it is placed a small whistle, made of the bone of a rabbit's leg, about two inches long, and the end formed like a flageolet, with a little soft wax. This is the end fastened into the purse; the other is closed up with the same wax, only a hole is opened with a pin, to make it give a distinct and clear sound. To make this sound, it must be held full in the palm of the hand, with one of the fingers placed over the top of the wax; then the purse is to be pressed, and the finger is to shake over the middle of it, to modulate the sound it gives into a sort of shake. This is the most useful call; for it imitates the note of the hen-quail, and seldom fails to bring a cock to the net if there be one near the place. The call that imitates the note of the cock, and is used to bring the hen to him, is to be about four inches long, and above an inch thick; it is to be made of a piece of wire turned round and curled, and covered with leather; and one end of it must be closed up with a piece of flat wood, about the middle of which there must be a small thread or strap of leather, and at the other end is to be placed the same sort of pipe, made of bone, as in the other call. The noise is made by opening and closing the spiral. Fr. coint; of Lat. comp QUAINT, adj. QUAINT'LY, adv. tus. Nice; minutely ex QUAINT NESS, n. s..

Sact; having petty elegance; subtle; sly; fine-spun; affected: Spenser uses it for quailed.

As clerkes been full subtle and quaint. Chaucer. Each ear sucks up the words a true love scattereth And plain speech oft, than quaint phrase framed is. Sidney.

With such fair slight him Guyon failed:
Till at the last, all breathless, weary and faint,
Him spying, with fresh onset he assailed,
And kinding new his courage, seeming quaint,
Struck him so hugely, that through great constraint
He made him stoop.
Spenser.

You were glad to be employed,
To shew how quaint an orator you are.

Shakspeare.

I never saw a better fashioned gown, More quaint, more pleasing, or more commendable.

Shakspeare.

Breathe his faults so quaintly,

That they seem the taints of liberty, The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. Id. When was old Sherewood's hair more quaintly curled,

Or nature's cradle more enchased and purl'd?

Ben Jonson. What's the efficient cause of a king? surely a quaint question; yet a question that has been moved. Holyday.

He his fabrick of the heav'ns Hath left to their disputes, perhaps to move His laughter at their quaint opinions wide Hereafter. Milton's Paradise Lost. He spends some passages about two similitudes; one of mine, and another quainter of his own.

As my Buxoma

Stilling fleet.

With gentle finger, stroaked her milky care, I quaintly stole a kiss. Gay. There is a certain majesty in simplicity, which is far above all the quaintness of wit.

Pope. To this we owe those monstrous productions, which under the name of trips, spies, amusements, and other conceited appellations, have overrun us;

and I wish I could say, those quaint fopperies were Swift. wholly absent from graver subjects.

QUAKE, v. n. & n. s. Sax. cpacan; Lat. quatio To shake; to tremble with cold or fear; to be yielding; not solid or firm: a shudder.

The mountains quake at him, and the hills melt, and the earth is burnt at his presence. Nahum. i. 5. Dorus threw Pamela behind a tree, where she stood quaking like the partridge on which the hawk Sidney. is ready to seize.

Do such business as the better day
Would quake to look on. Shakspeare. Hamlet.
As the earth may sometimes shake,
For winds shut up will cause a quake ;
So often jealousy and fear

Stol'n to mine heart, cause tremblings there.
Suckling.

The quaking powers of height stood in amaze.
Cowley.

In fields they dare not fight, where honour calls, The very noise of wars their souls does wound, They quake but hearing their own trumpets sound. Dryden.

The quaking mud, that clos'd and op'd no more.
Next Smedley dived; slow circles dimpled o'er

QUAKERS. See FRIENDS.
QUALIFY, v. a. & v. n. (

Pope.

Fr. qualifier;

QUALIFICATION, n. s. of Lat. qualis and facere. To fit or furnish; make capable of;

verb neuter, fit one's self: qualification is, accomplishment; fitness; that which fits or qualifies; abatement; modification.

hence reduce; assuage; modify; abate: as a

He balms and herbs thereto applied, And evermore with mighty spells them charmed, That in short space he has them qualified, And him restored to health that would have dy'd. Spenser. That which ordinary men are fit for, I am qualified in; and the best of me is diligence. Shakspeare.

I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire, But qualify the fire's extreme rage,

Lest it should burn above the bounds of reason.

Id. I have drunk but one cup to-night, and that was craftily qualified too; and behold what innovation it makes here.

Já.

