cuit, which has been soaked in water, and afterwards well pressed to get out the moisture. In the other jar rape-seed, well boiled and then washed in fresh water, should be placed: great care must be taken not to let this food become sour, which would destroy the nestlings. The cock-bird is the principal nurse after hatching. It is sometimes necessary to bring up the young by hand, and then a paste should be made of white bread or biscuit pounded very fine, rape-seed well bruised, a small quantity of the yolk of an egg, and water. The nestlings must be fed with a quill cut into the shape of a spoon, and should not have less than ten or twelve meals a day: four beaksful well piled up on the quill constitute a meal. On the thirteenth day they will begin to feed themselves, and in four weeks they may be removed to other cages. Care however must be taken to supply them for some time with the paste above described, together with the food of full-grown birds, as a sudden privation of the former has been known frequently to occasion death; especially if the nestlings are deprived of it when moulting. in the article above alluded to, mentions two sorts of canaries, the plain and variegated, or, as they are technically called, the gay spangles or meally, and jonks or jonquils. These two varieties are more esteemed than any of the numerous varieties which have sprung from them; and although birds of different feathers have their admirers, some preferring beauty of plumage, others excellence of song, certainly that bird is most desirable where both are combined. The first property of these birds consists in the cap, which ought to be of fine orange colour, pervading every part of the body except the tail and wings, and possessing the utmost regularity, without any black feathers, as, by the smallest speck, it loses the property of a show bird, and is considered a broken-capped bird. The second property consists in the feathers of the wing and tail being of a deep black up to the quill, as a single white feather in the wing or tail causes it to be termed a foul bird; the requisite number of these feathers in each wing is eighteen, and in the tail twelve. It is however frequently observed that the best-coloured birds are foul in one or two feathers, which reduces their value, although they may still be matched to breed with. These form the leading features of excellence; but it is generally the custom of the societies above-mentioned to award the prize to the competitor who produces a bird nearest to the model published by them the season prior to that wherein the competitors are to show for the prize. For the diseases to which these pretty songsters are substein's excellent little book,* from which we have largely drawn, and to Professor Rennie's article in the last edition of Montagu. Some may perhaps think that we have devoted too much space to our canary birds: but, independent of the many physiological points of interest which the subAbout the thirteenth or fourteenth day, by which time theject presents, one reason has, we confess, weighed greatly nestlings can eat alone, the males begin to warble and so with us. The rich may indeed add the breeding of canary do some of the females, but in a more disjointed style. The birds to their other manifold amusements, but we have males, which may then be easily distinguished, should be thought of most of our poorer brethren while writing this forthwith separated, each bird being placed in a cage by article. In our great manufacturing towns there are thouhimself (which must be first covered with a piece of linen sands to whom the care of these interesting songsters would and afterwards with a darker curtain) apart from every other be a pleasing relief after the noise of the loom and the din of bird, in order that his education may begin, if it is intended the workshop. It is a gratification within the reach of the that his natural song should be superseded by an artificial English artisan: his German neighbours have long made melody: if he is left unseparated beyond the fourteenth day the management of song-birds one of their principal recreahe will retain a portion of his father's song, and murder his tions, while, notwithstanding the societies above alluded to, acquired melody by intermingling the paternal notes. His they are comparatively neglected in this country. musical lesson must be repeated five or six times in the day, CANARY-GRASS. [PHALARIS.] especially in the morning and evening, his master performing the desired air either on a flageolet or a bird-organ; but, as has been observed in the case of the bullfinch, if the instrument be not in perfect tune the whistling of a man of taste is infinitely preferable. From two to six months, according to the memory and the abilities of the scholar, will be spent in this musical education. Some canaries have been thus taught to repeat correctly two or three airs, and others have