1. That one medal only was to be borne by each officer recommended for the distinction.

the real prototype of the war medal as we know it to-day; for the Waterloo Medal of 1815 is the first actual "general' medal that was ever issued, because it was issued precisely alike to all ranks. In the twelve cases in which we have seen that a medal was given to all ranks, the medals differed either in size or in metal, or in both, according to the rank of the recipient, and in eight out of the nine issued by the Hon. East India Company the award was withheld from the British officers and men employed. Again in none of the cases quoted were the awards made by the Crown. The "Dunbar, medal was awarded by the Commonwealth parliament. The men of the Nile and Trafalgar wore their medals through the generosity of private individuals. In the other nine cases the award was made by the directors of the Hon. East India Company. It was with the issue of the Waterloo Medal that all this was

with the name of the action.

3. When a fourth distinction was earned, the medal and two clasps were to be replaced by a Gold Cross having the four actions for which it was awarded inscribed upon it, one upon each arm. 4. On every occasion the recipient was awarded the decoration after the fourth a Gold Clasp worn on the ribband was added to the Cross.

The regulations further laid down that only officers should be recommended who had been " personally and particularly engaged" on the occasion, and that officers were to be named by special selection and report of the Commander of the Forces upon the spot, as having merited the distinction by conspicuous service Further, the Commander of the Forces was restricted in his selection to General Officers, C.Os. of Brigades, C.Os. of Artillery or Engineers, and certain staff officers holding field rank, and Commanding Officers of Units, and Officers succeeding to such command during an engagement. It was also ordered that awards earned by deceased officers should be transmitted "to their respective families." The Gold Cross that was, under these regulations, instituted is as follows:

A Maltese Cross, 1 inches square, with an ornamental border; in the centre, a lion, facing right; in each limb of the cross the name of one of the actions for which it was conferred. The back of the cross is the same as the front. The cross was precisely the same irrespective of whether it replaced a large or a small medal. The clasps were all of the same pattern, whether worn with the cross, the large gold medal, or the small gold medal. They are 2 in. in length by in. in width, and bear, within a border of laurel, the name of the action for which they were conferred. At the close of the war in the Peninsula the issue of this handsome and much coveted decoration was discontinued, the enlargement of the Order of the Bath (January 1815) affording another method of reward which the Crown deemed more appropriate. On the occasion of this extension all officers who had obtained the cross with one clasp, i.e. who had been decorated for five or more actions, were made Knights Commander of the Bath. In all 847 awards of this superb decoration were made. The medal alone went to 469 officers, whilst 143 received it with one clasp, and 72 with two clasps. The cross was issued singly in 61 cases, with one clasp in 46, with two in 18, with three in 17, with four in 8, and with five clasps in 7 cases. The cross with six clasps was gained by Sir Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde), Sir Alexander Dickson (d. 1840) and Sir George Murray (d. 1846). Two officers, Viscount Beresford and Sir Denis Pack (d. 1823) received it with seven clasps. The duke of Wellington's had nine, the decoration thus commemorating fourteen out of the twenty-six battles, sieges or operations for which the Gold Medals, Cross and Clasps were awarded. On the limbs of this cross are, ROLEIA AND VIMIERA, TALAVERA, BUSACO, FUENTES DE ONOR. The clasps are for CIUDAD RODRIGO, BADAJOZ, SALAMANCA, VITTORIA, PYRENEES, NIVELLE, NIVE, ORTHES and TOULOUSE. Not until 'Captain Sayers of the royal navy, who commanded the "Leda 5, and landed in command of the 500 seamen who erected and anned the batteries for the attack of Fort Cornelis, received the small medal for Java. This is the only case of the Army Gold Medal aving been conferred on a naval officer.

Services owe all gratitude to the duke of Wellington. Writing from Orville on June 28, 1815, to H.R.H. the duke of York, he says:

"I would likewise beg leave to suggest to your Royal Highness (the then Commander-in-chief) the expediency of giving to the noncommissioned officers and soldiers engaged in the battle of Waterloo, a medal. I am convinced it would have the best effect in the army; and, if that battle should settle our concerns, they will well deserve it." Again, writing from Paris, Sept. 17, 1815, to Lord Bathurst, then war secretary:

100.

I have long intended to write to you about the medal for WaterI recommend that we should all have the same medal, hung to the same ribband as that now used with the medals." (ie. the army gold medals and crosses). It is also fair to point out that in his place in the House of Commons, and on the day after the duke's letter to the commander-in-chief had been penned, William Watkins Wynn urged that medals should be given to the survivors of Waterloo, and that they should be the same for both officers and men, so that they who had been fellows in danger might bear the same badge of honour." And so came into being that type of "general" medal, which beginning with Waterloo has continued down to the present. The description of these later medals, and the points of interest about them, will now be given as fully as exigencies of space will allow.