Good qualifications of mind enable a magistrate to perform his duty, and tend to create a public esteem of him. Atterbury.

My proposition I have qualified with the word often; thereby making allowances for those cases, whereby men of excellent minds may, by a long practice of virtue, have rendered the heights and rigours of it delightful. Id.

It is in the power of the prince to make piety and virtue become the fashion, if he would make them necessary qualifications for preferment. Swift.

After mentioning the corporation and test acts, and some others which do not relate to the point under consideration, it is enacted that persons who, after the passing of the act, have omitted to qualify in the manner prescribed by those acts, and who shall properly qualify before the 25th of the ensuing December, shall be indemnified against all penalties, forfeitures, incapacities, and disabilities; and their elections, and the acts done by them, are declared to be good. Tomlin's Law Dictionary.

QUALITY, n. s. Fr. qualité; Lat. qualitas. Nature considered relatively; property; adjunct; disposition of mind or temper; qualification; rank: hence persons of high rank collectively considered.

These, being of a far other nature and quality, are not so strictly or everlastingly commanded in scripHooker.

ture.

Sax. cpealm; Dan. and QUALM'ISH, adj.) Teut. qualm. Á sudden fit of sickness; sudden seizure of languor: the adjective corresponding.

Some sudden qualm hath struck me to the heart, And dimmed mine eyes, that I can read no further. Shakspeare.

I am qualmish at the smell of leek. Id. Compared to these storms, death is but a qualm, Hell somewhat lightsome, the Bermudas calm.

Donne.

When he hath stretched his vessels with wine to

their utmost capacity, and is grown weary and sick, and feels those qualms and disturbances that usually attend such excesses, he resolves that he will hereafter contain himself within the bounds of sobriety. Calamy.

QUANGSEE, a province of the south-western frontier of China, bordering on Tonquin. East and north it is flat, but fertile, and yields rice for export. The rest of the province consists of lofty mountains, covered with wood, and containing mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin, which have only of late been allowed to be worked on condition of their paying forty per cent. to the emperor, and five per cent to the officers and troops employed in superintending them. The gold mines, however, were retained by the emperor in his own hands. The quanglang tree, of the pith of which bread is made, is indigenous here; as well as a species of cinna

So varying still their moods, observing yet in all Their quantities, their rests, their censures metrical. Drayton.

This explication of rarity and density, by the composition of substance with quantity, may give little satisfaction to such who are apt to conceive therein no other composition or resolution but such as our senses shew us, in compounding and dividing bodies according to quantitive parts. Digby.

The easy pronunciation of a mute before a liquid does not necessarily make the preceding vowel, by position, long in quantity; as patrem.

Holder.

Unskilled in hellebore, if thou shou❜dst try
To mix it, and mistake the quantity,
The rules of physick wou'd against thee cry.

Dryden. The warm antiscorbutical plants, taken in quantities, will occasion stinking breath, and corrupt the

Quantity is what may be increased or diminished. Cheyne. The quantum of presbyterian merit, during the reign of that ill-advised prince, will easily be computed. Swift.

QUANTITY. To define what the ancient quantity was, in the age when its nature was not determinable merely from the mouldering manuscripts, or hieroglyphic symbols of our modern copyists; but when the criteria for the ear, which Quinctilian declares cannot be imitated except orally, were obtained from the only effectual source, the viva vox, is an arduous and almost hopeless task. From the ashes, however, we have gleaned together with other antiquarians our quota; and from the scattered fragments, imperfect records, and broken monuments of the general ruin, have collected what we call our rules.

It is clear that in the ancient elocution there were not only fifteen vowel sounds, represented by six letters, but each of these was again susceptible of one of the three accents, the acute, the grave, or the circumflex. And though the Greeks remedied this in part, by two additional characters, yet to express the mere duration of their syllables, there is still an obvious deficiency. Every intelligent observer will admit that elocution is nothing but a species of music, since every thing implied by the duration of a syllable, the mood or general time of delivery, accent, emphasis, pause, tone, and cadence, are properties which may be very adequately expressed on paper, in musical composition, or, more completely, by a good organ. Hence the duration of a syllable is perfectly analogous to the relative difference between a minim and a crotchet; the mood, to the general time, whether quick or slow, observed in the whole compo