learned to pronounce distinctly a few short words; for they possess great quickness and correctness of ear, and have excellent memories. The translator of Bechstein says, 'It sometimes happens in very dry seasons that the feathers of the young birds cannot develop naturally; a bath of tepid water, employed on such an occasion by Madame was so successful, that I cannot do better than recommend it. The same lady succeeded equally well in similar circumstances in hatching late eggs; she plunged them for some minutes in water heated to the degree of incubation, and immediately re-ject and their remedies we must refer the reader to Bechplaced them under the mother: in a short time she enjoyed the pleasure of seeing the little ones make their appearance. This interesting experiment may be applied to all sorts of birds, and may be particularly useful in regard to those of the poultry-yard." When the more natural song is preferred, those canaries are most esteemed which introduce into their warblings the notes of the nightingale, wood-lark, or tit-lark, and this may be easily accomplished by placing those birds near the young canaries. The canaries of the Tyrol are more frequently taught to introduce the notes of the nightingale, while those of England more frequently interweave those of the woodlark. In Thuringia, says Bechstein, the preference is generally given to those which, instead of a succession of noisy bursts, know how, with a silvery sonorous voice, to descend regularly through all the tones of the octave, introducing from time to time the sound of a trumpet. There are some males which, especially in the pairing season, sing with so much strength and ardour, that they burst the delicate vessels of the lungs and die suddenly.' Canaries may be made to sing in the night-some do this of their own accord. The tuition must commence early in their youth by covering the cage and thus keeping them in the dark during the day long enough for them to be hungry; they are thus brought to feed by candle-light, and at last sing. The hen birds will also sing, particularly in the spring, but in an unconnected style. Old hens past breeding will often sing in this way the year round. There are societies in London for promoting the breeding of canaries, and amateurs distinguish upwards of thirty va rieties. London criterion of a perfect canary.-Professor Rennie, CANARY GRASS (Phalaris Canariensis) is an annual grass, cultivated for its seeds, with which tame birds are fed, especially canary birds. The consumption of this seed is so considerable as to make it an article of commerce. Canary seed is chiefly cultivated in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, and about Sandwich. It requires a good soil, neither too light nor too wet, and an open country, without many hedge-rows; for small birds are so fond of the seed, that where they abound it is scarcely possible to protect the crop from their depredations. The plant grows like a strong grass, with an oval spike at the extremity of the stem. The seeds are closely enveloped by a strong chaff or husk, from which they are not easily separated; they are oval and pointed at both ends, and of a bright straw colour. The kernel of the seed is pleasant to the taste, and has the flavour of nuts. Canary grass has been tried in a green state for cattle; but besides the price of the seed, which is high compared with that of other grasses, it has not been found sufficiently abundant or nutritious to make it preferable to any of the grasses When sown for the usually cultivated for that purpose. seed it is best sown in drills, at the distance of eight or nine inches from each other; this admits of hoeing, by which the quantity of seed produced is much increased, and it is kept free from the admixture of weeds. When it is reaped it is left for some time in heaps or wads, and exposed to the dews: this does not injure the seed, and by softening the husk facilitates its separation by threshing. The same effect may be produced by breaking off the heads from the stem with the flail, and pressing them close in casks or bags before they are perfectly dry; a slight fermentation takes place which renders the chaff brittle, and after some time the seed comes out very readily. The same thing is done with clover seed. The produce of an acre of canary seed is from three to five quarters. CANCALLE or CANCALE, a town in France, in the department of Ille et Vilaine, is on the coast, a very few *Translation. London, Orr and Smith, 1835. miles E. of St. Malo, and just at the entrance of that deep bay which seems to take its name indiscriminately from Avranches and Cancalle. The town has to the N. the small headland called Grouin de Cancalle, and on the E. the sea, which here forms a small roadstead. Cancalle is known for its oysters; Paris is supplied from it; and the English resort thither for the purpose of purchasing oysters, which are deposited in