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In 1890 the demolition of the landward defences was begun, and since then a great alteration has taken place on that side of the town. In 1897 a magnificent monument by Bruno Schmitz and Hundrieser to the Emperor William I. was erected at the point where the Moselle meets the Rhine. Coblenz also boasts of a museum (1891) of antiquities; monuments to General von Goeben (died here in 1880), the physiologist Johannes Müller (born here in 1801), the poet Max von Schenkendorf (died here in 1817), and the Empress Augusta (1896), who loved to reside at Coblenz ; a new Roman Catholic church, St Joseph's (1896-98); a handsome promenade by the Rhine, 1 miles long; a theatre and a musical institute. Coblenz is a principal seat of the Rhenish and Moselle wine trade, and its manufactures include pianos, paper, cardboard, machinery, and boats and barges. It is an important transit centre for the Rhine railways and those of the Lahn and Moselle, and for the Rhine navigation. Population (1885), 31,669; (1900), 45,039.

Cobourg, the capital of Northumberland county, Ontario, Canada, 70 miles east of Toronto by rail, on Lake Ontario. It has a safe and commodious harbour, and has steamboat communication with St Lawrence and Lake Ontario ports. It contains car-works, carpet and woollen factories, and foundries. Population (1881), 4957; (1900), 4239.

museum.

Coburg, a town of Germany, capital (alternating with Gotha) of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 72 miles by rail north from Nuremberg. The most notable addition to the public buildings is the Edinburgh palace (1881). The old castle of Coburg now contains a museum of art and antiquities; the town also possesses an anthropological A bronze statue of Prince Albert (consort of Queen Victoria), by Theed, adorns the market-place (1865); and there is a monument of the 1870-71 war in Ernest Square. Both trade and industry are flourishing, the chief branches of the latter being brewing, manufactures of machinery, colours, and porcelain, iron-founding, and saw-milling. Population (1885), 16,210; (1895), 18,688.

Cocanada or Coconada, a town of British India, in the Godavari district of Madras, on the seacoast in the extreme north of the Godavari delta, about 315 miles north of Madras. It had in 1881 a population of 28,856, in 1891 of 40,068, and in 1901 of 47,866, showing an increase of 18 per cent. The municipal revenue in 1897-98 was Rs.2,09,460. As the administrative headquarters of the district, and the chief port on the eastern coast after Madras, Cocanada is steadily growing in importance. It is connected by navigable channels with the canal system of the Godavari delta, and by a branch line with Samalkot on the East Coast Railway. The anchorage is an open roadstead, with two lighthouses. In 1897-98 the total sea-borne trade amounted to Rs.2,07,82,027, of which just one-half was conducted with foreign countries; 25 vessels entered and cleared for foreign trade, with an aggregate burthen of 23,367 tons. The chief exports are rice, cotton, sugar, and oilseeds. Mills have been established for cleaning rice. It contains a college, a high school with 408 pupils, a literary association, and five printing-presses.

Cochabamba, a department of Bolivia, bounded on the N. by that of La Paz, on the E. by Santa Cruz, on the S. by Chuquisaca and Potosi, and by Oruro and La Paz on the W., has an area of 21,420 square miles. In 1893 the population numbered 360,220,

and was estimated in 1898 at 375,800. The capital, Cochabamba, has 40,000 inhabitants. The department is divided into nine provinces. It had in 1878, 120 schools, attended by 8337 pupils.

More

Cochin, a feudatory state of Southern India, in political subordination to Madras, with an area of 1362 square miles. The population in 1891 was 722,906, being 531 persons per square mile; in 1901 the population was 815,218, showing an increase of 13 per cent. than one-fifth are Christians, mostly Syrians and Roman Catholics. The revenue is estimated at Rs.20,00,000, subject to a tribute of Rs. 2,00,000. During recent years a balance has been accumulated of Rs.44,00,000, most of which is invested in securities of the Indian Government. The principal products are rice, coconuts, timber, cardamoms, pepper, and a little coffee. Salt is manufactured along the coast. The capital is Ernakolam, but the raja resides at Tripunthora. Apart from the British town of Cochin, the principal seaport is Malipuram. The chief means of communication is by boat along the backwaters; but a metre gauge line is being constructed at the cost of the state across the hills, from Ernakolam to Shoranur on the Madras Railway. The length will be 65 miles, and the estimated cost is £337,000. In 1897-98 the total number of schools was 1020, attended by 30,550 pupils.