1. Waterloo, 1815.-Awarded by the Prince Regent, 1816. Ob. verse: Bust of the Prince Regent. Leg. GEORGE P. REGENT. Reverse: Figure of Victory seated; in her right hand, a palm branch; in her left, an clive branch. Above, WELLINGTON; below, WATERLOO, JUNE 18, 1815. Ribbon: Crimson with blue borders (Plate I.). Clasps: Nil.

The notification of this award was made in a memorandum by H.R.H. the commander-in-chief, dated Horse Guards, March 10, 1816, and it is worth noting that the prince regent commanded that the ribbon" shall never be worn but with the medal suspended to it." The medal was conferred on all the British troops, including the King's German Legion, present on the 16th June at Quatre Bras, on the 17th in the fighting that took place during the retirement through Genappe to Waterloo, and on the 18th at Waterloo. It was also given to four regiments, 2nd Batt. 35th, 1st Batt. 54th, 2nd Batt. 59th, and 1st Batt. 91st Regiments of Foot, which formed Sir Charles Colville's Brigade, which was detached. The reverse of this medal would appear to have been copied from the Greek Coin of Elis, about 450 B.C., a specimen of which is in the British Museum. The medals (the Union Brigade "), and the 28th and 42nd Regiments of Foot, most prized by collectors are those of the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Dragoons as those regiments suffered very severely and consequently fewer survivors received the medal than in other corps.

2. Ghuznce, 1839.-Awarded by the Government of India, 1842. Obverse: The Gateway of the Fortress. Below, GHUZNEE. Reverse: In centre a space for name of recipient; above, 23rd July; below, a mural crown with underneath it 1839; the whole within a wreath of laurel. Ribbon: Particoloured, crimson and green (Plate I.). Clasps: Nil.

This medal originated with Shah Soojah, whose part the Indian government took in the Afghan troubles of the time. His downfall and death having taken place before the medals were ready, the actual award was made by the Government of India. It was originally ordered (Bengal Military Proceedings, May 27, 1842; Nos. 151 and 152) that the ribbon should be green and yellow, and it was undoubtedly so worn by some recipients; but there is no official record to show why the colours were altered to green and crimson.

The medal was awarded to all troops both of the Crown and of the Company that were actually present at the siege and capture of the fortress, July 21, 22, and 23, 1839.

3., Syria, 1840.-Awarded by the Sultan of Turkey, 1841. Obverse: A fortress on which the Turkish flag is flying, and above six stars; below, in Turkish, "The People of Syria; and the Citadel of Acre, A.H. 1258." Reverse: Cypher of the Sultan, within a laurel wreath. Ribbon: Red with white edges. Clasps: Nil. The St Jean d'Acre medal, as it is commonly called, was awarded to the officers and men of the British fleet that were engaged in the operations off the coast of Syria, against Mehemet Ali, which culminated in the bombardment and capture of St Jean d'Acre, Nov. 3, 1840. The medal, 1 in. in diameter, is purely a naval medal therefore, although a few artillery and engineer officers doing duty in the fleet received it. It was given in gold to officers of flag rank and captains (or field officers), in silver to quarter-deck and warrant officers, and in copper to other ranks. This is the only instance of there being a difference made according to the rank of the recipient since the "Burma medal.

4. China, 1840-42 (1st Medal); China, 1857-60 (2nd Medal). -Awarded by Queen Victoria, 1842, 1861. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria, diademed, 1. Leg. VICTORIA REGINA. Reverse: Naval and military trophy, with behind a palm tree, and in front a shield of the Royal Arms. Above, ARMIS EXPOSCERE PACEM. In exergue, CHINA 1842.1 Ribbon: Red with yellow borders (Plate I) Clasps: 1st medal, nil; 2nd medal, sixCHINA 1842; FATSHAN 18572: CANTON 1857; TAKU FORTS 18582: TAKU FORTS 1860; PEKIN 1860.

