considerable industry in earthenware ("New Delft "), gunconstruction, distilling, and the manufacture of salad oil and oil-cakes. The "Phoenix," or old clubhouse of the students, which was burned down in 1872, has been replaced by a handsome erection in Renaissance style. A bronze statue of Hugo Grotius was raised in 1886. The population in 1900 was 31,582.

Delhi, or DILLI, a city of British India, the former capital of the Mughal Empire, now giving its name to a district and a division in the Punjab. It is situated on the right bank of the river Jumna, 954 miles from Calcutta by rail. In 1881 it had a population of 173,393, and in 1891 of 192,579. In 1901 the population was 208,385, showing a continuous increase. The municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs.4,57,182; the death-rate in 1897 was 34 per thousand. Delhi, as the centre of the railway system of Northern India, is now regaining much of the importance it lost at the time of the Mutiny. It is the terminus of three main lines the East Indian, the North-Western, and the Rajputana; while the Delhi-Umballa-Kalka and the Northern Punjab companies also have stations here. The principal manufactures are gold and silver filigree-work and embroidery, jewellery, muslins, shawls, glazed pottery, and wood-carving. Since 1890 three cotton mills have been established, with 351 looms and 47,000 spindles, employing 1800 hands. There are also three flour-mills, several iron foundries, and a brush factory. A filtered water supply and sewerage works have been provided by the municipality out of a loan of Rs.8,00,000, and a further loan of Rs.1,80,000 for improving the water supply is proposed. The institutions include St Stephen's College, which teaches up to the M.A. degree; five high schools; Government normal school; native school of medicine subsidized by the municipality; S.P.G., Roman Catholic, and Baptist missions; sixty-four printing-presses, issuing twenty-one newspapers and periodicals; institute and reading room; Mahommedans and Hindu religious associations.

The DISTRICT OF DELHI has an area of 1290 square miles. The population in 1881 was 643,515 and in 1891 was 638,689, being the only case in the Punjab of a decrease; the average density was 495 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 688,979, showing an increase of 8 per cent. The land revenue and rates were Rs.8,90,644, the incidence of assessment being R.1-0-8 per acre; the cultivated area was 432,209 acres, of which 178,782 were irrigated, including 68,072 from Government canals; the number of police was 1031; the number of schools in 1897-98 was 237, attended by 8192 boys, being 13.8 per cent. of the boys of school-going age; the death-rate in 1897 was 33.34 per thousand. There are four factories for ginning and pressing cotton. Its northern portion is traversed by the Delhi-Umballa-Kalka Railway, and crossed by the Rajputana and Southern Punjab lines; total length, 74 miles. A new line, on the East Indian system, is now (1891) being constructed from Delhi southward to Agra through Muttra.

Alger, a cantata from his pen, was heard at the Opera in 1865. Having become second chorus-master at the Grand Opera, he wrote the music of a ballet entitled La Source for this theatre, in collaboration with Minkous, a Russian composer. La Source was produced with great success in 1866. The composer returned to the operetta style with Malbrouk s'en va-t-en guerre,—written in collaboration with Georges Bizet, Emile Jonas, and Legouix, and given at the Théâtre de l'Athénée in 1867. Two years later came L'Ecossais de Chatou, a one-act piece, and La Cour du Roi Pétaud, a three-act opera-bouffe. The ballet Coppélia was produced at the Grand Opera on 25th May 1870 with enormous success. Delibes's first important dramatic work was Le Roi l'a dit, a charming opéra comique," heard for the first time on 24th May 1873 at the Opéra Comique Theatre. Three years later, on 14th June 1876, Sylvia, a ballet in three acts, one of the composer's most delightful works, was produced at the Grand Opera. This was followed by Jean de Nivelle, a three-act opera brought out at the Opéra Comique on 8th March 1880, and Lakmé, in three acts produced at the same theatre on 14th April 1883, which has remained his most popular opera. The composer died in Paris on the 17th January 1891, leaving Kassya, a four-act opera, in an unfinished state. This work was completed and scored by Massenet, and produced at the Opéra Comique Theatre on 24th March 1893. Léo Delibes was a typically French composer. His music is light, graceful, and refined. He excelled in ballet music, and Sylvia may well be considered a masterpiece of the genre. His operas are conhowever, is modern, and the melodic invention abundant, structed on a conventional pattern. The harmonic texture,

while the orchestral treatment is invariably excellent.

(A. HE.)

