mouth of the Naugatuck river. It is on the New York, It is on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railway, and was chartered in 1894. Population (1890), 5969; (1900), 7930 (2635 foreign-born and 159 negroes).

Derby, Edward Henry Stanley, 15TH EARL OF (1826-1893), was the eldest son of the fourteenth earl, the Rupert of Debate." He was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took a high degree and became a member of the society known as "The Apostles." In March 1848 he unsuccessfully contested the borough of Lancaster, and then made a long tour in the West Indies, Canada, and the United States. During his absence he was elected member for King's Lynn, which he represented till October 1869, when he succeeded to the peerage. No one ever prepared himself more assiduously or with a stronger sense of duty for the great position to which his birth had called him. When he took his seat in the House of Commons he wrote to a Rugby friend (the Rev. W. Philpot) to say, half proudly, half in sorrow, that he had put on the armour which he would never be able to take off again until he died; and he kept his word. He took his place, as a matter of course, among the Conservatives, and delivered his maiden speech in May 1850 on the Sugar Duties. Just before, he had made a very brief tour in Jamaica and South America. In 1852 he went to India, and while travelling in that country he was appointed Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in his father's first Administration. From the outset of his career he was known to be a most Liberal Conservative, and in 1855 Lord Palmerston offered him the post of Colonial Secretary. He was much tempted by the proposal, and hurried down to Knowsley to consult his father, who called out when he entered the room, “Hallo, Stanley! what brings you here?-Has Dizzy cut his throat, or are you going to be married?" When the object of his sudden appearance had been explained, the Conservative chief received the courteous suggestion of the Prime Minister with anything but favour, and the offer was declined. In his father's second Administration Lord Stanley held, at first, the office of Secretary for the Colonies, but became President of the Board of Control on the resignation of Lord Ellenborough. He had the charge of the India Bill of 1858 in the House of Commons, became the first Secretary of State for India, and left behind him in the India Office an excellent reputation as a man of business. After the revolution in Greece and the disappearance of King Otho, the people most earnestly desired to have Queen Victoria's second son, Prince Alfred, for their king. He declined the honour, and they then took up the idea that the next best thing they could do would be to elect some great and wealthy English noble, not concealing the hope that although they might have to offer him a Civil List he would decline to receive it. Lord Stanley was the prime favourite as an occupant of this bed of thorns, and it has been said that he was actually offered the crown. That, however, is not true; the offer was never formally made. After the fall of the Russell Government in 1866 he became Foreign Secretary in his father's third Administration. He compared his conduct in that great post to that of a man floating down a river and fending off from his vessel, as well as he could, the various obstacles it encountered. He thought that that should be the normal attitude of an English Foreign Minister, and probably under the circumstances of the years (1866-68) it was the right one. He arranged the Collective Guarantee of the Neutrality of Luxemburg in 1867, negotiated a convention about the Alabama, which, however, was not ratified, and most wisely refused to take any part in the Cretan troubles. In 1874 he again became

Foreign Secretary in Mr Disraeli's Government. He acquiesced in the purchase of the Suez Canal shares, a measure then considered dangerous by many people, but ultimately most successful; he accepted the Andrassy Note, but declined to accede to the Berlin Memorandum. His part in the later phases of the Russo-Turkish struggle has never been fully explained, for with equal wisdom and generosity he declined to gratify public curiosity at the cost of some of his colleagues. A later generation will know better than his contemporaries what were the precise developments of policy which obliged him to resign. He kept himself ready to explain in the House of Lords the course he had taken if those whom he had left challenged him to do so, but from that course they consistently refrained. Already in October 1879 it was clear enough that he had thrown in his lot with the Liberal party, but it was not till March 1880 that he publicly announced this change of allegiance. He did not at first take office in the second Gladstone Government, but became Secretary for the Colonies in December 1882, holding this position till the fall of that Government in the summer of 1885. In 1886 the old Liberal party was run on the rocks and went to pieces. Lord Derby became a Liberal Unionist, and took an active part in the general management of that party, leading it in the House of Lords till 1891, when Lord Hartington became Duke of Devonshire. In 1892 he presided over the Labour Commission, but his health never recovered an attack of influenza which he had in 1891, and he died at Knowsley on 21st April 1893.

