Eighth District. -Thaddeus C. Pound. Died Jan. 1, 1870, and David Atwood elected tofil vacancy Feb. 15, 1870, |