permitted, is allowed on deposit of the tax; and if objects of importance are allowed to be sent from one part of Italy to another (especially to the islands), this is done by the government at the owner's expense. As to excavations, in every case application to excavate must be made to the minister, who has a general supervision over the work and may stop it temporarily or assume the conduct of it. The state can excavate on private ground, but pays compensation; and can expropriate ground on which it wishes to excavate or on which discoveries have been made, the "archacological value not being reckoned. As to finds, if the state conducts the excavation, the owner retains one-fourth of the value or of the objects discovered at the choice of the state, the rest belongs to the state. In other cases, and in the case of chance discoveries (notice of which must be given immediately), the state takes one-half, but if the excavation is conducted by foreign institutions or persons, then the discoveries must be given to a public museum, or if part is handed over to the finder, it must be kept in such a way as to be accessible to the Italian public. The ministry gives periodical reports of all work carried out by the authorities in the Notizie degli Scavi and the Bollettino d'arte, both of which appear every month. The funds at the disposal of the ministry for purchases include (a) a sum of £40,000 already invested, (b) the interest upon £160,000 rentes regularly paid in, (c) other sums from sales of publications, fines, &c.; (d) an annual credit voted in the budget (£12,000 in 1909-1910), forming an account called the monte di belle arti. The regulations issued in 1910 for the execution of the new law consist of some 200 articles in three divisions-one dealing with the artistic and historical patrimony of Italy and its internal administration, a second with the question of exportation, and the third with financial matters. (T. As.)] Greece. The earliest regulations are those contained in the law of 1837, promulgated by royal decree. This has been replaced by the Monument Act of 1899, but the principles of the earlier law remain, and the later act still lays down "the most extensive claim that any state has ever put forward in the matter of monuments," viz. that "all objects of antiquity in Greece, as the productions of the ancestors of the Hellenic people, are regarded as the common national possession of all Hellenes." The department in charge of the administration of the att is that of the minister of religion and public instruction. There is a central commission working with local commissions and a body of conservators. The control of this executive is in the hands of the ephor-general of antiquities. The act protects medieval monuments as well as those of classical Greece. All immovable monuments are public property, but compensation is to be paid to private owners if such monuments are to be preserved. Movable antiquities, if worthy of preservation by the state, must be placed in public museums. If discovered on private property the owner receives half the value, and may keep those not removed to a museum; all, however, must be registered. Excavations can be made anywhere by the state, and permission for private work must be first obtained. Expropriation is allowed. The export of antiquities is strictly forbidden under severe penalties, and the infringement of the various provisions of the act can be punished by heavy fines or imprisonment. Austria-Hungary.-There is no legislation for the empire as a whole. In Austria there is a central commission, established 1850, whose authority is regulated by rescripts of 1873 and 1899 of the minister of religion and education. It consists of twenty members selected from experts in history, art and archaeology; there is also a numerous body of conservators who have districts covering the country assigned to them. They have no executive powers, but report on all new works likely to injure monuments, make inventories, influence public opinion, and work with archaeological societies for the general protection of ancient monuments. Hungary, on the other hand, has a Monument Act of 1881. With regard to any existing monument, the minister of religion and education decides whether it is worth preserving. Then the owner, whether | public or private, must preserve it at his own cost. If that is impossible the minister may expropriate it. Compulsory purchase may also be resorted to for the purpose of excavation. Belgium.-There is no monument legislation, but there is a royal commission, resembling that of Austria, founded in 1835, and a royal decree of 1824 prevents alienation of objects of interest contained in churches or alienation or reconstruction of churches without state permission. An inventory has been in progress since 1861, and the commission publishes a Bulletin. By a communal law of 1836 local administrations have to submit proposals for the destruction or repair of monuments to the committee of the provincial council, and must obtain royal approval. Expropriation on the ground of public utility may be resorted to for the protection of a threatened monument in the hands of a private owner. Holland.