During a great part of Lord Derby's life he was deflected from his natural course by the accident of his position as the son of the leading Conservative statesman of the day. From first to last he was at heart a moderate Liberal. After making allowance, however, for this deflecting agency, it must be admitted that in the highest quality of the statesman, "aptness to be right," he was surpassed by none of his contemporaries, or if by anybody-by Sir George Cornewall Lewis alone. He would have been more at home in a state of things which did not demand from its leading statesman great popular power; he had none of those "isms" and "prisms of fancy" which stood in such good stead some of his rivals. Byron in a famous passage speaks of those

"Madmen who have made men mad
By their contagion, conquerors and kings,
Sophists, bards, statesmen, all unquiet things
Which stir too strongly the soul's secret springs
And are themselves the fools to those they fool!"

Lord Derby was emphatically not the kind of statesman mentioned in that passage. He had another defect besides

the want of popular power. He was so anxious to arrive at right conclusions that he sometimes turned and turned and turned a subject over till the time for action had passed. One of his best lieutenants said of him in a moment of impatience: "Lord Derby is like the God of Hegel: 'Er setzt sich, er verneint sich, er verneint seine Negation."" Like many Englishmen, he loved business for its own sake, and more than he knew. That fact must be borne in mind when we remember the answer he gave to a friend who expressed his surprise at his serving so much as chairman of Private Bill Committees. "I do it," he said, "because I come in that way across the great interests of the country better than I otherwise could. His knowledge, acquired both from books and by the ear, was immense, and he took every opportunity of increasing it. He retained his old university habit of taking long walks with a congenial companion, even in London, and although he cared but little for what is commonly known as society -the society of crowded rooms and fragments of sentences -he very much liked conversation. During the many

were employed in textile factories, there being an increase between 1895 and 1896 of 10-4 per cent., but a decrease between 1896 and 1897 of 8.4 per cent. cotton industry, while lace employed 4667, hosiery (chiefly cotton and silk) 2530, and silk 1092. Non-textile factories employed 43,630 persons, there being an increase between 1895 and 1896 of 13.9 per cent., and between 1896 and 1897 of 2.9 per cent. Those employed in the manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, and tools numbered 13,990; the founding and conversion of metals employed 10,027; the making of earthenware, etc., 3884; print (calico), bleach, and dye works, 3813; and papermaking, printing, &c., 3186. In workshops only 3894 persons were employed, the majority (2263) in the clothing industries. The total number of persons employed in mining in 1899 was 48,578. In its limestone production the county stands next to Durham, the amount raised in 1899 being 1,761,270 tons. In the same year 519,208 tons of clay were raised, including 71,244 tons of fireclay valued at £21,373 (the total value of the clays being £43,648), 165,366 tons of sandstone; and 30,218 tons of gravel and sand. But the principal mineral is coal. Ironstone is not extensively wrought, but on account of the abundant supply of coal, large quantities are imported for smelting purposes. The amount of pig-iron produced in 1885 was 368,863 tons, in 1890, 387,760 tons, in 1895, 413,454 tons, and in 1899 (including Nottingham, the production in which county is, however, small) 511,994 tons. The furnaces are situated in Alfreton, Chesterfield, Derby, and Ilkeston. Zinc is mined to a small extent. The following table gives particulars regarding the production of coal, gypsum, iron ore, and lead in 1890 and

About one-half (10,701) were employed in the

1898:

:

4026 30,195 4266 31,995

AUTHORITIES. DAVIES. A New Historical and Descriptive View of Derbyshire. Belper, 1811.-MAUNDER. Derbyshire Miners' Glossary. Bakewell, 1824.-BATeman. Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derbyshire. London, 1848.-JEWITT. Ballads and Songs of Derbyshire. London, 1867.-Cox. Notes on the Churches of Derbyshire. Chester, 1875.-PENDLETON. History of Derbyshire (Popular County Series). London, 1886.-Cox. Three Centuries of Derbyshire Annals (2 vols.). London, 1890.-MELLO Handbook to the Geology of Derbyshire. London, 1891.-PAYNE. Derbyshire Churches, Old and New. Derby, 1893.-See also Notts and Derbyshire Notes and Queries. (T. F. H.)

Dereham (East), a market town and railway station in the Mid parliamentary division of Norfolk, England, 15 miles west by north of Norwich. The ancient church of St Nicholas contains interesting memorials, and the Congregational chapel stands on the site of the house where the poet Cowper spent his last days. Dereham is an important agricultural centre with works for agricultural implements. Area of civil parish (an urban district), 5313 acres; population (1881), 5640; (1901), 5545.