Delisle, Léopold Victor (1826-), French historian and head of the Bibliothèque Nationale et Paris, was born at Valognes (Manche) on 24th October 1826. In 1847 he became a student at the École des Chartes, where his career was remarkably brilliant. In 1832 he was appointed an assistant in the Manuscript Department of the Bibliothèque Nationale, and after being for some time conservator of that department, succeeded M. Taschereau as head of the entire establishment in 1874. He produced many valuable official reports, and a still greater amount of memoirs and monographs on points connected with palæography, and the study of history and archæology. Among his services was the acquisition for France of a portion of the Ashburnham manuscripts, including many that, before M. Delisle's time, had been purloined from the Bibliothèque Nationale. In 1897 he commenced the publication of what is intended to be a nearly complete printed catalogue of the books in the Bibliothèque-a great enterprise destined to occupy many years in its completion.

Delius, Nicolaus (1813-1888), German philo

19th October 1813. He was educated at Bonn and Berlin, and took his Doctor's degree in 1838. After travelling for some time in England, France, and Germany, he returned to Bonn in 1846. In 1855 he was appointed Professor of Sanscrit, Provençal, and English Literature at Bonn University, a post he held until his death, which took place at Bonn, 18th November 1888. His greatest literary achievement was his scholarly edition of Shakespeare (1854-61). He also edited Wace's St Nicholas (1850) and a volume of Provençal songs (1853), and published a Shakspere-Lexikon (1852). His original works include: Ueber das englische Theaterwesen zu Shakspere's Zeit | (1853), Gedichte (1853), Der Sardinische Dialekt des

dreizehnten Jahrhunderts (1868), and Abhandlungen zu Shakspere (2 series, 1878 and 1888). As a critic of Shakespeare's text he stands in the first rank. (R. F. s.)

Delmenhorst, a town of Germany, grand duchy of Oldenburg, 8 miles by rail west from Bremen, on the river Delme, was protected by a strong castle from 1247 to 1679, when it was destroyed by the French. Carries on cork-cutting, jute spinning and weaving, brewing, ironfounding, and making of boxes. Population (1885), 3842; (1900), 16,569.

De Long, George W. (1844-1881), American explorer, was born in New York City on 22nd August 1844. He graduated at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1865, and spent the next fourteen years in the service in various parts of the world. In 1873 he sailed on the Juniata expedition in search of the Arctic exploring steamer Polaris, and was detailed to the command of the launch which was sent out by the Juniata from Upernivik, Greenland. On his return to New York the same year he proposed to Mr James Gordon Bennett, of the New York Herald, that the latter should fit out a Polar expedition, but it was not until 1879 that final arrangements were made. The Pandora, a private yacht which had been previously used in a number of Arctic expeditions, was purchased and rechristened the Jeanette, and strengthened and fitted out for the voyage. By Act of Congress the expedition was placed under the authority of the Secretary of the U.S. Navy, although all the expenses were borne by Mr Bennett. On 8th July 1879 the Jeanette, with 33 men on board, set sail from San Francisco for Siberian waters. On 5th September 1879 the vessel was enclosed in the ice-pack, and after a long drift was finally crushed by the ice on the 12th of June 1881 in 77° 15′ N. lat. and 155° E. long. The members of the expedition journeyed by sledge and boat 150 miles to the New Siberian Islands, and thence set out by boat in three parties for the mainland. The crew of one boat was lost in a gale; that of another, under the command of ChiefEngineer George W. Melville, reached a village on the Lena. The third party, under the command of De Long, succeeded in landing at the mouth of the Lena, and pushed forward up the river by land. All of De Long's party perished except two who had been sent forward to seek relief.

The dead bodies and the records of the expedition were found in the following March by Melville, only 25 miles distant from a Siberian settlement. De Long was the last survivor. His journal, in which he made regular entries up to the day on which he died, has been edited by his wife and published under the title Voyage of the "Jeanette." An account of the search for De Long and his comrades was also published by G. W. Melville in his book entitled In the Lena Delta.

Delos.-Excavations have been made by the French School at Athens upon the island of Delos since 1877, chiefly by M. Th. Homolle. They have proceeded slowly but systematically, and the method adopted, though scientific and economical, has left the site in some apparent confusion, the débris being heaped up into piles or thrown into already excavated portions, instead of being removed bodily as at Olympia and at Delphi. The complete plan of the sacred precinct of Apollo has been recovered, as well as those of a considerable portion of the commercial quarter of Hellenistic and Roman times, of the theatre, of the temples of the foreign gods, of the temples on the top of Mount Cynthus, and of several very❘ interesting private houses. Numerous works of sculpture of all periods have been found, and also a very extensive series of inscriptions, some of them throwing much light upon the subject of temple administration in Greece.