The town of Cochin is comprised within the British district of Malabar. Its population in 1891 was 16,147; the municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs.21,530. Con

siderable sea-borne trade is still carried on. In 1897-98 the number of vessels that entered and cleared for foreign trade was 58, with an aggregate burthen of 99,775 tons. A lighthouse stands on the ruins of the old fort. The chief exports are coconut products, for the preparation of which there are factories. There are a missionary high

school, three printing-presses, and a library

Cochin-China. This term formerly included the whole Annamese Empire-Tongking, Annam, and Lower Cochin-China, but it now comprises only the French colony of Lower Cochin-China; this consists of the six southern provinces of the Annamese Empire which were taken possession of by France after a war with the Emperor Tu Duc. It lies between 8° and 11° 30′ N. lat. and 104° 25′ 55′′ and 107° 29′ 55′′ E. long., and is bounded on the N. by Annam and Cambodia, on the W. by Cambodia, on the E. by the China Sea, and on the S. and W. by the Gulf of Siam. It embraces almost the whole of the Mekong delta, which is intermingled with the mouths of the Saigon river and of the two rivers Vaico, and consists mainly of a vast plain, almost entirely flooded. In the east, however, lies a mountain group of moderate altitude (extending from Cape St Jacques to the frontier of Annam), from which descend the rivers Donnai and Saigon. This region is inhabited by the Mois. The Mekong enters the sea by numerous mouths, which shift position under the varying effects of flood currents. Canals from Chaudoc to Hatien (Cancao) and from Long-Xuyen to Rash-Gia unite it with the Gulf of Siam. Several canals connect the Saigon river with the eastern arm of the Mekong. The ports of Saigon and Mytho are accessible to the largest vessels, and are connected by a railway. The roadsteads of Rash-Gia, Camao, and Hatien can accommodate only vessels of low tonnage. The climate, which is hot and damp, is divided into two very regular seasons by the north-east and south-west monsoons, the former prevailing from October 15th to April 15th, the latter from April 15th to October 15th. The temperature varies from 60°.8 to 86° F. during the former, to 82°4 to 95° F., or even higher, during the latter. Rains and tornadoes occur daily from

May to July, and from the middle of August to the end of September.

The area of Cochin-China is returned at 23,160 square miles, and in 1899 the inhabitants numbered 2,323,499, of whom 4451 were Europeans, 1601 being officials, and 1023 the members of their families. The Annamese number 2,054,831; the Cambodians, 182,659; the Mois, 6374; the Chams, 2656; the Chinese, 65,801; the Malays, 4130. The remainder consists of Tagals, Indians, Japanese, &c. Saigon, which in 1882 numbered only 13,000 inhabitants, has now a population of 44,764, and is the capital not only of Cochin-China, but also of French Indo-China. In 1899 there were in the colony 232 schools, with 115 European and 1183 native teachers, and 28,000 pupils. The Roman Catholic population numbered 73,234; and the Buddhists, 1,688,270. Cochin-China was autonomous until 1887, when it was divided into six provinces under the authority of a governor, assisted by a Colonial Council. The prosperity of the colony grew rapidly, and when Tongking and Annam were conquered, Cochin-China contributed 5,000,000 piastres to the Tongking budget. This contribution fell in 1892 to 4,000,000

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piastres, and on the unification of Indo-China it ceased, Cochin-China furnishing, as do the other countries, its share to the general budget. The local budget for 1900 was estimated at 4,439,500 piastres for revenue and expenditure; for 1901 it was estimated at 4,204,244 piastres, revenue and expenditure. According to official accounts, the actual receipts to August 31, 1899, amounted to 4,253,192 piastres. The local government is now administered by a lieutenant-governor, who has a seat on the Superior Council of Indo-China, and is assisted by a Colonial Council composed of fifteen members, of whom eight are Europeans and seven Asiatics. Four of the European members are elected by universal suffrage, two are delegated by the Chamber of Commerce, and two by the Privy Council, which assists the governor-general. Cochin-China is divided into six provinces, Saigon, Mytho, Vinh-Long, Bassac, Saigon, and Cholon; and twenty districts, each having at its head an administrator of native affairs, who presides over all civil service not undertaken by the general government. The self-administering municipalities of Saigon and Cholon districts used to be, but by a recent decision these arrondissements were

made provinces, to secure uniformity of nomenclature of administrative areas. Cochin-China is represented in the French Chamber by a deputy. Asiatic foreigners are subjected to a déclaration de séjour, and also pay a capitation fee. Besides French troops maintained by France, there are 2405 native soldiers maintained by the budget of Indo-China.

