his now famous "Moonlight" being badly hung in the Old as possessing individuality and promise. Morny, the emperor's all-powerful minister, appointed him to be one of his secretaries, a post which he held till Morny's death in 1865,-and showed him no small kindness. He had put his foot on the road to fortune. The first of his longer books, Le Petit Chose (1868), did not, however, produce any very popular sensation. It is, in its main feature, the story of his own earlier years told with much grace and pathos. But the next book, Froment jeune et Risler ainé (1874), at once took the world by storm. It struck a note, not new certainly in English literature, but comparatively new in French. Here was a writer who possessed the gift of laughter and tears, a writer not only sensible to pathos and sorrow, but also to moral beauty. He could create too. His characters were real and also typical; the ratés, the men who in life's battle had flashed in the pan, were touched with a master hand. The book was alive. It gave the illusion of a real world. Jack, the story of an illegitimate child, a martyr to his mother's selfishness, which followed in 1876, served only to deepen the same impression. Henceforward his career was that of a very successful man of letters, publishing novel on novel, Le Nabab (1877), Les Rois en Exil (1879), Numa Roumestan (1880), Sapho, L'Immortel, and writing for the stage at frequent intervals,-giving to the world his reminiscences in Trente ans de Paris and Souvenirs d'un homme de lettres. These, with the three Tartarins,-Tartarin the mighty hunter, Tartarin the mountaineer, Tartarin the colonist, and the admirable short stories, written for the most part before he had acquired fame and fortune, constitute his life work. Though Daudet defended himself from the charge of imitating Dickens, it is difficult altogether to believe that so many similarities of spirit and manner were quite unsought. What, however, was purely his own was his style. It is a style that may rightly be called "impressionist," full of light and colour, not descriptive after the old fashion, but by a masterly juxtaposition of words that are like pigments flashing its intended effect. Nor does it convey, like the style of the Goncourts, for example, a constant feeling of effort. It is full of felicity and charm,un charmeur M. Zola has called him. An intimate friend of Edmond de Goncourt (who died in his house), of Flaubert, of M. Zola, Daudet belonged essentially to the naturalist school of fiction. (D. C. T.) His own experiences, his surroundings, the men with whom he had been brought into contact, various persons who had played a part, more or less public, in Paris life-all passed into his art. But he vivified the material supplied by his memory. His world has the great gift of life. L'Immortel is a bitter attack on the French Academy, to which august body Daudet never belonged. His married life-he married in 1867-seems to have been singularly happy. There was The works of Daubigny are, like Corot's, to be found in many modern collections. His most ambitious canvases are: "Spring-time" (1857), in the Louvre; "Borde de la Cure, Morvan" (1864); "Villerville sur Mer" (1864); "Moonlight" (1865); "Andrésy sur Oise" (1868); and "Return of the Flock-Moonlight" (1878). His followers and pupils were his son Karl (who sometimes painted so well that his works are occasionally mistaken for those of his father, though in few cases do they equal his father's mastery), Oudinot, Delpy, and Damoye. FRED HENRIET. C. Daubigny et son Euvre. Paris, 1878.D. CROAL THOMSON. The Barbizon School of Painters. London, 1890.-J. W. MOLLETT. Daubigny. London, 1890.-J. CLARETIE. Peintres and Sculpteurs Contemporains: Daubigny. Paris, 1882.ALBERT Wolff. La Capitale de l'Art: Ch. François Daubigny. Paris, 1881. Daudet, Alphonse (1840-1897), French novelist, was born at Nîmes on the 13th May 1840. His family, on both sides, belonged to the bourgeoisie. The father, Vincent Daudet, was a silk manufacturera man dogged through life by misfortune and failure. The lad, amid much truancy, had but a depressing boyhood. In 1856 he left Lyons, where his schooldays had been mainly spent, and began life as an usher at Alais, in the south. The position proved to be intolerable. As Dickens declared that all through his prosperous career he was haunted in dreams by the miseries of his apprenticeship to the blacking business, so Daudet says that for months after leaving Alais he would wake with horror thinking he was still among his unruly pupils. On the 1st November 1857 he abandoned teaching, and took refuge with his brother Ernest, only some three years his senior, who was trying, "and thereto soberly," to make a living as a journalist in Paris. Alphonse betook himself to his pen likewise,― wrote poems, shortly collected into a small volume Les Amoureuses (1858), which met with a fair reception,-obtained employment on the Figaro, then under Villemessent's energetic