-A state commission (Rijkscommissie) was established in 1903, and began an inventory of all monuments, movable and immovable. Any proposed alteration or demolition of buildings of interest in a town must be reported by the burgomaster to the minister of the interior. The annual budget of the minister of the interior contains sums to be allotted for the repair of specified monuments, Switzerland.-Legislation is in the hands of the cantons; Vaud, Neuchâtel and Bern have passed Monuments Acts, modelled on that of France. The federal government may allot an annual grant for the acquisition and upkeep of national monuments and for excavations. There is a federal commission, established in 1886, whose functions, mainly those of other countries, are exercised by the Swiss Society for the Preservation of Monuments of Historical Art, The preservation of scenery and of natural monuments is considered a matter of great importance, and in 1905 was founded a Swiss society which has a branch in the United Kingdom, La Ligue pour la conservation de la Suisse pittoresque Die schweizerische Vereinigung für Heimatschutz. The special object of the society is the prevention of the defacement of Alpine scenery by funicular and other railways, mountain-lifts, power-stations, &c. It was successful in protecting the falls of the Rhine at Schaffhausen from a Zurich electric-power scheme. Denmark. The means adopted are an excellent example of what can be done without legislation by appeals made by a central authority working with expert knowledge to an enlightened public opinion and to national sentiment. The authority consists of an inspector of ancient monuments and the directorate of the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenhagen, exercising the functions of a royal commission that was established in 1807 and dissolved in 1849. The successful preservation of antiquities is also due to an old law, modified by royal decrees of 1737 and 1752, by which all finds of gold, silver and precious objects belong to the state, and to a declaration of 1848 that all monuments on the Crown domains are national property and are to be specially reserved in case of sale. Many private owners have followed the example of the Crown. G. Baldwin Browa (op. cit. p. 188 seq.) gives some interesting examples of the success of the directorate of the museum in preserving monuments by appeals to ecclesiastical owners, projectors of railways and other works, and companies engaged in reclaiming land. Sweden.-There is a state antiquary (Riksantikvar), appointed first by Gustavus Adolphus; the functions of a commission are exercised by the Royal Academy of Science, History and Antiquities, founded in 1786. There is an elaborate and stringent code of regulations protecting monuments, contained in royal decrees of 1867, 1873 and 1886. These are based o the edict of Charles XI. (1666), declaring all ancient monuments under royal protection. Sweden possesses one of the fullest inventories contained in the antiquarian topographical archives Norway. Here there is also a state antiquary, and a statesubsidized society, Foreningen til norske Fortidsmindesmaokai Bevaring, founded in 1844, which acts much as a commission, and advises the state official. Russia. The care of ancient monuments is in the charge of the ministry of the imperial court, of which the Imperial | published an historical novel, Frédégonde et Brunehaul (1776). Archaeological Commission, founded in 1859, is a department. He was professor of elocution at the Conservatoire. Monvel's The Imperial Academy of the Fine Arts is joined in this charge two daughters, Miles Mars aînée and cadette, were well-known with the commission, whose duties resemble in the main those actresses. of the commissions of other countries. By a circular of 1901 a complete inventory of the monuments of the country was ordered to be made by the local authorities. Spain. A monument commission was established in 1844; it works under regulations issued in 1865. It is composed of the Royal Academies of Fine Arts and of History, corresponding members of which form commissions for the provinces of the kingdom. A complete inventory of all monuments is being made. The minister in charge is that of public instruction and of the fine arts. Portugal. A decree of John V. (1721) protected the monuments of ancient times; in 1840 this protection was extended to medieval monuments. An inventory was begun in 1841. A council of national monuments was established in 1901 by a royal decree, with a code of regulations. The French system of classement is adopted, and the regulations under the French act of 1887 are generally followed. The minister responsible is that of public works, commerce and industry. Turkey.