Commerce.-About one-sixth of the total area is cultivated, the chief crop being rice. The imports of merchandise in 1898 amounted to 54,964,222 francs; the exports to 108,010,322 francs. The chief exports in 1898 were rice, 772,789 tons (of which 296,845 tons were cargo rice, and 286,841 tons white rice), of a total value, according to the customs returns, of £3,557,525; fish, value £233,440; cotton, £64,928; silk, £77,225; hides, isinglass, pepper, cardamom. Coffee culture is increasing, the number of coffee plants in 1899 being 429,228, mostly belonging to Europeans. Cochin - China and Cambodia now forms a single customs district, and the commercial statistics for both are included under one head. The total trade for 1889 amounted to 177,238,958 francs, of which 66,234,008 francs represented imports and 111,004,950 francs exports. At Saigon, in 1899, 669 vessels of 811,157 tons entered; of these, 234 of 333,714 tons were French, and 435 of 477,443 tons foreign. There are 51 miles of railway, Saigon to Mytho, and 2676 miles of telegraph line, and 85 telegraph offices. There are 79 post offices. The construction of 850 miles of new railway is proposed. See also INDO-CHINA. (J. M. A. DE L.)

Cock, Edward (1805-1892), British surgeon, was born in 1805. He was a nephew of Sir Astley Cooper, and through him became at an early age a member of the staff of the Borough Hospital in London, where he worked in the dissecting room for thirteen years. Afterwards he became in 1838 assistant surgeon at Guy's, where from 1849 to 1871 he was surgeon, and from 1871 to 1892 consulting surgeon. He rose to be president of the College of Surgeons in 1869. He was an excellent anatomist, a bold operator, and a clear and incisive writer, and though in lecturing he was afflicted with a stutter, he frequently utilized it with humorous effect and emphasis. From 1843 to 1849 he was editor of Guy's Hospital Reports, which contain many of his papers, particularly on stricture of the urethra, puncture of the bladder, injuries to the head, and hernia. He was the first English surgeon to perform pharyngotomy with success, and also one of the first to succeed in trephining for middle meningeal hæmorrhage; but the operation by which his name is known is that of opening the urethra through the perinæum (see Guy's Hospital Reports, 1866). He died at Kingston in 1892.

was

Cockburn, Sir Alexander James Edmund, BART. (1802-1880), Lord Chief Justice of England, was born on 24th December 1802, and came of ancient Scottish stock. An ancestor, Alexander de Cockburn (descended from Petrus de Cockburn of Berwickshire, A.D. 1214), was granted in 1358 the barony of Carriden, county Linlithgow, and appointed with his heirs for ever Ostiarius Parliamenti (usher of the White Rod) by King David II. A subsequent ancestor, Sir William Cockburn, who was created a baronet of Nova Scotia in 1627, had some difficulty in asserting his right to this office, but ultimately succeeded, and afterwards alienated a moiety of it, becoming a joint usher with Colonel Cunningham. His son, Archibald, however, in 1674, bought back the half-right so disposed of, and obtained a fresh grant. The fifth baronet fell at Fontenoy in 1745, and his cousin, James Cockburn, at one time M.P. for Peebles, succeeded him as sixth

baronet. This gentleman, who in 1757 sold Langton, | Derby winner Running Rein in substance to deterwhich had been the seat of the family since the fourteenth century, had a large family. His three elder sons held the title in succession, while the future Lord Chief Justice of England was the only son of the fourth son, Alexander, and eventually in 1858 followed his uncle, Sir William Cockburn, dean of York, as tenth baronet. Mr Alexander Cockburn, the father of Sir Alexander, was British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the State of Columbia, and married Yolande, daughter of the Vicomte de Vignier. Young Alexander was at one time intended for the diplomatic service, and frequently during the legal career which he ultimately adopted he was able to make considerable use of the knowledge of foreign languages, especially French, with which birth and early education had equipped him. He went eventually to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he did well, winning prizes for Latin and English composition, and appearing second in the first class of the law-tripos in 1825, although he does not seem to have proceeded to his degree until 1829. He was elected a fellow, and afterwards an honorary fellow of his college, and having entered at the Middle Temple in 1825, was called to the Bar in 1829; but though he had shown himself a young man of considerable gifts, he had not exhibited promise of the industry and energy which, in spite of a pleasure-loving temperament, ultimately won for him success. He joined the Western Circuit, and for some time such practice as he was able to obtain lay at the Devon Sessions, Quarter Sessions at that time affording an opening and a school of advocacy to young counsel not to be found anywhere fifty years later. In London he had so little to do that only the persuasion of friends induced him to keep his London Chambers open.