The first China medal was awarded to all the naval and military forces, both of the Crown and of the Hon East India Company, that took part in the first China War, 1840-42. Another medal was struck, and is to be found in proof, but it was never issued as it was deemed it might give offence to China. Of this the obverse is the same as that described above; but the reverse had, under the same motto, the British lion trampling upon the Chinese dragon, and in the exergue, NANKING 1842. The second China medal was similarly awarded to both the naval and military forces, British and Indian, that took part in the second China war, 1857-60. To those, however, who were already in possession of the first China medal the second medal was not awarded, they receiving a clasp CHINA 1842 to go on their original medal, together of course with the clasps to which their services in the second war had entitled them. The second medal was in fact not a new decoration but a re-issue. The first China medal was the first to be issued with the effigy of Queen Victoria upon it. The first medal with clasps for the second China war is very rare, and in almost every case would probably be found to be a naval medal. Of the second medal only one was issued with all the five new clasps. This was to a Royal Marine Artilleryman, and it is now in the Cheylesmore collection. Medals specially valued by collectors are those given to the 1st Dragoon Guards with the two clasps TAKU FORTS 1860 and PEKIN 1860, as only two squadrons of the regiment were present. In a G.O by Lord Ellenborough, governor-general of India, dated Simla, Oct 14, 1842, it was intimated that the Government of India would present to the Indian Army a medal, the design of which was indicated in the order, but this idea was of course abandoned when the queen intimated her intention of making the award.

Ribbon

5. Jellalabad, 1842.-Awarded by the Government of India, 1842. First medal-Obverse: A mural crown, above, JELLALABAD Reverse: VII April 1842. Second medal-Obverse. Head of Queen Victoria as in China medal, but legend, VICTORIA VINDEX Reverse Figure of Victory flying, in her right hand two wreaths, in her left the British flag. Beneath, the town of Jellalabad. Above, JELLALABAD VII APRIL in exergue, MDCCCXLID (both medals): Military ribbon of India (Plate I). Clasps Nil. In a G.O, dated Allahabad, April 30, 1842, Lord Ellenborough announced that the Government of India would present a medal to the Company's troops, and with the consent of Her Majesty, to those of the Crown, that held Jellalabad, under Sir Robert Sale (Nov. 12, 1842-April 7, 1842). The queen's consent to her troops (13th Foot, now Somersetshire Light Infantry) receiving the medal was granted in August. The governor-general being dissatisfied with the first medal, made at the Calcutta Mint, the second (generally known as the "Flying Victory ") was ordered in England, and it was notified that on their arrival the first medals, all of which had been distributed, could be exchanged for the second. The new issue was ready by March 13, 1845, but the recipients apparently preferred the original medals, for very few were exchanged. Both are very rare, for only 2596 medals were issued. The "military ribbon of India" is a tri-colour composed of the three primary colours shading into one another. It was designed by Lord Ellenborough, and is intended to symbolize an Oriental sunrise

6. Afghanistan, 1842 (1st Afghan) -Awarded by Government of India, 1842. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as on First China Medal. Reverse: No. 1. CANDAHAR 1842 within a laurel wreath; above, a crown. No 2. GHUZNEE CABUL each within a laurel wreath; above, a crown; below, 1842. No. 3. CANDAHAR The second medal has no date.

Royal Navy and Royal Marines only.

GHUZNEE CABUL 1842 all within a laurel wreath; above, a crown. No. 4. CABUL 1842 within a laurel wreath; above, a crown, Ribbon: Military ribbon of India (Plate I.). Clasps: Nil.

The authority for this medal is a G.O. of the governor-general dated October 4, 1842. It was awarded to all troops, both of the Crown and the Hon. East India Company, who took part in the operations in Afghanistan in 1842, that is to say the second phase of the First Afghan War. The medal, with reverses 1, 2 and 3. was awarded to those troops that were with Major-General Sir William Nott in Candahar, and took part in the operations around that place, recaptured Ghuznce, and then joined hands with the column under Major-General Pollock at Cabul. The medal with reverse 4 was awarded to the column which advanced from Peshawur on Cabul, being joined en route by the victorious garrison at Jellalabad. This is the first of the four occasions on which the reverse of a medal has been used to denote the actual part taken in the operations by the recipient, in the manner that is now done by clasps. Of these medals the one with the No. 1 reverse is the rarest, as its issue was confined to the small portion of his army that Major-General Nott left behind him in Candahar. The medal with the No. 2 reverse is also rare, as its distribution was very limited.

7 Kelat-1-Ghilzie, 1842.-Awarded by Government of India, 1842. Obverse. A shield inscribed KELAT I GHILZIE encircled by a laurel wreath, and surmounted by a mural crown. Reverse A military trophy, beneath, on a tablet, INVICTA MDCCCXLII. Ribbon Military ribbon of India (Plate I.). Clasps: Nil.

The authority for this medal is the same as that for the First Afghan Medal, and the medal itself was awarded to the troops of the Hon. East India Company, which defended this hill fortress for several months, and finally, before they were eventually relieved from Candahar utterly routed and drove off a force of four thousand men As the medal was given only to 950 in all (forty being European artillerymen, the remainder native troops), it is naturally

very scarce.