-The regulations, as embodied in an irade of 1884, are very stringent, and the principle adopted is that of Greece, that all objects of antiquity belong to the state. The private owner of such has no power of disposition, and must not injure nor destroy them. All excavations are under the control of the government, and permission must be first obtained. The exportation of finds is forbidden, and all movables discovered belong to the Imperial Museum. If these finds are the result of excavations, one-twentieth of the value goes to the discoverer; if of accidental discovery, the owner of the soil and the state divide. United States. With regard to the remains of prehistoric man, earthworks, barrows, &c., some of those states, such as Ohio, which are specially rich in such monuments, have particular laws protecting individual remains, e.g. the earthworks in Warren county. The state exercises control over other remains of interest, e.g. the Eagle earthworks in Licking county. There is also an archaeological and historical society, partly maintained by the state, with the object of the better preservation of the evidences of the prehistoric occupation. In North Dakota a state historical commission was created in 1895 "to collect and preserve the records and relics pertaining to the early history, settlement and development of North Dakota." The sites of the battle-fields, and statues, &c., erected in commemoration of the War of Independence or the Civil War, are preserved by various methods-by state or municipal regulations, by the action of incorporated bodies or trustees, &c. Most of the states rely on statutory prohibitions of malicious damage to protect their monuments and old buildings, &c. (C. WE.) MONZA (locally Monscia), a city of Lombardy, Italy, in the province of Milan, 8 m. by rail N.N.E. of that city, with which it is also connected by both steam and electric trams. It lies on the Lambro, a tributary of the Po, 532 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1906), 32,000 (town); 53,330(commune). Of the medieval fortifications little remains save the Porta d'Agrate. Near it is the nunnery in which the nun of Monza (see Manzoni's Promessi sposi) was enclosed. The cathedral of St John Baptist is the principal object of interest; Theodelinda's basilica of 590 was enlarged at the close of the 13th century by throwing the atrium into the main building, and the present fine blackand-white marble façade was erected about the middle of the 14th by Matteo da Campione, and restored in 1899-1901. On the left-hand side of the front rises an incongruous brick-built tower, 278 ft. high, erected by Pellegrini in 1592-1606. Within the church are the iron crown of Lombardy, supposed to have been beaten out of one of the nails used at the Crucifixion, and the treasury containing the relics of Theodelinda, comprising her crown, fan and comb of gold, and the golden hen and seven chickens, representing Lombardy and her seven provinces, and crosses, reliquaries, &c., of the Lombard and Gothic periods. The interior has been modernized; there is a fine relief by Matteo da Campione in the organ-loft, representing the coronation of a king, and some 15th-century frescoes with scenes from the life of Theodelinda. Next to the cathedral in artistic importance come the church of Santa Maria in Istrada, and the broletto or old palace of the commune, usually styled the Arengario; the former (founded in 1357) has a rich terra-cotta façade of 1393, and the latter is raised on a system of pointed arches, and has a tall square tower terminating in machicolations surrounding a sharp central cone. The royal palace of Monza (built in 1777 for the archduke Ferdinand) lies not far from the town on the banks of the Lambro. Cotton goods and felt hats are the staple products of the flourishing Monza industry; then dyeing, organ-building, and a publishing trade. Monza (anc. Modicia) was not a place of consequence till it attracted the eye of Theodoric; and its first important associations are with Theodelinda. During the period of the republics Monza was sometimes independent, sometimes subject to Milan. The Visconti, who ultimately became masters of the city, built a castle in 1325 on the site now occupied by the Palazzo Durini. In the course of its history Monza stood thirty-two sieges, and was repeatedly plundered-notably by the forces of Charles V. The countship (1499-1796) was purchased in 1546 by the wealthy banker Durini, and remained in his family till the Revolution. At Monza King Humbert was assassinated on the 29th of July 1900. MONVEL (1745-1812), French actor and dramatic writer, MONZONITE, the group-name of a type of rocks which have whose real name was Jacques Marie Boutet, was born in Luné- acquired it from their most celebrated occurrence, that of ville on the 25th of March 1745. He was a small, thin man Monzoni in Tirol. The rocks are of granitic appearance, usually without good looks or voice, and yet he became one of the greatest rather dark grey in colour and fine to moderately coarse grained. comedians of his time. After some years of apprenticeship in The special characteristic which distinguishes them from the provinces, he made his début in 1770 at the Comédie Française granites and ordinary syenites is the presence of plagioclase in Mérope and Zenaide; he was received sociétaire in 1772. For and orthoclase felspars in nearly equal amounts. Labradorite, some reason unknown Monvel secretly left Paris for Sweden andesine and oligoclase