Three years

after his call to the Bar, however, the Reform Bill was passed, and the petitions which followed the ensuing general election gave rise to a large number of new questions for the decision of Election Committees, and afforded an opening of which he promptly availed himself. The decisions of the Committees had not been reported since 1821, and with Mr Rowe, another member of the Western Circuit, Cockburn undertook a new series of Reports. They only published one volume, but the work was well done, and in 1833 Cockburn had his first parliamentary brief on behalf of Mr Henry Lytton Bulwer, and Mr Ellice, Secretary to the Treasury, the sitting members for Coventry. In 1834 Cockburn was well enough thought of to be made a member of the Commission to inquire into the state of the corporations of England and Wales. Other parliamentary work followed; but he had ambition to be more than a parliamentary counsel, and he attended diligently on his Circuit, besides appearing before Committees. In 1841

he was in a position to take silk; and in that year a charge of simony, brought against his uncle, the dean of York, enabled him to appear conspicuously in a case which attracted considerable public attention, the proceedings taking the form of a motion for prohibition duly obtained against the Ecclesiastical Court, which had deprived Dr Cockburn of his office. Not long after this, Sir Robert Peel's secretary, Mr Drummond, was shot by the crazy Scotchman, M'Naughten, and Cockburn, briefed on behalf of the assassin, not only made a very brilliant speech, which established the defence of insanity, but also secured the full publicity of a long report in the Morning Chronicle of the 6th of March 1843. Another well-known trial in which he appeared a year later was that of Wood v. Peel (Times, 2nd and 3rd July 1844), the issue being in form to determine the winner of a bet (the Gaming Act was passed in the following year) as to the age of the

mine, if possible, the vexed question whether Running
Rein was a four-year-old or a three-year-old when he was
racing as the latter. Running Rein could not be pro-
duced by Mr Wood, and Baron Alderson took a strong
view of this circumstance, so that Cockburn found himself
on the losing side, while his strenuous advocacy of his
client's cause had led him into making, in his opening
speech, strictures on Lord George Bentinck's conduct in the
case which had better have been reserved to a later stage.
He was, however, a hard fighter, but not an unfair one,-
a little irritable at times, but on the whole a courteous
gentleman, and his practice went on increasing. In 1847
he decided to stand for Parliament, and was elected
without a contest at Southampton, standing as a Liberal
and a reformer. During his first year or two in Parliament
he showed himself to be a useful speaker on topics of
legal reform, and gained the respect of his fellow members;
and in 1850 he had a chance, of which he availed himself
to the utmost. The "Pacifico" dispute with Greece
related, it will be remembered, to the treatment of a M.
Pacifico, and other persons said to be British subjects, by a
Greek mob, and to the forcible methods of Lord Palmerston
in causing a British fleet to blockade the Piræus in order to
enforce attention to his demands for compensation. The
Government was defeated in the House of Lords on this
question, and in the House of Commons had a hard fight
to carry the vote of confidence proposed by Mr Roebuck,
member for Sheffield. A lawyer was wanted to bring
out the legal position of the Government. Mr Crowder,
afterwards a judge, was not equal to the task; but on
the third night of the debate Cockburn moved the
adjournment of the House after Mr Gladstone had
spoken, and on the following night made a speech,
of which Lord Palmerston wrote to Lord Normanby:
"As to Cockburn's, I do not know that I ever in the
course of my life heard a better speech from anybody,
without any exception." Cockburn made another excellent
speech very soon after this on the question of the treat-
ment by Austria of the Magyar rebels; and when, less
than a month later, Sir John Jervis retired, and Sir John
Romilly was promoted to be Attorney-General, he became
Solicitor-General and was knighted. He succeeded to the
Attorney-Generalship in 1851, on the appointment of
Romilly as Master of the Rolls.