editorship, wrote two or three plays, and began to be recognized, among those interested in literature, perfect intellectual harmony, and Madame Daudet possesses much of his literary gift. In his later years came insomnia, failure of health, and chloral. He died in Paris on the 17th December 1897. The story of Daudet's earlier years is told in his brother Ernest Daudet's Mon frère et moi. There is a good deal of autobiographical detail in Daudet's Trente ans de Paris and Souvenirs d'un homme de lettres, and also scattered in his other books. The references to him in the Journal des Goncourts are (F. T. M.) numerous. Dauphiné, one of the old provinces (the name is still in current use in the country) of pre-Revolutionary France, in the south-east portion of France, between Provence and Savoy. After the death of the last king of Burgundy, Rudolf III., in 1032, Dauphiné (as part of his realm) reverted to the far-distant emperor. Much confusion fol lowed, out of which the counts of Albon (between Valence and Vienne) gradually came to the front. The first dynasty ended in 1162 with Guigue V., whose daughter and heiress, Beatrice, carried the possessions of her house to her husband, Hugh III., duke of Burgundy. Their son, André, continued the race, this second dynasty making many territorial acquisitions, among them (by marriage) the Embrunais and the Gapençais in 1232. In 1282 the second dynasty ended in another heiress, Anna, who carried all to her husband, Humbert, lord of La Tour du Pin (between Lyons and Grenoble). The title of the chief of the house was Count (later Dauphin) of the Viennois, not of Dauphiné. As a The origin of the title " Dauphin "(borne also by the allied house of Auvergue) is very obscure. Guigue IV. (1132-1142) seems to have adopted the rare name Delphinus as a second Christian name, and so did his son, Guigue V. (1142-1162). The latter's daughter, Beatrice, the heiress, gave it to her son André, to recall his descent from the ancient house of the counts of Albon. Two princes of the second dynasty, namely, Guigue VI. and John I., use the form "Dalphini" (genitive case) as a sort of patronymic. But even under Guigue VI. (1237-1270) the term "Delphinus" is used (especially by foreigners) as a title of dignity, and is so borne regularly by the third dynasty. The "canting arms" of a dolphin were borrowed from the Counts of Clermont (Dauphins of Auvergne), and appear first in 1237 on a seal of Guigue VI., son of André Dauphin (1192–1237). Humbert II. (1333-1349), grandson of the heiress Anna, was the last independent Dauphin, selling his dominions in 1349 to Charles of Valois, and stipulating that every one who inherited this province should bear the name of Dauphin, and quarter the arms of Dauphiné with those of France. matter of fact, the title was borne by all succeeding eldest sons of the kings of France. In 1422 the Diois and the Valentinois by the will of the last count passed to the eldest son of Charles VI., and in 1424 were annexed to the Dauphiné. Louis (1440-1461), later Louis XI. of France, was the last Dauphin who occupied a semiindependent position. The suzerainty of the emperor gradually died out. In the 16th century the names of Farel and of the duke of Lesdiguières are prominent in Dauphiné history. The "States" of Dauphiné (dating from about the middle of the 14th century) were suspended by Louis XIII. in 1630. (W. A. B. C.) Davenport, capital of Scott county, Iowa, U.S.A., in 41° 30' N. lat. and 90° 39′ W. long., on the west bank of the Mississippi, at the foot of Rock Island Rapids, at an altitude on the river bank of 590 feet. It is laid out on a regular plan, is supplied with water from the Mississippi by the Holly pumping system, is well sewered and well paved with brick and macadam, and contains six wards. It is entered by three great railway systems, and enjoys a large trade. In 1890 it contained 475 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $8,732,122, and employing 5136 hands; the value of the manufactured goods was $10,357,232. The principal articles of manufacture were lumber and flour. The assessed valuation of real and personal property in 1900, on a basis of about one-half of the full value, was $14,396,585, the debt of the municipality was $441,112, and the total rate of taxation was $51.75 per $1000. The death-rate in 1900 was 15.9. Population (1880), 21,831; (1890), 26,872; (1900), 35,254, of whom 8479 were foreign born and 488 negroes. Daventry, a municipal borough of Northamptonshire, England, 12 miles west by north of Northampton. There are Established, Roman Catholic, Congregational, and Methodist churches; an endowed grammar school, and a grammar school for girls. A public recreation ground was opened in 1890. The principal industry is the manufacture of boots and shoes. Area, 3427 acres. Population (1881), 3859; (1901), 3780. Davey of Fernhurst, Horace Davey, BARON (1833-), English judge, son of Peter Davey, of Horton, Bucks, was born 30th