The most convenient place for landing is protected by an ancient mole; it faces the channel between Delos and Rheneia, and is about opposite the most northerly of the two little islands now called Ρευματιάρι. From this side the sacred precinct of Apollo is approached by an avenue flanked by porticoes, that upon the seaside bearing the name of Philip V. of Macedon, who dedicated it about 200 B.C. This avenue must have formed the usual

The

approach for sacred embassies and processions; but it is probable that the space to the south was not convenient for marshalling them, since Nicias, on the occasion of his famous embassy, built a bridge from the island of Hecate (the Greater Rhevmatiari) to Delos, in order that the imposing Athenian procession might not miss its full effect. Facing the avenue were the propylæa that formed the chief entrance of the precinct of Apollo. They consisted of a gate faced on the outside with a projecting portico of four columns, on the inside with two columns in antis. Through this one entered a large open space, filled with votive offerings and containing a large exedra. sacred road continued its course from the north-east corner of this open space, with the precinct of Artemis on its west side, and, on its east side, a terrace on which stood three temples. The southernmost of these was the temple of Apollo, but only its back was visible from this side. Though there is no evidence to show to whom the other two were dedicated, the fact that they faced west seems to imply that they were either dedicated to heroes or minor deities, or that they were treasuries. Beyond them a road branches to the right, sweeping round in a broad curve to the space in front of the temple of Apollo. The outer side of this curve is bounded by a row of treasuries, similar to those found at Delos and Olympia, and serving to house the more costly offerings of various islands or cities. space to the east and south of the temple of Apollo could also be approached directly from the propylæa of entrance, by turning to the right through a passage-like building with a porch at either end. Just to the north of this may be seen the basis of the colossal statue of Apollo dedicated by the Naxians, with its well-known archaic inscription; two large fragments of the statue itself may still be seen a little farther to the north.

The

The temple of Apollo forms the centre of the whole precinct, which it dominates by the height of its steps as well as of the terrace already mentioned; its position must have been more commanding in ancient times than it is now that heaps of earth and débris cover so much of the level. The temple was of Doric style, with six columns at the front and back and thirteen at the sides; it was built early in the 4th century B.C.; little if any traces have been found of the earlier building which it superseded. Its sculptural decoration appears to have been but scanty; the metopes were plain. The groups which ornamented, as acroteria, the two gables of the temple have been in part recovered, and may now be seen in the National Museum at Athens; at the one end was Boreas carrying off Orithyia, at the other Eos and Cephalus, the centre in each case being occupied by the winged figure that stood out against the sky-a variation on the winged Victories that often occupy the same position on temples.

To the east of the space in front of the temple was an oblong building of two chambers, with a colonnade on each side but not in front; this may have been the Prytaneum or some other official building; beyond it is the most interesting and characteristic of all the monuments of Delphi. This is a long narrow hall, running from north to south, and entered by a portico at its south end. At the north end was the famous altar, built out of the horns of the victims, which was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world. The rest of the room is

taken up by a paved space, surrounded by a narrow gangway; and on this it is supposed that the famous yépavos or stork-dance took place. The most remarkable architectural feature of the building is the partition that separated the altar from this long gallery; it consists of two columns between anta, with capitals of a very peculiar form, consisting of the fore parts of bulls set back to back; from these the whole building is sometimes called the sanctuary of the bulls. Beyond it, on the east, was a sacred wood filling the space up to the wall of the precinct; and at the south end of this was a small open space with the altar of Zeus Polieus.

At the north of the precinct was a broad road, flanked with votive offerings and exedræ, and along the boundary were porticoes and chambers intended for the reception of the fewpíaι or sacred embassies; there are two entrances on this side, each of them through extensive propylæa.

At the north-west corner of the precinct is a building of limestone, the Tápivos oikos often mentioned in the inventories of the treasures of the Delian shrine. South of it is the precinct of Artemis, containing within it the old temple of the goddess; her more recent temple was to the south of her precinct, opening not into it but into the open space entered through the southern propylæa of the precinct of Apollo. The older temple is mentioned in some of the inventories as "the temple in which were the seven statues"; and close beside it was found a series of archaic draped female statues, which was the most important of its kind until the discovery of the finer and better preserved set from the Athenian Acropolis.

Within the precinct there were found many statues and other works of art, and a very large number of inscriptions, some of them giving inventories of the votive offerings and accounts of the administration of the temple and its property. The latter are of considerable interest, and give full information as to the sources of the revenue and its financial administration.