the beds in the mouth of the Thames, or else pickled and put up in small barrels. Population, in 1832, 4850 for the whole commune. In 1758, the English, under the command of the duke of Marlborough, landed near Cancalle, and fortified a post near the town; they then approached St. Malo, but finding the town too strong for a coup de main which was the object of their landing, they burnt the shipping under the walls of the town (amounting to 100 sail, many of them privateers), and some magazines of naval stores, and returning to Cancalle, re-embarked without opposition. CANCELLARIA. [ENTOMOSTOMATA.] CANCER, called also carcinoma, and lupus because it eats away the flesh like a wolf, a disease of a malignant character, the real nature of which, after all the observation and research of the surgeon, still remains wholly unknown. The term has been used with little discrimination, and the true nature of the malady not being understood, its diagnostic or distinctive characters are accordingly vague and indefinite. There is indeed a morbid structure induced by the disease which is quite peculiar, and therefore diagnostic; but unfortunately this can be perceived only after death, or after the excision of the affected part. However, surgeons are now agreed that cancer exists under two distinct forms, one of which is termed schirrus or occult cancer, and the other cancer properly so called, that is, ulcerated or open cancer. Schirrus is an indolent, hard, and nearly insensible tumor, accompanied with little or no discolouration of the surrounding skin. It commonly commences as a small hard knot in the part which it attacks, and from this minute spot spreads in all directions like rays from a centre. In this state it has little or no pain, and it may be either distinctly circumscribed and moveable, or blended with the surrounding substance, and scarcely at all moveable. As the disease passes from an indolent into a more active state the size of the tumour enlarges; its surface generally, though not invariably, becomes unequal; pain begins to be felt in it, slight at first, recurring at intervals, and progressively increasing, being always of a shooting or lancinating kind; the skin acquires a purple or livid hue; the cutaneous veins enlarge, become what is termed varicose, and spread out over the livid and puckered skin in such a manner as to present some likeness to the body of a crab with its claws extended, whence it has received the name of cancer. The most characteristic marks of a true schirrus then are puckering of the skin over the tumour, dull leaden colour of the integuments around it, knotted uneven feel of the tumour, and occasional darting pains through it. If to this assemblage of symptoms be added a uniform resistance to all the remedies employed to disperse the tumour, a constantly progressive enlargement of the tumour, and a manifest tendency to involve contiguous parts in the same morbid condition, the evidence of the true nature of the malady will be indubitable. The rapidity of the progress of a schirrous tumour to open cancer is different in every different case. Sometimes indeed the induration remains in the state of schirrus for many years and even to the termination of life, the skin never actually breaking. At other times the interval is short from the first discolouration of the skin to its termination in the state of ulceration, or the formation of open cancer. The carcinomatous ulcer consists of a large chasm formed in the substance of the part in which the malady is seated, the chasm being produced partly by a sloughing and partly by an ulcerating process. The opened tumour is now found to consist of cells; as these cells burst and pour out their contents, which consist of a pulpy matter of different degrees of consistence and of various colours, the surrounding parts are irritated by an excoriating ichor. This discharge sometimes takes place with a celerity which would induce the belief that it can scarcely result from the process of secretion. When the diseased actions have in a manner exhausted themselves an attempt at reparation appears to take place, analogous to those which, in other cases, lead to the restoration of a part from a diseased to a healthy state. New flesh is formed, but instead of healthy muscle it con sists of a fungus of peculiar hardness, the formative vessels communicating to the new product the same qualities as to the tumour previously generated by their morbid action. This diseased fungus occasionally even cicatrizes, and so arrests for a time the progress of the disease. But the morbid action, though mitigated or suspended, is not subdued; it soon recommences its destructive course, and the part never returns to a healthy condition. In the meantime the disease extends through the medium of the absorbing vessels, and by their agency is propagated to parts at a considerable distance from the original tumour. In the progress