8. Sinde, 1843.-Awarded by Queen Victoria to the forces of the Crown, and by the Government of India to the troops of the Company. Obverse. Head of Queen Victoria as on First China Medal. Reverse: MEEANEE 1843. 2. HYDERABAD 1843 3. MEEANEE HYDERABAD 1843- In each case the inscription is surrounded by a laurel wreath, and surmounted by a crown. Ribbon. Military ribbon of India (Plate 1). Clasps. Nil. The award of a medal for Sir Charles Napier's conquest of Sinde was first notified, as far as the troops of the Crown were concerned. by a letter from Lord Stanley, then war secretary, to the president of the India Board, dated July 18, 1843, and it is worth noting that this is the only instance of any medals for Indian service being paid for by the Crown The notification of a similar award by the Government of India to their own troops, followed in a G.O. by the governorgeneral, dated September 22, 1843- The award was confined to those who had been present at either Meeanee or Hyderabad, and the medals were issued according as to which actions the recipient had been present, no one of course receiving more than one medal for the campaign. In addition to the land forces of the Hon. East India Company, the medal was also given to the naval officers and crews of the Company's flotilla on the Indus. The only Crown regiment that received this medal was the 22nd Foot.

9 Gwalior, 1843 ("Maharajpoor" and "Punniar" Stars) — Awarded by the Government of India, 1844. This decoration took the form of a bronze star of six points, 2 in in diameter. Obverse: In centre a silver star, 1 in in diameter, around the centre of which is a circle in which is inscribed either MAHARAJPOOR 1843 or PUNNIAR 1843, and in centre of circle the date 29th DECR. Reverse. Plain for name and regiment, or corps, of recipient. Ribbon Military ribbon of India (Plate I.). Clasps: Nil.

The award of a medal to the troops of the Crown and the Hon. East India Company engaged in the Gwalior Campaign of 1843 was first notified in governor-general's G O., dated Camp, Gwalior Residency, January 4, 1844; and the queen's permission for it to be worn by Crown troops given June 26, 1844. The force moved in two columns, the main and larger under Sir Hugh (Viscount) Gough, the smaller under Major-General Gray. Each force fought an action on the same day, December 29, 1843, the former at Maharajpoor, the latter at Punniar, and the star was inscribed according to which action the recipient was engaged. The stars were manufactured from the metal of the captured guns. The star given to Sir Hugh Gough had in the centre a silver elephant in lieu of a silver star, and it was originally intended that all should be the same, but the silver star was substituted for reasons of economy. As there were fewer troops at Punniar that star is of course the more un

common.

10. Sutlej, 1845-46 (1st Sikh War).-Awarded by Government of India, 1815. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as on First China Medal. Reverse: Figure of Victory, standing, with in right hand outstretched a wreath, in left a palm branch; at her feet a trophy of captured Sikh weapons and armour. In exergue, name and year of the first battle of the war in which recipient was engaged. These inscriptions are four, viz. MOODKEE 1845, FEROZESHUHUR 1845. ALIWAL 1846, SOBRAON 1816. Ribbon: Blue with crimson borders (Plate I.). Clasps: FEROZESHUHUR, ALIWAL, SOBRAON.