August 1833, and educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford. He took a double first-class in classics and mathematics, was senior mathematical scholar and Eldon law scholar, and was elected a fellow of his college. In 1861 he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, and read in the chambers of Mr (afterwards Vice-Chancellor) Wickens. Devoting himself to the Chancery side, he soon acquired a large practice, and in 1875 became a Q.C. In 1880 he was returned to Parliament as a Liberal for Christchurch, Hants, but lost his seat in 1885. On Mr Gladstone's return to power in 1886 he was appointed Solicitor-General and was knighted, but had no seat in the House; from 1888 to 1892 he sat for Stockton-on-Tees. As an equity lawyer Sir Horace Davey ranks among the finest intellects and the most subtle pleaders ever known at the English Bar. He was standing counsel to the University of Oxford, and senior counsel to the Charity Commissioners, and was engaged in all the important Chancery suits of his time. Among the chief leading cases in which he took a prominent part were those of The Mogul Steamship Company, Boswell v. Cokes, Erlanger v. New Phosphate Co., and the Ooregum Gold Mines Co.; he was counsel for the promoters in the trial of the Bishop of Lincoln, and leading counsel in the Berkeley Peerage case. In 1862 he married Miss Louisa Donkin. In 1893 he was raised to the Bench as a Lord Justice of Appeal, and in the next year was made a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and a life-peer. David, Félicien (1810-1876), French composer, was born on 13th April 1810 at Cadenet. After having studied for a while at the Paris Conservatoire, he joined the sect of Saint Simonians, and travelled in the East in order to preach the new doctrine. After three years' absence, during which he visited Constantinople, Smyrna, and spent some time in Egypt, he returned to France and published a collection of Oriental melodies. For several years he worked in retirement, and wrote two symphonies, some chamber music, and songs. On the 8th of December 1844 he suddenly leapt into fame through the extraordinary success obtained by his symphonic ode entitled Le Désert, produced at the Conservatoire. In this work David had struck out a new line. He had attempted in simple strains to evoke the majestic stillness of the desert. Notwithstanding its title of "symphonic ode," Le Désert has little in common with the symphonic style. What distinguishes it is a certain naïveté of expression and an effective Oriental colouring. In this last respect David may be looked upon as the precursor of a whole army of composers. His succeeding works, Moïse au Sinaï (1846), Christophe Colomb (1847), L'Eden (1848), scarcely bore out the promise shown in Le Désert, although the second of these compositions was successful at the time of its production. David now turned his attention to the theatre, and produced the following operas in succession: La Perle du Brésil (1851), Herculanum (1859), Lalla-Roukh (1862), Le Saphir (1865). Of these, Lalla-Roukh is the one which has obtained the greatest success. It is still played in France. He died at Saint-Germain-en-Laye on the 29th of August 1876. If David can scarcely be placed in the first rank of French composers, he nevertheless deserves the consideration due to a sincere artist, one who was undoubtedly inspired by lofty ideals. At a time when the works of Berlioz were caviare to the general, David succeeded in making the public take interest in music of a picturesque and descriptive kind. Thus he may be considered as one of the pioneers of modern French musical art. (A. HE.) Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889), American soldier and statesman, President of the Confederate States in the American War of Secession, was born on 3rd June 1808 in Christian (now Todd) county, Kentucky. His father, Samuel Davis, was of Welsh, his mother, Jane Cook, of Scotch-Irish, descent. Jefferson Davis was edu cated at Transylvania College and West Point Academy. From the latter he graduated in July 1828, with the rank of second lieutenant of infantry. He was assigned for duty to Jefferson Barracks at St Louis, and later to Fort Crawford, now Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Here he met Sarah Knox, the daughter of the commanding officer, whom he married two years later. During the Black Hawk war he was under General Winfield Scott at Fort Snelling, and was sent to Dixon, Illinois, to muster into service some volunteers from that State. Their captain was Abraham Lincoln, and Lieutenant Davis is said to have administered to him his first oath of allegiance. After his marriage, he resigned from the army and settled in Mississippi, where Mrs Davis died of fever, and Jefferson Davis afterwards married Miss Varina Howell of Mississippi. In 1843 Mr Davis entered the field of politics as a Democrat, and exhibited great power as a public speaker. In 1844 he