In February 1852 the Ministry resigned, and Cockburn vacated his post. During the short administration of Lord Derby which followed, Thesiger was Attorney-General, and Cockburn was engaged against him in the case of R. v. Newman, on the prosecution of Achilli. This was the trial of a criminal information for libel filed against John Henry Newman, who had denounced a scandalous and profligate friar named Achilli, then lecturing on Roman Catholicism in England. Newman pleaded justification; but the jury who heard the case in the Queen's Bench, with Lord Campbell presiding, found that the justification was not proved except in one particular: a verdict which, together with the methods of the judge and the conduct of the audience, attracted considerable comment. The verdict was set aside, and a new trial ordered, but none ever took place. In December 1852, under Lord Aberdeen's Ministry, Cockburn became again AttorneyGeneral, with Bethell as Solicitor-General, and so remained until 1856, taking part in many celebrated trials, such as the Hopwood Will Case in 1855, and the Swynfen Will Case, but notably leading for the Crown in the trial of William Palmer of Rugeley in Staffordshire, an ex-medical man who had taken to the turf, and who had poisoned a friend of similar pursuits named Cook with strychnine, in order to obtain money from his estate by forgery and

otherwise. Sir Alexander Cockburn made an exhaustive study of the medical aspects of the case, and the prisoner's comment when convicted after a twelve days' trial was, alluding to the Attorney-General's advocacy, "It was the riding that did it." In 1854 Cockburn was made recorder of Bristol. In 1856 Sir John Jervis died, and Cockburn became Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. In 1859 Lord Campbell became Chancellor, and Cockburn became Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, continuing as a judge for twenty-four years, and dying in harness. On Friday, the 19th of November 1880, he tried causes with special juries at Westminster; on Saturday, the 20th, he presided over a Court for the consideration of Crown Cases Reserved; he walked home, and on that night he died of angina pectoris at his house in Hertford Street. It is characteristic of the man that when he learnt that he was dying, his comment to his doctor was, "Well, I have had a good time."

Sir Alexander Cockburn earned and deserved a high reputation as a judge. He was a man of brilliant cleverness and rapid intuition, rather than of profound and laboriously cultivated intellect. He had been a great advocate at the Bar, with a great charm of voice and manner, as well as a fluent and persuasive tongue, rather than a learned lawyer, but he was considered to be a good lawyer before he died, some assigning his unquestioned improvement in this respect to his frequent association on the bench with Blackburn. He had notoriously little sympathy with the Judicature Acts. Many were of opinion that he was inclined to take an advocate's view of the cases before him, making up his mind as to their merits prematurely and, in consequence, wrongly, as well as giving undue prominence to the views which he so formed; but he was beyond doubt always in intention, and generally in fact, scrupulously fair. Lord Russell of Killowen, L.C.J., writing of his immediate predecessor Lord Coleridge in 1894, gave his opinion that the beauty of Lord Coleridge's voice was unsurpassed in his experience, except perhaps by Sir Alexander Cockburn, Mr Gladstone, Sir Robert Peel, and Father Burke of the Dominican Order. Coleridge, he further says, "could not have made the great Don Pacifico speech of Sir Alexander Cockburn ; but then, who could?" Commenting on the case of Saurin v. Starr (Feb. 1869), in which Coleridge led for the plaintiff, Lord Russell also wrote: "Sir Alexander Cockburn tried the case, and it afforded a strong illustration of a peculiarity in that remarkable man which those who practised before him will recognize. He began by being breast-high for the plaintiff, and so continued during the earlier stages of the trial; but as the trial progressed, and especially after Mr Mellish's opening speech, he speedily turned round, and did all he could to secure a verdict for the defendants. But it was too late. The case was of a kind, not unnaturally, to excite prejudice against them, and the minds of the jury could not be turned back from the direction which the earlier action of the Chief Justice had given them." This criticism is interesting as coming from so great an advocate and so masterful a Lord Chief Justice, himself by no means given to concealing his prejudices. It will further be remembered, however, that in this case Lord Russell, then Mr Charles Russell, was counsel on the losing side, that the case involved charges against a Roman Catholic religious establishment, and that he was himself a staunch Roman Catholic. Mr Justin M'Carthy calls Cockburn "one of the few great advocates who ever made a political figure in the House of Commons." Disraeli, in a characteristic speech, once said of him in the House: "He is a man of transcendent abilities; he sustained the reputation which he had attained here and in the Courts of his country with learning and majesty He has shown himself a jurist and a publicist of the highest character" (Times, 24th April 1875). This was on the occasion of an attack upon him by Dr Kenealy, M.P., the Tichborne claimant's counsel in the trial at Bar which consigned the claimant to penal servitude for perjury. Sir Alexander Cockburn, with Mr Justice Mellor and Mr Justice Lush, had tried him, the case lasting one hundred and eighty-eight days, of which the Lord Chief Justice's summing up occupied eighteen. It is not necessary to enumerate the many causes celèbres at which Sir Alexander Cockburn presided as a judge. It was thought that he went out of his way to arrange that they should come before him, and his successor, Lord Coleridge, writing in 1881 to Lord Bramwell, to make the offer that he should try the murderer Lefroy as a last judicial act before retiring, added, "Poor dear Cockburn would hardly have given you such a chance." Be this as it may, Cockburn tried all cases which came before him, whether great or small, with the same thoroughness and with great courtesy and dignity, so that no counsel or suitor could complain that he had not been