sition; accent and emphasis, being an elevation or depression of the voice, are actually the variation from one note to another; pause is, by musicians, under the term a rest, only changed in name; while tone, implying all that modulation of the voice effected by the tranquil, plaintive or empassioned mind, is what the complete organ very nearly effects by its diapason, sesquialter, principal, and occasionally by the swell; and the cadence is but the return of the air and notes to the same key to which the whole composition is set. We now easily perceive that of all that once gave eloquence to the orations of Cicero, and harmony to the strains of Virgil, we now retain but a concatenation of vowels and consonants, in fact, but a lifeless syllabication. Notwithstanding, however, this latitude for doubt, and the difficulties to which the question is liable, several with little hesitation define the quantity of a syllable to be the duration of the voice in pronouncing it. But whilst this, on the one hand, renders the whole poetic fabric consistent, it is, on the other, not a little at variance with the customary and established pronunciation of many who are amongst the principal advocates of prosodial orthoepy, as well as with the manner in which the Latin language is frequently pronounced among the moderns, and by the British nation. To youth we prescribe the laws of quantity, and we oblige them to pronounce the first syllable of profugus short, and that of copia long, because the former is a tribrac, and the latter a dactyl; but we not only allow them, but accustom ourselves to pronounce ně pos, fides, globus, and conjugium, as though these several syllables were respectively long, and are accused by foreigners not only of departing from the genuine sound of the Greek and Latin vowels, but of violating the quantity of these languages more than any other European nation. The author of the Essay on the Harmony of Languages gives us a detail of the particulars by which this accusation is proved, so accurate as to give it claim to citation here. The falsification of the harmony by English scholars in their pronunciation of Latin, with regard to essential points, arises from two causes only: first, from a total inattention to the length of vowel sounds, making them long or short merely as chance directs; and, secondly, from sounding doubled consonants as only one letter. The remedy of the last fault is obvious. With regard to the first, we have already observed that each of our vowels has its general long sound, and its general short sound totally different. Thus, the short sound of e lengthened is expressed by the letter a, and the short sound of i lengthened is expressed by the letter e. And with all these anomalies, usual in the application of vowel characters to the vowel sounds of our own language, we proceed to the application of vowel sounds to the vowel characters of the Latin. Thus, in the first syllable of sidus and nomen, which ought to be long, and of miser and ŏnus, which ought to be short, we equally use the common long sound of the vowels; but, in the oblique cases, sideris, nominis, miseri, oneris, &c., we use quite another sound, and that a short one. These strange anomalies are not in common to us with our

0.

southern neighbours the French, Spaniards, and Italians. They pronounce sidus, according to our orthography, seedus, and in the oblique cases preserve the same long sound of the i. Nomen they pronounce as we do, and preserve, in the oblique cases, the same long sound of the The Italians also, in their own language, pro nounce doubled consonants as distinctly as the two most discordant mutes of their alphabet. It is a matter of curiosity to observe with what regularity we use these solecisms in the pronunciation of Latin. When the penultimate is accented, its vowel, if followed but by a single consonant, is always long, as in Dr. Foster's examples. When the antepenultimate is accented, its vowel is, without any regard to the requisite quantity pronounced short, as in mirăbile, frigidus; except the vowel of the penultimate be followed by a vowel, and then the Vowel of the antepenultimate is, with as little regard to true quantity, pronounced long, as in maneo, redeat, odium, imperium. Quantity is, however, vitiated, to make i short, even in this case, as in oblivio, vinea, virium. The only difference we make in pronunciation between vinea and venia, is, that to the vowel of the first syllable of the former, which ought to be long, we give a short sound; to that of the latter, which ought to be short, we give the same sound, but lengthened. U, accented, is always, before a single consonant, pronounced long, as in humerus, fugiens. Before two consonants no vowel sound is ever made long, except that of the diphthong au, so that, whenever a doubled consonant occurs, the preceding syllable is

short.'

Mr. Pickbourn, the author of a Dissertation on the English Verb, justly observes (Monthly Magazine, No. 135), That scholars err in their pronunciation of, 1st, words of two syllables having the first short, as eques; 2dly, words of three syllables having the first long and the second short, as sidera; 3dly, polysyllables accented on the antepenultimate; as juvenilibus, interea, &c.; and, lastly, words ending in a long vowel, as domini, or in a long vowel and a single consonant, as dominis. These errors arise in part from the want of distinguishing between the long and short powers of the vowels, and, in part from the indistinct and confused notion which we have of accent. For, when it falls on a short syllable, we often make that syllable long; and, when it falls on a long one, we sometimes make it short. Accent does certainly affect quantity; that is, it makes the accented syllable a little longer than it would be without it. But its operation is never so great as to make a short syllable become long, nor does the privation of accent make a long syllable become short; for there are degrees of time both in long and short syllables. All short syllables are not equally short; nor are all long ones equally long.