of the ulceration a good deal of blood is often lost from the destruction of the coats of the blood vessels. A burning heat is felt universally over the ulcerated surface, the source of unceasing torment. The shooting lancinating pains, sufficiently distressing in the occult state of the disease, now increase both in degree and constancy, and the strongest constitutions ultimately sink under the progressively augmenting irritation and suffering. When a section is made in a schirrous tumour, in the early stage of its formation, its central portion is found to be more compact and harder than the other parts of its substance. This central portion, which often does not exceed in magnitude the size of a silver penny, is nearly of the consistence of cartilage, and from this centre radiate in all directions white, firm, ligamentous bands, which are crossed by transverse bands of a somewhat fainter appearance, and in this manner is formed a kind of net work, in the meshes of which the new-formed substance is enclosed. In an advanced stage of the tumour the whole of the diseased part has a more uniform structure; no central point can be distinguished; and the ligamentous bands which extend in every direction, and which are still very apparent, do not follow any regular course, or at least not distinct enough to be traced. When the tumour passes into the state of ulceration the central part of the ulcer consists of a small irregular cavity, which is filled up with a bloody fluid, the edges of the cavity being hard, jagged, and spongy, and exquisitely painful. Beyond the edges of the cavity there is a radiated appearance of ligamentous bands, diverging towards the circumference; but the tumour nearer the circumference is more compact, and is made up of distinct portions, each of which has a centre surrounded by ligamentous bands in concentric circles.' This disease is seated chiefly, though not exclusively, in parts which have a glandular structure. It is much more frequent in the female than in the male. Its most common seat in the female is the breast, and in the male the lips. Six times as many cancerous affections, says Mr. Benjamin Bell, occur in the female breast and in the lips as in all the rest of the body together. The causes of the disease are involved in the same obscurity as its intrinsic nature. There sometimes appears to be an hereditary predisposition to it. Though no age be exempt from it, since it takes place at all periods of life, from five years old to fifty and upwards, yet it is certainly most common at the more advanced than at the earlier periods of life, and in the female especially it most frequently occurs about the period of the cessation of the catamenia, being manifestly connected with that disturbed balance of the circulation which takes place at this epoch in the female system. It would be out of place to discuss here the palliative treatment of a malady which is commonly conceived to be susceptible of no cure. The knife of the surgeon, however, can sometimes extirpate a disease the fatal progress of which cannot be arrested by human skill. The suffering produced by the apprehension of being the subject of an incurable and painful disease must be mitigated by the knowledge that in the great majority of cases the malady may be removed by an operation which is hardly ever attended with danger. Formerly, indeed, there was but little encouragement to undertake or to undergo this operation. Of near 60 cancers,' says Dr. Alexander Monro, who wrote about a century ago, which I have been present at the extirpation of, only four patients remained free of the disease at the end of two years; three of these lucky people had occult cancers in the breast, and the fourth had an ulcerated cancer on the lip.' Finding that this vast proportion always relapsed, and that of the great majority of those who relapsed the disease became more virulent and made a quicker progress than it commonly did in those on whom no operation had been performed, this distinguished surgeon naturally proposes tively and usefully employed. At every period of œstrum the question-Whether ought cancerous tumours to be in the bitch there is a secretion of milk in the teats, which extirpated, or ought the palliative method only to be fol- not being drawn away in the natural process of suckling, lowed? How different the result of modern surgery! Out the fluid is long detained in the teats, irritates them by of 88 genuine cancers extirpated by Mr. Hill from different its presence, and produces this specific and fatal inflammaparts of the body, all of which were ulcerated excepting tion. Hereditary predisposition, over-feeding, and sometimes four, all the patients excepting two recovered from the external violence, are sources of schirrous tumours. operation. Of the first 45 cases only one proved unsuccess- Cancer is found also in the vagina and uterus of the ful; in three more the cancer