This award, given to all the troops, both Crown and Hon. East India Company engaged in the First Sikh War, was first notified in governor-general's G.O., dated Camp, Ferozepore, December 25. 1845. the queen's consent for Crown troops to receive the medal being given six months later. As there was a considerable number of troops engaged in this campaign, the medal is not a very rare one, but a very rare combination is the medal with Ferozeshuhur in the exergue and the clasp for Aliwal, as only half a company of native artillery was present in these two battles and in no other. This is a specially noticeable medal, for it is the first time that "clasps " were issued with a general" medal, the precedent followed being that of the Army Gold Medal. For every action after his first battle, which was inscribed on the medal itself, the recipient received a clasp. Thus a medal with "Moodkee" in the exergue might carry one, two or three clasps; a "Sobraon" medal could have no clasps. This and the "Punjab "medal, to be described later, are generally considered to be the two finest pieces of medal work by W. Wyon, R.A. 11. Navy General Service, 1793-1840.-Awarded by Queen Victoria, 1847. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as on First China Medal; under head, 1848. Reverse: Britannia seated on a sea horse; in her right hand, a trident; in her left, a laurel branch. Ribbon: White, with dark blue borders (Plate I). Clasps: 231 clasps in all were granted, of which 55 were for " Boat Service." An Admiralty memorandum dated June 1, 1847, notified the grant of this award to commemorate the services of the fleet" during the wars commencing in 1793 and ending in 1815," and this practically confined the award to those operations for which the Navy Gold Medal (see ante) had been conferred. Subsequently, however, a board of admirals was appointed to consider claims, and on their recommendation an Admiralty memorandum dated June 7, 1848, extended the grant. Clasps were to be given for (1) All Gold Medal actions or operations. (2) All actions in which first lieutenants or commanders were promoted, as had been customary after important and meritorious engagements. (3) All" Boat Service" operations in which the officer conducting the operations was promoted. (4) For, in co-operation with the land forces, the siege and capture of Martinique, 1809, Guadaloupe, 1810, Java, 1811, and St Sebastian, 1813. for all of which operations the Army Gold Medal had been awarded; and (5) The Bombardment of Algiers, 1816; the Battle of Navarino, 1827: and operations on the coast of Syria, 1840. Although the medal is purely a naval one, yet it was conferred on a few soldiers who had done duty in the fleet in actions or operations, for which the medal was granted. Forty military officers in all received the Navy G.S. medal, one, Captain Caleb Chute, 69th Foot, with two clasps, viz. "14th March, 1795" and "St Vincent." It is very difficult to compile an absolutely accurate list of all the clasps issued, for in several cases more than one clasp was given for the same action, and there were morcover nine or ten clasps allowed for which no claims appear to have been made good. The combination of the clasps is endless, but it is curious to note that medals with more than one, or two clasps are rare; with four or five clasps, very rare; and the highest number of clasps issued with any one medal is six. Amongst very rare clasps the following may be mentioned. One survivor only, Licut. Baugh, the officer in command, was alive to claim the clasp "Rapid, 24th April, 1808." Only two claims were proved for "Surly, 24th April, 1810"; six for "Castor, 17th June, 1809"; seven for "Amazon, 13th January, 1797": eight for "Confiance, 14th January, 1809"; and ten for "Acheron, 3rd February, 1805." Of" Boat Service" clasps only three were claimed for " 20th December, 1799"; four for "9th June, 1799"; and eight for "10th July, 1799. (All "Boat Service clasps are inscribed "Boat Service with the day and month on the left, and the year on the right.) In all nearly thirty thousand claims were proved for the medal.

12. Army General Service, 1793-1814-Awarded by Queen Victoria, 1847. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as on First China Medal; under head, 1848. Reverse: Queen Victoria on a dais is placing a wreath on the head of the duke of Wellington, who kneels on his left knee before her, holding in his right hand the baton of a Field Marshal; at the side of the dais is a lion dormant. Legend: TO THE BRITISH ARMY. In exergue: 1793-1814. Ribbon: Crimson with blue borders (Plate 1.). Clasps: EGYPT, MAIDA, ROLEIA, VIMIERA, SAHAGUN, BENEVENTE, SAHAGUNBENEVENTE, CORUNNA, MARTINIQUE, TALAVERA, GUADALOUPE, BUSACO, BARROSA, FUENTES D'ONOR, ALBUHERA, JAVA, CIUDAD RODRIGO, BADAJOZ, SALAMANCA, FORT DETROIT, CHATEAUGUAY, CHRYSTLER'S FARM, VITTORIA, PYRENEES, ST SEBASTIAN, NIVELLE, NIVE, ORTHES. TOULOUSE.

This medal, frequently erroneously termed the " Peninsular War" medal, was awarded to the survivors of the military forces of the Crown that had taken part in the Peninsular War, and in contemporaneous operations in other parts of the world; it was also given with the clasp "Java" to the European troops of the Hon. East India Company; with the clasps" Martinique "and" Guadaloupe to certain local West Indian Corps; and with the clasps

"Fort

Whether in one or both actions, only one clasp awarded. A similar clasp was given with the Navy G.S. medal.