was chosen as Presidential Elector, and in 1845 was elected to Congress. From the beginning of his political career he advocated a strict construction of the United States Constitution. He was an ardent admirer of John C. Calhoun and his political opinions. In his speeches in Congress, which were few, he clearly defined his position in regard to State Rights, which he consistently held ever afterwards. During his first session, war with Mexico was declared, and he left his seat to take command of the First Regiment of Mississippi Volunteers. He was greatly distinguished for gallantry and soldierly conduct at Monterey and Buena Vista. In this last battle he was severely wounded early in the engagement, but continued in command until victory crowned the American arms. Upon his return to his home, he was made a United States Senator. After a service of nearly six years, he resigned his seat to accept the nomination for Governor of his State, but was de with his intellectual gifts, won him the esteem of all parties. While believing in Secession as a last resort, he earnestly sought to avoid the necessity, and when his State passed the ordinance he resigned his seat with the saddest forebodings of the impending conflict. His parting speech was a clear and able statement of the position taken by his State, and a most pathetic expression of his feelings in saying farewell to his associates. On 25th January 1861 Mr Davis was commissioned Major-General of the forces Mississippi was raising in view of the threatened conflict. On the 9th of February he received the unanimous vote of the Congress of the seceded States as President of the "Confederate States of America." This office he had not sought, preferring service in the field. His brilliant career, both as a civilian and a soldier, drew all eyes to him as best fitted to guide the fortunes of the new Confederacy, and with a deep sense of the responsibility he obeyed the call. He heartily approved of the "Peace Conference," which attempted to draw up a plan of reconciliation between the two sections, but whose failure made war inevitable. The disparity between the hostile sections was very great. In white population the North had four times that of the South, and her manufacturing resources were nearly five hundred times as great; she had uninterrupted commerce with the outside world, and out of her population and the great stream of immigrants she had an unlimited supply of soldiery. She had the army and navy, with the munitions of war belonging to the Federal Government. On the other hand, the South had to create everything needed for war. Never having been a manufacturing people, and having her ports soon blockaded, she was greatly at a disadvantage. It was, indeed, astonishing that she was able to maintain the unequal contest for four years. Mont gomery, Alabama, was the first Confederate capital, but after Virginia joined her sister States, the seat of government was removed to Richmond. How Mr Davisof whom Mr Gladstone, in the early days of English sympathy with the South, said that he had "made a nation" bore himself in his most responsible position during the gigantic conflict which ensued, cannot here be related in detail. It is sufficient to say that it was with great ability and an unblemished character. In a wonderfully short time he organized and put into the field one of the finest bodies of soldiers of which history has record. Factories sprung up in the South in a few months, supplying the army with arms and munitions of war, and the energy of the President was everywhere apparent. That he committed serious errors, his warmest admirers will hardly deny. Unfortunately his firmness developed into obstinacy, and exhibited itself in continued confidence in officers who had proved to be failures, and in dislike of some of his ablest generals. He committed the great mistake, too, JEFFERSON DAVIS. (From a photograph by Sarony, New York.) feated. In 1853 he accepted the position of Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Pierce, and for four years performed the duties of the office with great distinction and with lasting benefit to the nation. He organized the engineer companies which explored and reported on the several proposed routes for a railway connecting the Mississippi Valley with the Pacific Ocean. He effected the enlargement of the army, and made material changes in its equipment of arms and ammunition, utilizing the latest improvements. He made his appointments of subordinates on their merits, regardless of party considerations. He revised the system of tactics, perfected the signal corps service, and enlarged the coast and frontier defences of the country. At the end of his service in the Cabinet, he was returned to the Senate, and continued as a member until the secession of his State in 1861. As a senator he stood in the front rank in a body distinguished for its ability; and his purity of character and courteous manner, together |