broke out again in different bitch, and occasionally canker in the ear assumes the chaparts; and in the fifth there were threatenings of some tu-racter of true cancerous ulcer. All applications and operamours at a distance from the original disease. All the rest tions are perfectly useless. of the 45 continued well as long as they lived. Of the next In the teats of the cat, cancer establishes itself to an ex33 one of them lived only four months; in five more the tent that would scarcely be thought credible. The whole disease broke out afresh after having once healed. The of the external surface of the belly often presents one horreason why out of 45 cases only four or five proved unsuc-rible mass of cancerous ulceration. cessful, and six out of 33, was,' says the operator, 'because the extraordinary success I met with made cancerous patients resort to me from all corners of the country, several of whom, after delaying till there was little probability of a cure by extirpation or any other means, forced me to perform the operation, contrary both to my judgment and inclination.' From these and many other authenticated facts,' says Mr. B. Bell, who saw many of Mr. Hill's cases, and who bears witness to the accuracy of his statements, 'there is very great reason for considering the disease in general as a local complaint, not originally connected with any disorder of the system; and if in every case of real cancer recourse were had to the operation as early as possible, that is, soon after the appearance of the affection, and before the formation of matter takes place, the return of the malady would probably be a very rare occurrence.' These statements place in a strong light the paramount importance of attending to the very first indications of this dreadful distemper, and the folly of concealing, as is too often the case, especially on the part of the female, from a feeling of false delicacy, the existence of a malady which, if neglected, will be sure to terminate in death, attended with agonizing suffering; but which, if properly treated in the commencement, may be easily removed. (See Pearson's Practical Observations on Cancerous Complaints; Abernethy's Surgical Works; Sir E. Home's Observations on Cancer; and Cooper's Dictionary of Practical Surgery.) CANCER in the domesticated quadrupeds is oftenest observed in the bitch, and every character and stage of it may be satisfactorily traced. A small, hard, insensible, isolated tumour is felt in one of the teats. It seems to give no pain, and causes no kind of inconvenience; it is not larger than a pea, perhaps not of greater size than a millet seed. During many months it seems scarcely or not at all to grow, but it never retrogrades. After an indefinite period of time however it begins evidently and rapidly to increase, and smaller ones may be detected at its base. It then assumes an irreguiar figure, and the whole, or portions of it, become hardof a schirrous hardness, and perfectly incompressible; other portions are soft, perhaps hollow, and cellated. At length a portion of the tumour begins to become prominent and soft. It is intensely red, then purple, and after a while it breaks, and discharges a corroding ichorous fluid. The tumour is evidently disorganised deeply within its substance, and a cancerous ulcer, with an irregular elevated edge, is established. Perhaps it heals in the course of eight or ten days, but it soon opens afresh, wider and deeper, and at length the animal is destroyed, either by the general irritation which is established, or by the contamination of the circulating fluids, which are speedily effected by the vitiated secretion of the part. Iodine, which has so much power in dispersing glandular and many other tumours, is inert, whether applied externally to the cancerous tumour or ulcer, or administered internally, in order to affect the constitution. The excision of the tumour is generally useless after it has acquired any considerable bulk, for it will appear on examination that the constitution is affected, and that the nuclei of other tumours are to be found in the other teats. After the ulcerative process has been once established the case is perfectly hopeless. Even if the nuclei of new enlargements cannot be felt, the animal will nevertheless soon perish, from the development of the disease internally, or, to speak more properly, from metastasis of the disease. The only effectual mode of treatment is to remove these nuclei as soon as they are perceived, and before the system can be contaminated. The cause of cancer in these cases is the comparative inactivity of certain parts, which nature intended to be ao The horse is subject to cancer in the eye, and the scrotum externally; and the kidney, and the vagina, and the uterus, and particularly the pyloric orifice of the stomach internally. The symptoms by which the presence of internal cancer might be indicated are not known, and if