Detroit," " Chateauguay," and "Chrystler's Farm," to some Canadian militia and local levies, as well as to some Indian auxiliaries. The award of the medal, and all the clasps except Egypt," bear date June 1, 1847, but the clasp Egypt was not granted till February 12, 1850. Although the medal is supposed to commemorate services "during the wars commencing in 1793, and ending in 1814," the earliest operations for which the medal was awarded did not take place until 1801. No medal was issued without a clasp, and as will be seen the medal was awarded only for those actions or operations for which the Army Gold Medals (including that for Maida) had been awarded; and in addition for the operations in Egypt in 1801. The combination of clasps is endless but only two medals were issued with fifteen clasps, though several survivors proved their claim to fourteen clasps. In fact medals with seven, eight or nine clasps are not common, those with ten, or more, distinctly rare. For example, taking only medals issued to officers (including those of the King's German Legion), three were issued with 14 clasps, three with 13, nine with 12, twelve with 11, thirty-six with 10, fifty-eight with 9, ninety with 8, and one hundred and fourteen with 7. By far the rarest of all clasps is "Benevente," as according to the War Office lists only three would appear to have been issued, viz. to Captain Evelegh, R.H.A., Pte. G. Barrett, 10th Hussars, and Pte. M. Gilmour, 18th Hussars, although a medal with this clasp having every appearance of being genuine and issued to Pte. William Lyne, 7th Hussars, was in the collection of Colonel Murray of Polmaise. Sahagun also is a very rare clasp, as it was received only by fifteen men of the 15th Hussars and a few others. The three North American clasps are also very rare, especially Chateauguay. Leaving out awards to Indian warriors, the statistics regarding the issue of the North American clasps are approximately as follows. At Chateauguay some 300 men fought, and 132 survivors proved for the clasp, of which all except three of the Royal Artillery were Canadians. For Chrystler's Farm, the next rarest clasp, out of about 800 engaged 176 claims were proved: viz. 79 of the 89th Foot, 59 Canadians, 44 of the 49th Foot, and 4 Royal Artillery. At Fort Detroit, 1330 men were engaged, and those who proved for the clasp included 210 Canadians, 52 of the 41st Foot, 5 Royal Artillery, and one man of the 41st Foot (who also got the clasp for Chrystler's Farm). One man proved for all three clasps, another for "Fort Detroit" and "Chateauguay," a third for "Chateauguay" and "Chrystler's Farm." The former medal is said to be in the cabinet of a New York collector. Two" regulars " also proved for the medal with clasps for "Fort Detroit" and "Chrystler's Farm," the one belonging to the Royal Artillery, the other to the 49th Foot. The medal of the former sold at the Greg sale, in 1887, for £25 10s. 13. Punjah, 1848-49 (2nd Sikh War).-Awarded by Government of India, 1849. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as in First China Medal. Reverse: Sikh chiefs delivering up their arms to Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert, near Rawal Pindi, March 14, 1849. Above, TO THE ARMY OF THE PUNJAB. In exergue, MDCCCXLIX. Ribbon: Blue with yellow stripes at side (Plate 1.). Clasps: MOOLTAN, CHILIANWALA, GOOJERAT.

The award of this medal was first notified by a G.O. of the governor. general, dated Camp, Ferozepore, April 2, 1849. The medal is one of special interest, for it establishes the principle that now rules, viz. that every one participating in a campaign (including for the first time civilians) was entitled to receive the medal, apart from those who received the medal together with a clasp for a specific action. The medal in fact was granted "to every officer and soldier who has been employed within the Punjab in this campaign to the date of the occupation of Peshawur." In other words it was granted to all who had served "during this campaign within the territories of Maharajah Duleep Sing," irrespective of whether they had qualified for any of the clasps. A very large number of medals was therefore issued without clasps. Another interesting point about this award is that after its grant it was laid down that in future no medals were to be issued by the Government of India without the consent of the Crown. As a matter of fact the Government of India was for the future only concerned in the grant of the two medals that followed, namely the First and Second India General Service Medals. No medals were issued with more than two of the three clasps, the combination being either "Mooltan" and "Goojerat" or "Chilianwala' and " Goojerat." Very rare medals are those of the 24th Foot with the clasp for "Chilianwala," as in that action they lost more than half their strength, their casualties amounting to 497, of whom 250 were killed or died of wounds. Another rare medal is that given without a clasp to the officers and men of the Indian Marine that manned the Indus Flotilla; and more rare still is the same medal with the Mooltan "clasp which was given to a naval brigade landed from the same flotilla.

14. India, 1799-1826 (1st India G.S., officially styled "India, 1851").-Awarded by the Government of India, 1851. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as in First China Medal. Reverse: Victory seated, in her right hand a laurel branch, in her left a wreath, on the ground beside her a lotus flower, and in the left background a palm tree and trophy of Eastern arms. Above, TO THE ARMY OF INDIA. In exergue, 1799-1826. Ribbon Sky blue (Plate 1.). Clasps: ALLIGHUŘ, BATTLE OF DELHI, ASSYE. AS SEERGHUR. LASWARREE. ARGAUM. GAWILGHUR, DEFENCE OF DELHI, BATTLE OF DEIG, CAPTURE OF