Outside the precinct of Apollo, on the south, was an open place; between this and the precinct was a house for the priests, and within it, in a kind of court, a set of small structures that may perhaps be identified as the tombs of the Hyperborean maidens. Just to the east was the temple of Dionysus, which is of peculiar plan, and faces the open place; on the other side of it is a large rectangular court, surrounded by colonnades and chambers which served as offices, the whole forming a sort of commercial exchange; in the middle of it was a temple dedicated to Aphrodite and Hermes.

To the north of the precinct of Apollo, between it and the sacred lake, there are very extensive ruins of the commercial town of Delos; these have been only partially cleared, but have yielded a good many inscriptions and other antiquities. The most extensive building is a very large court surrounded by chambers, a sort of club or exchange. Beyond this, on the way to the east coast, are the remains of the new and the old palæstra, also partially excavated.

The shore of the channel facing Rhenea is lined with docks and warehouses, and behind them, as well as elsewhere in the island, there have been found several private houses of the 2nd or 3rd century B.C. Each of these consists of a single court surrounded by columns and often paved with mosaic; various chambers open out of the court, including usually one of large proportions, the avopov or dining-room for guests.

The theatre, which is set in the lower slope of Mount Cynthus, has the wings of the auditorium supported by massive substructures. The most interesting feature is the scena, which is unique in plan; it consisted of an oblong building of two storeys, surrounded on all sides by a low

portico or terrace reaching to the level of the first floor. This was supported by pillars, set closer together along the front than at the sides and back. An inscription found in the theatre showed that this portico, or at least the front portion of it, was called the proscenium or logeum, two terms of which the identity was previously disputed.

On the summit of Mount Cynthus, above the primitive cave-temple which has always been visible, there have been found the remains of a small precinct dedicated to Zeus Cynthius and Athena Cynthia. Some way down the slope of the hill, between the cave-temple and the ravine of the Inopus, is a terrace with the temples of the foreign gods, Isis and Serapis, and a small odeum.

Numerous articles in the Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique record the various discoveries at Delos as they were made. See also Th. Homolle, Les archives de l'intendance sacrée a Délos (with plan). The best consecutive account is given in the Guide Joanne, Grèce, vol. ii. p. 443-464. For works of art found at Delos see ARCHEOLOGY.

See also GREECE, IONIAN ISLANDS.

(E. GR.)

Delphi. The site of Delphi was bought by the French Government in 1891, and the peasant proprietors expropriated and transferred to the new village of Castri, a little farther to the west. Work began in the spring of 1892, and the site was rapidly cleared of earth by means of a light railway. The plan of the precinct is now easily traced, and with the help of Pausanias many of the buildings have been identified.

The ancient wall running east and west, commonly known as the Hellenico, has been found extant in its whole length, and the two boundary walls running up the hill at each end of it, traced. In the eastern of these was the main entrance by which Pausanias went in along the Sacred Way. This paved road is easily recognized as it zigzags up the hill, with treasuries and the bases of various offerings facing it on both sides. It mounts first westwards to an open space, then turns eastwards till it reaches the eastern end of the terrace wall that supports the temple, and then turns again and curves up north and then west towards the temple. Above this, approached by a stair, are the Lesche and the theatre, occupying respectively the north-east and north-west corner of the precinct. On a higher level still, a little to the west, is the stadium. There are several narrow paths and stairs that cut off the zigzags of the Sacred Way.

In describing the monuments discovered by the French excavators, the simplest plan is to follow the route of Pausanias. Outside the entrance is a large paved court of Roman date, flanked by a colonnade. On the north side of the Sacred Way, close to the main entrance, stood the offering dedicated by the Lacedæmonians after the battle of Ægospotami. It was a large quadrangular building of conglomerate, with a back wall faced with stucco, and stood open to the road. On a stepped pedestal facing the open stood the statues of the gods and the admirals, perhaps in rows above one another.

The statues of the Epigoni stood on a semicircular basis on the south side of the way. Opposite them stood another semicircular basis which carried the statues of the Argive kings, whose names are cut on the pedestal in archaistic characters, reading from right to left. Farther west was the Sicyonian treasury on the south of the way. It was in the form of a distyle Doric temple in antis, and had its entrance on the east. The present foundations are built of architectural fragments, probably from an earlier building of circular form on the same site. The sculptures from this treasury are in the museum, as are the other sculptures found on the site. These sculptures, which are in rough limestone, most likely belong to the earlier building, as their surface is in a better state of