are present, usually in well-shaped about 1781, and became reader to the king, a post which he crystals, often zoned; orthoclase forms large irregular plates held for several years. At the Revolution he returned to Paris, in which the other minerals are embedded. There is rarely any embraced its principles with ardour, and in 1791 joined the considerable amount of quartz, though in a few of these rocks theatre in the rue Richelieu(the rival of the Comédie Française), this mineral occurs (the quartz-monzonites). Other features which, under Talma, with Dugazon, his sister Mme Vestris, are the abundance of augite, pale green or brownish green, and Grandmesnil (1737-1816) and Mme Desgarcins, was soon to of large bronze-coloured plates of biotite which are of quite become the Théâtre de la République. After the Revolution irregular shapes and full of enclosures. Hypersthene or bronzite Monvel returned to the reconstituted Comédie Française with is less common, but dark brown and green hornblende are all his old companions, but retired in 1807. Monvel was made sometimes abundant. Olivine also may be present; when the a member of the Institute in 1795. He wrote six plays (four rock contains this in notable quantity it may be called an of them performed at the Comédie Française), two comedies, olivine monzonite. Numerous large prisms of apatite often and fifteen comic operas, seven with music by N. Dezède (1740-characterize micro-sections of monzonites, and zircon, iron ores 1792), eight by Nicolas d'Alayrac (1753-1809. He also and pyrites are frequent accessory minerals. The monzonites of Tirol show a great variability in appearance, ❘ of notable revival meetings in England (1873-1875, 1881-1884, structure, and the relative proportions of their minerals. They 1891-1892) and America they carried on their gospel campaign, tend to pass into rocks which have been called diabases and and became famous for the Moody and Sankey Gospel Hymus. gabbros, and near the margins of the outcrop facies very rich In 1879 Moody opened the Northfield seminary for young in pyroxene (pyroxenites) occur. Many authors believe that women, at Northfield, Mass., and in 1881 the adjacent Mount this variety of types is associated with the fact that the Hermon school for boys; in each a liberal practical education monzonites occupy a middle place as regards their chemical centres about Bible training; the boys do farm-work and the composition between the acid and the basic igneous rocks, and girls house-work. In 1889 he opened in Chicago the Bible that such a magma is naturally somewhat unstable, and likely Institute, and there trained Christian workers in Bible study and to split up or differentiate into partial magmas of more siliceous in practical methods of social reform; at Northfield in 1890 and less siliceous character. The monzonites in fact approach he opened a Training School in domestic science in the Northfield rather closely to the calculated mean composition of the outer Hotel, formerly used only in summer for visitors at the annual portion of the earth's crust and from a molten magma of this conferences, of which the best known are the Bible (or Christian nature it is natural to suppose that all kinds of igneous rocks Workers') Conference, first held at Northfield in 1880, and the have been derived. Students' (or College Men's) Conference, first held in 1887. Rocks of monzonitic facies occur also in Norway, where they have been described as åkerites. They contain quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase, augite and dark brown biotite; hornblende and hypersthene also may be present. Some of them have porphyritic rather than granitic texture, especially near the margins of the laccolites. From a study of these and other occurrences Brogger proposed to define the monzonites as orthoclase-plagioclase rocks in which the two chief classes of felspar occur in nearly equal quantities (as distinguished from the orthoclase rocks or granites and syenites and the plagioclase rocks or diorites and gabbros). At Yogo Peak and Beaver Creck in Montana, U.S.A., there are masses of granitoid rock which bear a close resemblance to the monzonites of Tirol. Two main types occur: (a) yogoite, which differs little from monzonite, and (b) shonkinite, which is a more basic rock richer in plagioclase and augite; this rock contains olivine and in places passes into dark pyroxenites. In shonkinite also a little nepheline may be present. In several places in the west of Scotland (Argyllshire) intrusive bosses are known which consist of an olivine-bearing rock closely related to monzonite. It has been called kentallenite because it is quarried at Kentallen in Argyllshire. Large crystals of pale green augite and irregular plates of biotite which enclose idiomorphic plagioclase felspar are conspicuous in micro-sections of this rock, and the abundance of olivine is rather greater than is usual in the monzonites; it is associated with diorites of lamprophyric character and dark pyroxenites and peridotites. The following analyses show the chemical peculiarities of the principal rocks of the monzonite group: SiO, Al2O, Fe:O, FeO