This medal was awarded to the surviving officers and soldiers of the Crown and of the East India Company "who took part in any one of seventeen specified actions and operations which occurred in India, Nepaul and Burma, during the first twenty-five years of the 19th century, "including the officers and seamen of the Royal Navy and the Company's Marine who took part in the first Burmese War." The queen's consent to the grant of this medal was announced in the London Gazette by a Notice of the Court of Directors, dated March 21, 1851. It was subsequently notified to the British Army by a Horse Guards G.O., dated March 21, 1851; to the Royal Navy by an Admiralty memorandum of the same date; and to the Army in India by a governor-general's G.O., dated April 14, 1851. In this medal again there is a discrepancy in dating, for though it is dated 1799-1826, the first action for which it was awarded, the storming of Allighur, took place on September 24, 1803. No medals were issued without clasps, the largest combination of clasps known being five. According to the India Office records there were apparently men entitled to as many as seven clasps, but whether any medal was issued with more than five is very doubtful. That awarded to the duke of Wellington had three clasps, Assye," Argaum and "Gawilghur." With the exception of medals issued with the Ava and Bhurtpore clasps, this medal is a rare one, and with a large number of the clasps, all except perhaps those for Nepaul and Maheidpore, an extremely rare one. The rarest of all is Sectabuldee," as only two Europeans and two natives are known to have received it. "Defence of Delhi" is also a very rare clasp, as the garrison only comprised two weak battalions of native infantry; as is also "Corygaum," which was issued to only two Europeans, "both officers,' and seventy-five natives. The only European troops present at Corygaum were an officer and twenty-six men of the Madras Artillery, of whom the officer and twelve men were killed and eight wounded. As the "Burma " medal had already been given to the Company's native officers and soldiers for the First Burmese War, only the European officers and men of the Company's service received the medal with "Ava" clasp; but as the Nepaul" medal had not been given to all the native troops who actually served within the hills," the medal with clasp Nepaul" was granted to those native troops who had not received the Nepaul medal, as well as to all the Company's European officers and men.

15. India, 1852-95 (2nd India G.S., officially styled "India, 1854").-Awarded by the Government of India as far as the first two issues with their clasps are concerned, all subsequent issues and clasps, with the exception of the last two, by Queen Victoria; the last two issues and clasps by King Edward VII. Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as in First China Medal. Reverse: Victory standing, crowning a naked warrior sitting. In exergue, a lotus flower and leaves, symbolizing the connexion of the medal with India. Ribbon: Red, with two blue stripes, forming five-inch stripes (Plate I.). Clasps : PEGU, PERSIA, NORTH-WEST FRONTIER, UMBEYLA, BHOOTAN, LOOSHAI, PERAK 1875–76,a JOWAKI 1877-78, NAGA 1879-80, BURMA 1885-87,2 ŠIKKIM 1888, HÁZÁRA 1888, BURMA 1887-89, CHIN-LOOSHAI 1889-90, SAMANA 1891, HAZARA 1891, N.E. FRONTIER 1891, HUNZA | 1891, BURMA 1889-92, LUSHAI 1889-92, WAZIRISTAN 1894-95, CHIN HILLS 1892-93, KACHIN HILLS 1892-93.

The queen's assent to this award, to those of H.M.'s Sea and Land Forces, as well as those belonging to the East India Company's Establishment engaged in the Second Burmese War, was first made known to the Government of India in a letter from the Court of Directors, April 6, 1853. In a Minute by Lord Dalhousie, the governor-general, December 9, 1852, it had been suggested" whether It would not be better for the future, instead of issuing a separate Medal for each campaign, to have one Medal, such as the I Medal (ie. the India, 1851 Medal), which should be issued once to each individual entitled: the particular service for which it is granted being recorded upon a Bar, and every subsequent service which may be thought to deserve distinction being recorded by an additional Bar. This plan would avoid the multiplication of Medals, which has accumulated of late years, which I humbly think is undesirable." In another letter from the Court of Directors to the Government of India, March 1, 1854, this suggestion is approved, and it was ordered that after "a suitable design" had been procured (L. C. Wyon designed the reverse), "the Medal to be now struck shall be of a general character, the particular service for which it is now granted, viz. ' Pegu,' being recorded on a Bar. In the event of the same soldiers being entitled hereafter to another similar distinction, the service will be recorded by an additional Bar to the same Medal." Occasional mistakes have however been made, ior, since the issue with the clasp for the Perak campaign, from which time it has become customary to date the clasp, many instances have occurred of men having received two medals with clasps for different campaigns. The issue to the Persian Expeditionary Force 1 Whether in one or both actions, only one clasp awarded.