fully heard in a matter in which the issues were seemingly trivial; while he certainly gave great attention to the elaboration of his judgments and charges to juries.

The greatest public occasion on which Sir Alexander Cockburn acted, outside his usual judicial functions, was that of the Alabama Arbitration, held at Geneva in 1872, in which he represented the British Government, and dissented from the view taken by the majority of the arbitrators, without being able to convince them. He prepared, with Mr C. F. Adams, the representative of the United States, the English translation of the award of the arbitrators, and published his reasons for dissenting in a vigorously worded document which did not meet with universal commendation. He admitted in substance the liability of England for the acts of the Alabama, but not on the grounds on which the decision of the majority was based, and he held England not to be liable in respect of the Florida and the Shenandoah. His opposition to the appointment of Sir Robert Collier to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council had, shortly before the arbitration, so embroiled him with the Government that, stung by a speech of the duke of Argyll, he had threatened to resign his position as arbitrator. His views on the Collier controversy were chiefly expressed in letters to Lord Westbury; he was at all times fond of controversy and controversial writing.

In personal appearance Sir Alexander Cockburn was of small stature, but his dignity of deportment caused this to be forgotten. His courtesy and polish of manner have been referred to. In private life he was fond of sport, and he was engaged in writing a series of articles on the " 'History of the Chase in the Nineteenth Century" at the time of his death. He took his relaxation during his last years in his yacht the Zouave, and he was also fond of music. He was fond, too, of society; and in the interesting debate on the Tichborne trial, to which reference has been made, some aid was lent to Kenealy's attack by a jocular, but somewhat imprudent, remark of Cockburn's to a lady at a dinner-party, which she was foolish enough to repeat. He was also throughout his life addicted to frivolities not altogether consistent with advancement in a learned profession, or with the positions of dignity which he successively occupied. Shooting once at Hinton with Lord Westbury, when a high rocketing pheasant was nearly dropped on his head by another gun, Sir Alexander Cockburn, who had not seen the bird, called out, "Fire high, fire high.' Whereupon Lord Westbury said, "Don't be alarmed, Chief Justice: you are quite safe. You are not as near heaven as that bird was when it was shot, and I am sadly afraid, after those stories of yours at luncheon, that you never will be." At the same time he showed no lack of dignity in his public capacity. He had a high sense of what was due to, and expected from, his profession; and his utterance upon the limitations of advocacy, in his speech at the banquet given in the Middle Temple Hall to Mons. Berryer, the celebrated French advocate, may be called the classical authority on the subject. Lord Brougham, replying for the guests other than Berryer, had spoken of "the first great duty of an advocate to reckon everything subordinate to the interests of his client." The Lord Chief Justice, replying to the toast of "the Judges of England," dissented from this sweeping statement, saying, amid loud cheers from a distinguished assembly of lawyers, "The arms which an advocate wields he ought to use as a warrior, not as an assassin. ought to uphold the interests of his clients per fas, not per nefas. He ought to know how to reconcile the interests of his clients with the eternal interests of truth and justice" (Times, 9th Nov. 1864). Sir Alexander Cockburn was never married, and the baronetcy became extinct at his death.

He

AUTHORITIES.-Times, 22nd Nov. 1880; Law Journal; Law Times; Solicitors' Journal, 27th Nov. 1880; Law Magazine, new series, vol. xv. p. 193, 1851; Ashley's Life of Lord Palmerston; Nash's Life of Lord Westbury; "Reminiscences of Lord Chief Justice Coleridge," by Lord Russell of Killowen, in the North American Review, Sept. 1894; The Greville Memoirs; Croker's Correspondence and Diaries; Justin M'Carthy's History of Our Own Times; Serjeant Ballantine's Experiences; Bench and Bar, by Serjeant Robinson; Fairchild's Life of Lord Bramwell; Manson's Builders of Our Law; Burke's Peerage, ed. 1879; Fosters' Peerage, 1880. (E. A. AR.)