In justice to this part of the subject we may now offer a remark which we find in Dr. Valpy's excellent Greek Grammar. He differs in some degree from Mr. Pickbourn, when he observes, 'that the elevation of the voice does not lengthen the time of that syllable, so that accent and quantity

by the best critics are considered as perfectly distinct, and by no means inconsistent with each other. In our language the accent falls on the antepenultimate equally in the words liberty and library, yet, in the former, the tone only is elevated, in the latter the syllable is also lengthened. The same difference exists in báron, and bacon, in lével and léver. In words of two and of three short syllables the difference between the French and English pronunciation is striking. The former make iambics and anapæsts, the latter chorees and dactyls. The French say, fugís, fugimus; the English, fugis, fúgimus. In many instances both are equally faulty; thus we shorten the long is in favis, the plural of favus; they lengthen the short is in ōris, the genitive of os. Indeed both may be said to observe neither accent nor quantity.' We have thus stated at length the manner in which ancient quantity is violated by the moderns, and more particularly by the English.

Three methods present themselves to enable us to preserve the prosodial quantity. 1st. To allow every vowel its prescribed duration, without altering the customary division of syllables; as no-ta, lo-cus, &c.; but this will oblige us to throw the accent on the second syllable, as glŏbus, contrary to the laconic canon of Sanctius:

Exacuit sedem dissyllabon omne priorem.
Accentum in se ipsa monosyllaba dictio ponit.
Ex tribus extollit primam penultima curta.
Extollit se ipsam quando est penultima longa.'

This will very frequently occasion the following vowel to be long; as, te-né-o, contrary to, • Vocalis ante alteram in eadem dictione ubique brevis est.'

2dly. If, then, we must abandon the preceding method, we have the alternative left of uniting to the preceding vowel the succeeding consonant; as, not-a, loc-us. But still some difficulty occurs, for, first, this method would in many instances occasion pronunciations very harsh to our customary prepossessions; as, grădus, căd-o, plic-o, stup-e-o, bŏn-us, jŭb-e-o, těne-o, măn-e-o, num-e-rus, trib-us, hon-os, făv-or, fut-u-rus, jug-um, fid-es, pět-o, tim-or, tim-e-o, vid-e-o, 'Homines tuentur illum glob-um.' 'Pertæsum est con-jug-ii, &c. But is this really an objection? Have not custom and long-established usage the power of warping the mind, and giving it prejudices against that which in its unbiassed state it would have adjudged to be agreeable and elegant? This from innumerable instances we are assured to be a fact. And we may very reasonably enquire, is all this harshness of pronunciation of which we appear to be so sensible actually chargeable on the ancients? Does it not arise rather from the mistaken ideas we have formed of the power of their vowels and consonants, which, if rectified, would render the harmony of pronunciation and prosodial quantity again consistent?

E, in Latin, as well as Greek,' according to Ainsworth, was pronounced .' From the circumstance of their anciently writing TEI AгAOEI TYXEI for rñ ȧyalñ Tux, it is to n that he attributes the power of a. But since it is ambiguous, and the attempt inconclusive, to

explain the sound of one ancient vowel by another, the most satisfactory and decisive method, as far as it can be done, is to have recourse to the more immutable sounds of nature.

The learned authors of the Port Royal Greek Grammar, in order to convey the sound of the long Greek vowel 7, tell us it is a sound between the e and a; and that Eustathius, who lived towards the close of the twelfth century, says that ẞ, ẞn, is a sound made in imitation of the bleating of a sheep; to this purpose they quote the following verse of an ancient writer, Cratinus:

ར ་

* Οδ' ἠλίθιος ωσπερ τρόβατον, βῆ, βῆ, λεγων βαδίζει. 'Is fatuus perinde, ac ovis, bê, bê, dicens incedit. 'He, like a silly sheep, goes crying baa.'