they were, no medical skill could arrest the evil. Cattle and sheep are subject to cancer of the jaw, the eye, the scrotum, and the udder externally; and of the pyloric orifice of the fourth stomach internally. CANCER, the Crab, the fourth constellation of the zodiac, being one of those in Ptolemy. From the end of January to that of April, its time of coming on the meridian in this country varies from midnight to six in the evening. In the obsolete and useless division of the ecliptic into signs, Cancer is the part of that circle between 90' and 120° from the vernal equinox. The surrounding constellations are Hydra, Leo, Lynx, Gemini, and Canis Minor. There are edifying mythological stories in Hyginus, &c. [ZODIAC.] The mythology of the minor constellations is hardly worth a reference. In the following list, the letters in parentheses are those which are not in Bayer Character. 3 (r) No. in Catalogue of Flamsteed. Piazzi (). 1234DG0 : No. in Catalogue of a t Bradley []. Astron. Suciety. Magnitude. Character. Flamsteed, Piazzi (), Hradley [], Astron Society. 77 1109 54 46 8 5 5 989 58 1087 64 (a1) 08 CANCER, TROPIC OF. [TROPICS.] CAN ROMA. [BOAT-BILL.] CANDEISH, or KHANDEISH, a province of Hindustan, between 200 and 22° N. lat., and 730 and 77° E. long. It is bounded on the N. by Malwa, on the E. by Berar and Gundwana, on the S. by Aurungabad and Berar, and on the W. by Gujerat. Its length from E. to W. is about 210 miles, and its average breadth about 80 miles. This province is described in the Ayin-i-Akbari as the soubah of Dandees, which was originally named Khandesh, but received the name of Dandees when the capital, Aseerghur, was taken by the Emperor Akbar. [ASEERGHUR.] Candeish is generally a level country, but is nearly surrounded by mountains. On the N. it has the Satpoora or Injadree range; on the S. the range on which the fort of Chandore stands, and the Ajuntee ghaut; on the S.W. are the Syadree Mountains, forming part of the Western Ghauts; and in continuation of these, on the S. side of the Tuptee river, are the hills of Baglana. Low sterile hills are scattered over the plain of Candeish, but with this exception the province is very fertile. In addition to the Tuptee and the Nerbudda the province is watered by several copious streams, which flow from the table-land and fall into the Tuptee. This country, which was once inhabited by a numerous and thriving people, has of late years been rendered a scene of desolation. The ravages committed by Jeswunt Rao Holkar in 1802 caused a famine in the following year, which carried off a large proportion of the inhabitants. After this the Bheel tribes, whose chiefs command most of the passes in the mountain range to the N., and the Pindarries were accustomed to make periodical incursions into the plains for plunder. In 1818, Candeish, then among the possessions of Holkar, was ceded to the British, but the Arabs, who had previously obtained a footing in the country, opposed the British authority, and it became necessary to undertake their subjugation. Although not numerous, their retreats in the mountain-fastnesses render it difficult to subdue them, and it was not until the end of 1819 that the British had quiet possession of the province. At that time nearly one half of the villages had been abandoned to the tigers, which swarmed throughout the land. Where luxuriant harvests formerly grew, an impenetrable jungle had sprung up, and although the government has since held out every inducement to cultivators by granting land upon easy terms, it will be a long time before all the mischief can be repaired. The principal towns in the province are, Boorhanpore, Aseerghur, Hindia, Nundoorbar, and Gaulua. [BOORHANPORE, ASEERGHUR.] Hindia is situated on the S. bank of the Nerbudda, where its channel is 3000 feet wide, in 22° 26' N. lat., and 77° 5' E. long. This place is chiefly important from its position, as commanding some of the best fords across the Nerbudda; its defences are by no means strong. Nundoorbar contains about 500 houses, and was formerly a place of much greater extent. The wall by which it was surrounded is now, for the most part, in ruins. This town is in 21° 25′ N. lat., and 74° 15′ E. long. Gaulna was once a large town, but has fallen greatly to decay. The fort stands on a high rocky mountain, and is surrounded by a wall of stone and brick 20 feet high and a mile in circumference. The town, which lies under the N. side of the mountain, is surrounded by a mud wall and towers. The place is abundantly supplied with water, which is preserved in tanks. (Mill's History of British India; Institutes of Akbar; Reports of Committees of House of Commons on the Affairs of India.) part at the top was called by the Greeks pinakion, or 'little tablet (Πινάκιον οι Πινακίδιον). The forms of candelabra were varied in all possible ways to please the taste of the wealthy sometimes the stand was a human figure, holding in one