The Royal Navy or Indian Marine, or both, received the medal with these clasps.

month. The first issue of the medal by the Crown was authorized April 15, 1859, with the clasps " North-West Frontier" and “Umbeyla," the former covering various expeditions between 1849 and 1863, the latter the hard-fought Umbeyla Campaign of the latter mentioned year. All subsequent issues of the award were made by Queen Victoria, with the exception of those that carried with them the clasps "Chin Hill 1892-93," and "Kachin Hills 1892-93." which were only awarded ten years afterwards by King Edward VII, and notified in Army Order of January 1903; the medal, which had meantime been superseded by the Third India G.S. medal described below, being re-issued with these last two clasps. The combination of clasps with this medal is very numerous, but medals with more than two or three clasps are rare. Seven is probably the greatest number awarded with any one medal, and a medal with this number, viz. "Umbeyla," "North-West Frontier," Jowaki 1877-78," "Burma 1885-87," "Hazara 1888," "Samana 1891," and Hunza 1891," was granted to Bhanga Singh, Sardar Bahadur, who retired as Subadar-Major of No. 4 (Derajat) Mountain Battery. Sir William Lockhart (q.v.) had the medal with six clasps. The rarest of all the clasps is probably "Hunza 1891," as less than a thousand men were employed, and the majority of these were Cashmere Imperial Service Troops. No European troops received the clasps, Looshai," Naga 1879-80," or "Hunza 1891. Sikkim 1888" is also a rare clasp as only some 2000 troops were employed, the only Europeans being two companies of the 2nd Derbyshire Regiment. So also is "N.E. Frontier 1891," for in the Manipur expedition for which this clasp was given about 3000 men were employed, the only Europeans being four companies of the King's Royal Rifle Corps. It was with the issue of this medal with the clasp Burma 1885-87," that the precedent was set of awarding the medal and clasp in bronze to "all authorized followers," a precedent that was followed in all subsequent issues.

16. South Africa, 1834-35, 1846-47, 1850-53.-Awarded by Queen Victoria, 1854. (South Africa, 1877-79. Re-issue of first medal. Awarded by Queen Victoria, 1880.) Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as in First China Medal. Reverse: A lion crouching be hind a sugar bush (Protca mellifera). Above, SOUTH AFRICA. In exergue, 1853. In the exergue of the re-issued medal, the place of the date is taken by a trophy of four assegais and a Zulu shield. Ribbon: Orange watered, with two broad and two narrow bloe stripes (Plate II.). Clasps: 1877-78-79, 1878-79, 1877-78, 1878, 1877, 1879.

The command of the queen that a medal should be awarded to the survivors of the forces that had been engaged in the first, second and third Kaffir Wars (1834-35, 1846-47, and 1850-53) was notified by Viscount Hardinge, the commander-in-chief, in a G.O., dated Horse Guards, November 22, 1854. No clasps were issued with this medal. The medal was accorded only to the "regular forces" (including the Cape Mounted Rifles), so local levies did not receive it. In the third Kaffir War a small Naval Brigade and a detachment of Royal Marines took part in the operations, and the survivors received the medal. The award of the re-issue was notified in a G.O. by the duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief, August 1, 1880. It was to be granted to Her Majesty's Imperial Forces, and to such of Her Majesty's Colonial Forces, European or Native, as were regularly organized and disciplined as combatants, whether raised by the Colonial Government or by the General Officer Commanding." The operations for which it was given were against the Galekas and Gaikas 1877-78, the Griquas 1878, Basutos 1879, Zulus 1879, and Sekukuni 1878-79. In both the operations against the Galekas and Gaikas, and in the Zulu War of 1879, the Royal Navy and Royal Marines took part and received the medal. The clasps issued with this medal were as noted above and record the year, or years, of service covering all the operations in which the recipient was engaged. No one received a medal with more than one clasp. The medal without a clasp was issued to such troops as were employed in Natal from January to September 1879, but never crossed the border into Zululand.

17. Crimea, 1854-56.-Awarded by Queen Victoria in 1854Obverse: Head of Queen Victoria as in First China Medal; below, 1854. Reverse: Victory crowning a Roman soldier, who holds a sword in his right hand, and bears on his left arm a shield on which is the figure of a lion. On the left, CRIMEA. Ribbon: Light blue, with narrow yellow borders (Plate I.). Clasps: ALMA, BALAKLAVA, INKERMANN, SEBASTOPOL, AŻOFF.3 This medal, awarded to both Services, was first notified by a commander-in-chief's G.O., dated December 15, 1854. The grant was limited to all troops landing in the Crimea up to September 9, 1855-the day on which Sevastopol fell-" unless they shall have been engaged after that date in some expedition or operation against the enemy." This latter proviso applied in the main to the naval clasp "AZOFF," the period for which award was extended to the 22nd of November. The clasps for this medal are very ornamental, being in the shape of oak leaves, ornamented with acorns. The Royal Navy and Royal Marines, besides the " Azoff "clasp, received the clasps "Balaklava," Inkermann," "Sebastopol." The Royal Navy and Royal Marines.