MgO CaO KO Na Monzonite, Monzoni 54.20 15.73 367 5.40 3.40 8.50 4.42 3.07 Yogoite, Yogo Peak 54.42 14.28 3.32 4-13 6-12 7-72 4.22 3.44 Kentallenite, Argyllshire 52.09 11.93 1-84 7.11 12.48 7-843-01 2.04 (J. S. F.) ་ MOOD. (1) (O. Eng. mód, a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Mut; Du. mocd, mind, courage), a particular state of mind or feeling. (2) (Adapted from Lat. modus, measure), a grammatical term for one of the various forms into which the conjugation is grouped, showing whether the verb is used as a predicate, a wish, a command, &c. In syllogistic logic the term is used of the various classes into which the "figures" of valid syllogisms are divided. (See SYLLOGISM.) MOODKEE, or MUDKI, a town in the Ferozepore district of the Punjab, India. Pop. (1901), 2977. It is situated 26 m. S. of the Sutlej, on the old road from Ferozepore to Karnal, and is notable as the scene of the first battle (Dec. 18, 1845) in the first Sikh war. (See SIKH WARS.) MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN (RYTHER) (1837-1899), American evangelist, was born in the village of East Northfield (Northfield township), Massachusetts, on the 5th of February 1837. His father died in 1841, and young Dwight, a mischievous independent boy, got a scanty schooling. In 1854 he became a salesman in a shoe-store in Boston; in 1855 he was 'converted "; and in 1856 he went to Chicago and started business there. Beginning with a class gathered from the streets, he opened (1858) a Sunday school in North Market Hall, which was organized in 1863 as the Illinois Street Church, and afterwards became the Chicago Avenue Church, of which he was layman pastor. In 1860 he gave up business and devoted himself to city missionary work. He was prominent in raising money for Farwell Hall in Chicago (1867), and in 1865-1869 was president of the Chicago Young Men's Christian Association. Ira David Sankey (1840-1908) joined him in Chicago in 1870 and helped him greatly by the singing of hymns; and in a series " Moody died at Northfield on the 22nd of December 1899. His sermons were colloquial, simple, full of conviction and point. In his theology he laid stress on the Gospel and on no sectarian opinions-he was, however, a pre-millenarianite-and he worked with men as much more advanced" than himself as Henry Drummond, whom he cagerly defended against orthodox attack, and George Adam Smith. Moody's sermons were sold widely in English, and in German, Danish and Swedish versions. See the (official) Life of Dwight L. Moody (New York, 1900), by his son, W. R. Moody (b. 1869), and the estimate in Henry Drummond's Dwight L. Moody: Impressions and Facts (New York, 1900), with an introduction by George Adam Smith. MOOLVIE (an Urdū variant of Arabic maulavi, a derivative of mullah, a man learned in the law), the name used in India of a man learned in Mahommedan law, and hence used generally of a teacher or as a complimentary title of one learned in any branch of knowledge. MOON, SIR RICHARD, IST BARONET (1814-1899), English railway administrator, was the son of a Liverpool merchant, and was born on the 23rd of September 1814. The history of his life is practically the history of the London & NorthWestern railway for the period in which he lived. When he first became a member of the board in 1847, the company had just come into existence by the amalgamation of the London & Birmingham, the Manchester & Birmingham, and the Grand Junction lines, and it was during his long connexion with it-first as director and then (from 1862 to 1891) as chairman-that its system was developed substantially into what it is now. The Chester & Holyhead, the Lancaster & Carlisle, and many smaller lines were gradually added to it, either by leasing or by complete absorption, and finally in 1877 an act was obtained consolidating all into one homogeneous whole. Throughout his career, Sir Richard Moon's powers of organization and his genius for what may be called railway diplomacy were of the greatest advantage to the company, and to him it owed in very large measure its commanding position. An extremely hard worker himself, he expected equal diligence of his subordinates; but energy and capacity did not go unrewarded, for he made promotions, not by standing or seniority, but by merit. Sir Richard Moon, who was created a baronet in 1887, died at Coventry on the 17th of November 1899. MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. μnv, Sans. mas, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word in mensis, month; the ultimate root for "moon" and "month is usually taken to be me-, to measure, the moon being a measurer of time), in astronomy, the name given to the satellite of any planet, specifically to the only satellite of the earth. The subject of the moon may be treated as twofold, one branch being concerned with the aspects, phases and constitution of the moon; the other with the mathematical theory of its motion. As the varying phenomena presented by the moon grow out of its orbital motion, the general character of the latter will be set forth in advance. A luminous idea of the geometrical relations of the moon. |