hand the cup or receptacle of the oil, and ornamented with gilding : 'Si non aurea sunt juvenum simulacra per aedeis Lampadas igniferas manibus retinentia dextris, Lumina nocturnis epulis ut suppeditentur." (Lucretius, ii. 24.) These candelabra or lamp-stands, 'in their original and simple form, were probably mere reeds or straight sticks fixed upon a foot by peasants to raise their light to a convenient height. Sometimes the stem is represented as throwing out buds; sometimes it is a stick, the side branches of which have been roughly lopped off, leaving projections where they grew. Some have a sliding shaft, like that of a music stand, by which the light might be raised or lowered at pleasure.' The annexed cut reprosents two bronze candelabra, one of a simple form, the other in some measure complicated. The base is formed of three goats' legs, each having a ring at each end, 5, 5, 5. The centre piece is attached to the side pieces by rivets, 3, 4, round which these rings are allowed to turn, so that the three lie either parallel when the candelabrum is taken to pieces, or may be made to stand at equal distances in the [Bronze Candelabrum from [A, moveable Candelabrum; C, moveable shaft: The CANDELA'BRUM, an article of furniture used by the antients both in their public edifices and private dwellings. The candelabra used in public edifices were usually of a greater size, and made with a large cup at the top to receive a lamp or sufficient unctuous material to feed a large flame: they were also probably employed for burning incense in the temples. Candelabra have been found in the private dwellings discovered at Herculaneum and Pompeii consisting of tall slender bronze stands, sometimes with a flat circular top. In other instances they have a vase-like top, also flat, or with a socket, and projecting feet at the bottom The annexed cut of a marble candelabrum is from Piraof the long stem on which the light was placed. The flatnesi's work, Vasi, Candelabri, Urne, Tripodi, ed altri Or VOL. VI.-9 H namenti Antichi, 2 vols. fol. atl., Roma, 1778. In these works excessive richness in the design and delicacy in the execution are often combined. Two exquisite works of candelabra, carved in marble, are preserved in the Radcliffe Library, Oxford. The fragments of which they are composed were found in the villa of Hadrian at Tivoli, and were presented to the university of Oxford by Sir Roger Newdigate. xxxviii., xxxix., xl., vol. vii., Museo Pio Clementino and Chiaramonti, contain representations of antient candelabra. (See also the dissertation of Ch. Monsignor Gaetano Marini, Sopra gli Usi de' Candelabri.) The marble candelabrum in the Townley collection of the British Museum is about seven feet high, with a representation of a large flame on the top. In the Townley collection there are also several bronze candelabra from twelve inches in height to upwards of five feet, and of various patterns. They are mostly flat on the top, although some are formed with a cup-like top, as if for a large flame. One has a spike to receive a clay lamp, with a hole in the centre. There is also one formed upon the principle of the lamp represented in the cut, so that it can be raised or lowered at pleasure. In all, there are about seventeen lamps, of which some of the annexed engravings are representations. In the 'Museo Borbonico are several representations of bronze candelabra found in Herculaneum and Pompeii. CA'NDIA, the antient Creta, one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea, situated at the entrance of the Archipelago, and between the $.E. coast of the Morea, the Libyan or Barca coast, and the S.W. coast of Asia Minor. Its length from E. to W, is about 160 miles from Cape Salmone to Cape Crio: its breadth is very unequal. In some places, towards the middle of its length, it is about 35 miles broad, in others about 20, between Retimo and Sphakia 10, and in one place in the E. part of the island between the gulf of Mirabel and the coast of Hierapetra only 6. It has three principal capes: Samonium, now Salmone, at the E. extremity towards Rhodes, Corycum now Cape Buso N.W. looking towards the Morea, and Crio S.W. looking towards the Cyrenaica. Its coast, especially towards the N., is indented by deep gulfs, of which those of Kisamos, Khania, Suda, Armyro, and Mirabel, or Spinalonga, are the deepest, and the three principal towns of the island, Canen, or Khania, Retimo, and Candia are on that side. The S. coast is rugged and iron-bound. A continuous mass of high land runs through the whole length of the island, about the middle of which Mount Ida, now called Psilorati, rises far above the rest, to the height of 7674 feet according to Sieber's observations. (Orographie de l'Europe). The mountains in the W. part of the island are called by Strabo Leuca Ore or white mountains; he says they are about as (Small Candelabra, from the Townley Collection in the British Museum.] |