Cockermouth, a market-town in the Cockermouth parliamentary division (since 1885) of Cumberland, England, on the Derwent, 27 miles south-west of Carlisle by rail. A statue was erected in 1875 to the sixth earl of Mayo, who represented the borough in parliament and was subsequently viceroy of India. Ironworks, tanneries, and confectionery works have been established. Area of township (an urban district), 2425 acres. Population (1881), 5353; (1901), 5355.

Cocos Islands. See KEELING ISLANDS.

Codex Bezæ.-The MS. which is known by the name of Codex Bezæ, after the great Reformer, and which is marked amongst the MSS. of the New Testament by the sign D (or rather by the two signs D, d, according as its Greek or Latin side is under discussion), is a bilingual [Græco-Latin] codex, containing, with some lacunæ, the text of the Four Gospels and the Acts, in an uncial hand. which is commonly ascribed to the sixth century. From the fact that a fragment of the 3rd Epistle of John precedes the Acts, it has been inferred that it at one time contained the Catholic Epistles, though not in the common order, and from a study of the ancient numbering of the quires, it appears that the missing matter was not confined to the Catholic Epistles, and that some other book was also included, but no satisfactory conjecture has yet been made as to the character of the missing portion. The order of the Gospels is that which was once common in the West, in which the Apostolic Evangelists come first, namely, Mt, Joh, Lu, Mc, the whole book being denoted by

Mt+Joh+Lu+Mc+X+Cath + Acts, where X stands for the unknown missing matter, and Cath for the portions of the Catholic Epistles which it once contained (the three epistles of John, at the least).

The MS. was presented by Beza to the University of Cambridge, in whose public library it has since been preserved, in the year 1582. If Beza's own account can be trusted, it was brought to him from the monastery of St Irenæus at Lyons, where it had been lying mutilated and covered with dust, the time of its discovery being the sack of Lyons in 1562. Some superficial grounds for doubting the exactness of this statement are found in the facts (1) that Beza in his latest Greek Testament (1598) calls it Claromontanus, and not Lugdunensis (a term he never seems to apply, using instead the colourless vetustissimus); (2) that it was in Italy shortly before 1550, for this is undoubtedly the MS. marked ' from which readings are given on the margin of Robert Stephen's edition of the N. T. in that year, and which is expressly stated by him to have been collated by our friends in Italy." But these statements can be reconciled by adding the further evidence of Marianus Victorius as to the production at the Council of Trent (in 1546?) of an ancient Greek MS. confirming the Latin reading of John 2122. This MS. was produced by William à Prato, bishop of Clermont in the Auvergne, and the neighbourhood of Clermont Ferrand to Lyons may be thought sufficient to explain at once the presence of the book in Italy and the fluctuation as to its title in the last Bezan N.T. It should be remarked, however, that there has recently been a recrudescence of suspicions as to the accuracy of Beza's statements concerning the Codex, and that some modern scholars, becoming sceptical as to its connexion with Lyons at all, are looking for a home for the Codex in Italy, previous to its passing into Beza's hands.

Whatever may be the outcome of this demand for re-examination of the Bezan statements, it should be noted that Beza had not the slightest suspicion that his beloved vetustissimus was the same as the B' of Stephen; for he quotes them as if they were two separate authorities, even in places where the Bezan Codex is most singular. Perhaps we must not be too severe on him in this, for the very same doubling of the authorities is found in Bianchini, Ev. Quadruplex, p. 483 ("Lucæ, c. 6, v. 4, extat hic et in Steph. B' insignis pericope de homine operante die sabbati"), where the reading discussed is the most conspicuous singularity in the whole MS., the passage at which the MS. usually stands open in the University Library at Cambridge. If Bianchini fell into the same trap, we must not judge Beza too hardly. In any case he cannot have known that his MS. had been collated for Robert Stephen in Italy. One would like to know something more about this collation. Who were the friends that collated? The term seems too vague for his son Henry, who probably was in Italy just at the right time for making the collation. Was there another hand? Perhaps that of Vatablus? And was the collating done at Trent? On these points some further information may be accessible. Meanwhile we adhere provisionally, but with some hesitation, to the belief that it is a Lyons MS.