In a similar manner the sound of the long i is preserved to us by the word pipio, which signifies to pip like a chicken; and, since their note is nearly what we may express by pee-ep, the long power of that letter seems to have been equivocal to our ee. Eustathius likewise remarks on the 499th verse of Iliad I. that the word Βλόψ ἐστὶν ὁ τῆς κλεψύδρας ἦχος μιμητικῶς κατὰ τὰς παλαίες βή έχει μίμησιν προβάτων owns. Kporivos, i. e. BAo, is, according to the ancients, an imitation of the sound of the clepsydra; et B imitates the bleating of sheep. The clepsydra was an instrument to measure time by water; and, it should be particularly observed, was occasionally employed to measure time for the regulations of orators, and in other recitations. Abstracting the o in Boy from the effect of position before, it will, as we shall deterinine hereafter, have the power of our o; and blops adequately imitates the noise of water runing with intermissions out of a narrow-mouthed vessel; and, with the French pronunciation, with equal propriety, is signified by the word glouglou; but not quite so happily by us, by the word guggle. Ainsworth seems to consider that the long sound of o was equal to 8. To deter mine this, it may be useful to quote the word glocio, to cluck as a hen (from λww), particularly since this word, amongst many others will prove an irrefragable proof that c, amongst the ancients, was equivocal to «, or hard, since glouk, glouk, is the sound produced by the hen after the period of incubation. The sound of the long u is no less sincerely preserved by Plautus in Menæch. page 622, edit. Lambin, in making use of it to imitate the cry of an owl :

''Men. Egon' dedi? Pen. Tu, Tu, istic, inquam vin' afferri noctuam,

Que tu, tu, usque dicat tibi? nam nos jam nos defessi sumus.'

'It appears here,' says Mr. Forster, in his Defence of the Greek accents, page 129, that an owl's cry was tu, tu, to a Roman ear; tou, tou, to a French; and too, too, to an English one.' Lambin, who was a Frenchman, observes on the passage, Alludit ad noctuæ vocem tu, tu, seu

tou, tou.'

nans U. Ferale idèo, quia refert feralem illam avem.' This also explains the reason of the Latin word bubulo expressing the cry of an owl. Aristophanes has handed down to us the pronunciation of the Greek diphthong av, av, by making it expressive of the barking of a dog. This is what is exactly preserved by nurses and children to this day in bow, wow. This is the sound of the same letters in the Latin tongue, not only in proper names derived from Greek, but in every other word where this diphthong occurs. Most nations in Europe, perhaps all but the English, pronounce audio and laudo, as if written owdio and lowdo; the diphthong sound

like ou in loud.'

Since the long u has been so fully proved to have been equivocal to oo, which Dr. Carey confirms, by considering it equivalent to the Greek, and to the sounds in the Italian pur, the French pour, and the English poor, we may suppose that the ancients pronounced lumen, according to our orthography, loomen, and allowed the power of the middle u, as in cube, to their short accented u, and that of ŭ, as in cub, to their short unaccented u, i. e. when the accent rested on the following consonant. Hence, instead of being compelled to divide num'-er-us, fút'-u-rus, stup'-e-o, jūb'-e-o, so as to throw the accent on the latter consonant of the first syllable, we may adopt a distribution more reconcileable, at least with our habits, and by placing the accent on the first vowel instead of the following consonant, may give the short Roman accented the sound of u in tube, and pronounce nearly as usual, nu-me-rus, fu'-tu-rus, ju'-be-o, &c. Relative to jugum and conjugium, we here avail ourselves of a remark from Dr. Carey. The word, which in England we pronounce jugum, is in reality yugum, as the Germans, in fact, at this day, pronounce it. Of this, indeed, there is little doubt, since Iakwß was properly yakōb, and the Hebrew, before a vowel, had the power of y. Now by these remarks being warranted, first, to place the accent on the first vowel of the root ju'-gum: secondly, to give the power of the middle u to the short Roman accented u; and thirdly, that of y to j before a vowel, we may avoid nearly all the harshness for which these words would otherwise have been notorious; as yu'-gum, con-yu'-gium. The same unpleasantry may be removed from glob'-us, since the long Roman o is considered to have been equal to 8, which is more exactly represented by our au; for hōra was probably pronounced haura, since it is borrowed from the Hebrew 18, aur, and aurora from ev, 1 (propitious light), or owraura. Therefore the middle o, as in note, may be ceded to the short Roman accented o, and for glob'-us, we may, more agreeably, say glo ́-bus.,

Many writers have undertaken to assign the syllables which constitute the seat of the accent, but few distinguish the accented vowel from the accented consonant. And here, perhaps, the solution of the whole may be found. It is evident, that mi'-les has the accent on the first syllable, and on the vowel of that syllable: hence it is easily preserved long. And, it is equally obvious, that honorificus has the accent on the an