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THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVIII

MEDAL to MUMPS

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1911

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1911,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVIII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

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A. F. P.

ALPERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow of All Souls'
College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Morton, John.
1901. Lothian Prizeman (Oxford), 1892; Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of
England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII.; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

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Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada.
Author of The Cradle of New France; &c. Joint-editor of Documents relating to the Mercier, Honoré.
Constitutional History of Canada.

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V

B. J.

B. M.*

C. A.

C. B. W.

C. C.

C. El.

BERNHARD JÜLG (1825-1886).

Formerly Professor of Classical Philology in the University of Innsbrück. Author Mongols: Language. of Mongolische Märchensammlung; Über Wesen und Aufgabe der Sprachwissenschaft;

and On the Present State of Mongolian Researches.

BUDGETT MEAKIN (1866-1906).

Formerly Editor of the Times of Morocco. Author of The Land of the Moors; The Morocco (in part).
Moorish Empire; Life in Morocco; &c.

CLEVELAND ABBE, A.M., LL.D.

Professor of Meteorology, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington.

Director of the

Cincinnati Observatory, 1863-1873. Editor of Monthly Weather Review; and Meteorology.
Bulletin of Mount Weather Observatory. Author of Meteorological Apparatus and
Methods; &c.

CHARLES BERTIE WEDD, F.G.S.

Joint-author of various memoirs and maps of the Geological Survey
CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.A., M.D.

King's College, Cambridge. Author of A History of Epidemics in Britain; Jenner
and Vaccination; Plague in India; &c.
SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.
Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College,
Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East
Africa Protectorate: Agent and Consul-general at Zanzibar; and Consul-general
for German East Africa, 1900-1904.

CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

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Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of London (Royal Medal: War Decoration.

C. F. A.

C. F. B.

CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.

Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold Harbour.

Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University
of Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations; Theory of International
Trade; &c.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.

CHARLES JASPER BLUNT, A.O.D.

(in part).

Monetary Conferences:
Money.

Money-Lending.

Major, Royal Artillery. Chief Ordnance Officer, Singapore. Served through Mohmand Campaign.
Chitral Campaign.

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C. J. B.

C. J. F.

C. J. L.

CONSTANCE JOCELYN FFOULKES.

Translator of Morelli's Italian Painters; &c.

SIR CHARLES JAMES LYALL, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D. (Edin.).
Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of King's College,

{Morelli.

London. Secretary to Government of India in Home Department, 1889-1894, Mofadḍaltyät.
Chief Commissioner, Central Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of Translations
of Ancient Arabic Poetry; &c.

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Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author Merovingians.
of Eludes sur le règne de Robert le Pieux.

CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S.
Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow
of Merton College, Oxford, and University Lecturer in the History of Geography.
Lothian Prizeman, Oxford, 1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of Henry
the Navigator; The Dawn of Modern Geography; &c.

C. R. W. BIGGAR, M.A., K.C.

Hon. CHARLES STEWART ROLLS, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1877-1910).

Trinity College, Cambridge. British Pioneer of Motoring and Aviation. Formerly
Managing Director of Rolls-Royce, Ltd.

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Mela, Pomponius

(in part);
Mercator;
Monte Corvino.

Mowat, Sir Oliver.
Motor Vehicles:
Light Vehicles.

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D. F. T.

D. Gl.

Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Author
of Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory; Mufti.
Selections from Ibn Khaldun; Religious Attitude and Life in Islam; &c.

DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY.

Author of Essays in Musical Analysis: comprising The Classical Concerto, The
Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical works.

SIR DAVID GILL, K.C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., D.Sc.
H.M. Astronomer at Cape of Good Hope, 1879-1907. Served on Geodetic Survey

Melody;

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
(in part);
Motet; Mozart (in part),

of Egypt, and on the expedition to Ascension Island to determine the Solar Parallax Micrometer.
by observations of Mars. Directed Geodetic Survey of Natal, Cape Colony, and
Rhodesia. Author of Geodetic Survey of South Africa; Catalogues of Stars for the
Equinoxes, 1850, 1860, 1885, 1890, 1900; &c.

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