We have already alluded, in passing, to two singular readings of the MS. in which it appears to be unique, namely, the reading in Joh 2122, eav avтov deλw μEVELV ουτως έως ερχομαι (“ if I wish him to remain thus until I come "), and the unique interpolation in Lu 64 (TMη avrη ημερα θεασαμενος τινα εργαζομενον τω σαββατω ειπεν αυτω, ανθρωπε, ει μεν οιδας τι ποιεις, μακαριος ει ει δε μη οιδας,

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επικαταρατος και παραβατης ει του νόμου= on the same day having observed one working on the Sabbath he said. to him, Man, if thou knowest what thou dost, blessed art thou; but if thou knowest not, thou art accursed and a transgressor of the law"). These singular readings and interpolations are characteristic of the Codex Beza, and apparently Beza himself, though he quotes many of the most surprising readings, felt some alarm at them, for he explained to the University of Cambridge that the MS. ought not to be published, for fear of giving offence (asservandum potius quam publicandum). At the same time he was alive to its critical value, and appears to have recognized its relation to the old Latin and Syriac texts of the New Testament.

The MS. was not long in the possession of the university before its text was transcribed, more or less completely. It was transcribed in 1583 for Archbishop Whitgift, and partly collated by Patrick Young. Archbishop Usher collated it for Walton's Polyglot (1657), and Wetstein studied it closely in 1716. In 1732 it was collated by John Dickinson, with a view to remedy the errors in the critical apparatus of Mill. However imperfect these and other collations may be, they have an occasional scientific value at the present day in cases where the MS. has become illegible or damaged, e.g., Ac 2116, where Whitgift's transcript should be consulted, along with the other early readers and collators. Whitgift's copy is in the Trinity College Library, Dickinson's in Jesus College Library, the others are to be consulted in the several New Testaments to which they belong. In 1793 the first great attempt was made by the University of Cambridge to publish an accurate transcript of the whole text. The work was entrusted to Dr Thomas Kipling, and splendidly issued in two folio volumes. The prolegomena were poor, but the transcript was fairly accurate ; the work was, however, fiercely attacked on two sides on which it was singularly vulnerable, the Latin of the preface and its logic. Thomas Edwards, of Clare Hall, produced a tract on Kipling's work, which was written in the liveliest style of 18th century polemic. The tract is, however, hardly intelligible without a knowledge of contemporary university politics into which Edwards frequently diverges, and which have little interest at the present day. A more serious defect was the use of a single fount of type, both for the text and the marginal annotations, which are centuries later than the body of the text, a fault which led Credner, and in our own time Resch, into serious errors with regard to the origin of the text. The next great step in the knowledge of the text was taken when the MS. was edited by the Rev. F. H. Scrivener, in 1864, with a very complete series of annotations and prolegomena, in which everything was done, or almost everything that an editor could do, to furnish the student with an exact representation, in ordinary type, of the contents of the MS., and to supply at the same time criteria for discriminating the various hands by which the MS. had experienced correction or annotation, and generally recording the fortunes and the history both of the MS. and the peculiar text which it transmits. Facsimiles were engraved of two corresponding pages of the Greek and Latin, and of a number of places where correcting or annotating hands had been at work; and, on the whole, a notable advance was made in the materials for the history of the Codex. In 1900 the whole MS. was photographically reproduced for the university by the hands of Dujardin of Paris, the very fragile and much worn book being thus rendered the secure possession of scholars everywhere. The use of the photolithograph may sometimes mislead the reader, in cases where the shades of colour of the inks employed are no longer discriminated, and where the extreme tenuity of the vellum has allowed both the obverse and reverse of a leaf to appear at once in the transcript.

A word should be said at this point with regard to the text and its annotators and correctors. Naturally, after Kipling and Scrivener there is not much to be added in the way of readings to the text; but it should be observed that Blass (to whom we shall presently refer) has read several places in the text where Scrivener had to resort to conjecture, e.g., the reading of Scrivener in

Acts 187 is μεταβας [δε απο ακυ] λα εισηλθεν εις τον [ο]ι[κ]ον τινος,

where Blass reads

μεταβας [απο του] ακυλα in the first line,

and Harris reads

και ηλθεν εις τον [ο]ι[κ]ον τινος

in the second line.

The importance of the correction lies in the explanation

S. III. - 17

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