Déroulède, Paul (1846-- -), French author and politician, was born in Paris on 2nd September 1846. He made his first appearance as a poet in the pages of the Revue nationale, under the pseudonym of Jean Rebel, and in 1869 produced at the Théâtre Français a one-act drama in verse entitled Juan Strenner. On the outbreak of the Franco-German war he enlisted as a private, was wounded and taken prisoner at Sedan, and sent to Breslau, but effected his escape. He then served under Chanzy and Bourbaki, took part in the latter's disastrous retreat to Switzerland, and fought against the Commune in Paris. After attaining the rank of lieutenant, he was forced by an accident to retire from the army. He now published a number of patriotic poems (Chants du soldat), which enjoyed unbounded popularity. In 1877 he produced a drama in verse called L'Hetman, which derived a passing success from the patriotic fervour of its sentiments. For the Exhibition of 1878 he wrote a hymn, Vive la France, which was set to music by Gounod. In 1879 his drama in verse, La Moabite, which had been accepted by the Théâtre Français, was forbidden by the censor on religious grounds. In 1882 M. Déroulède founded the Ligue des

Patriotes, with the object of furthering France's "revanche " against Germany. He was one of the first advocates of a Franco-Russian alliance, and as early as 1883 undertook a journey to Russia for the furtherance of that object. On the rise of General Boulanger, M. Déroulède attempted to use the Ligue des Patriotes, hitherto a non-political organization, to assist his cause, but was deserted by a great part of the League and forced to resign his presidency. Nevertheless he used the section of the League that remained faithful to him with such effect that the Government found it necessary in 1889 to decree its suppression. In the same year he was elected to the Chamber as member for Angoulême. He did not stand at the elections of 1893, but was re-elected in 1898, and distinguished Dreyfusard. After the funeral of President Faure, on a Nationalist and antihimself by his violence as 23rd February 1899, he endeavoured to persuade General Roget to lead his troops upon the Elysée. For this he was arrested, but on being tried for treason was acquitted (31st May). On 12th August he was again arrested and accused, together with André Buffet, Jules Guérin, and others, of conspiracy against the Republic. After a long trial before the High Court, he was sentenced, on 4th January 1900, to ten years' banishment from France, and retired to San Sebastian. In 1901 he was again brought prominently before the public by a quarrel with his Royalist allies, which resulted in an abortive attempt to arrange a duel with M. Buffet in Switzerland. Besides the works already mentioned, he has published Le Sergent, in the "Théâtre de campagne" (1880); De l'éducation nationale (1882); Monsieur le Uhlan et les trois couleurs (1884); Le premier grenadier de France, La Tour d'Auvergne (1886); Refrains militaires (1889); Histoire d'amour (1890); a pamphlet entitled Désarmement ? Messire du Guesclin, (1891); Poésies militaires and Drame en vers (1896); La Mort de Hoche. Cinq actes en prose (1897); La plus belle fille du monde, conte dialogué en vers libres (1898).

Des Moines, capital and largest city of Iowa, U.S.A., and capital of Polk county, in 41° 36′ N. lat. and 93° 38′ W. long., on Des Moines river, at an altitude of 800 feet. It has a regular street plan, is supplied with water from the Raccoon river, a branch of the Des Moines, by the Holly pumping system, its streets are partly paved with brick, and it is divided into seven wards. Among the fine buildings are the new State Capitol, erected at a cost of $3,000,000, the United States Post Office, the City Hall, and the Grand Opera House. There are two public libraries, the larger of which, the State Library, contains 46,000 volumes. There are two institutions for higher education, Drake University and Des Moines College. The former under the Christian denomination had, in 1899, 54 instructors and 722 students; the latter, 10 instructors and 157 students. Des Moines is an important railway Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, the Chicago and NorthIt is the meeting-point of five great systems, the Western, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, and the Wabash, which give it a large

centre.

commerce.

lishments, with a capital of $7,911,764, with 4557 hands, In 1900 there were 494 manufacturing estabThe assessed and a product valued at $10,488,189. valuation of property, real and personal, was, in 1900, $727,777, and the tax rate (exclusive of school tax) $42.40 $13,871,430; the net debt (exclusive of school debt) was per $1000. The basis of assessment is very low (about Population (1890), 50,093; one-fourth of full value). (1900), 62,139, of whom 7946 were foreign-born and 1675

negroes.

Desoto, a city of Jefferson county, Missouri, U.S.A.,

on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway. Population (1890), 3960; (1900), 5611, of whom 332 were foreign-born and 364 negroes.

Dessau, a town of Germany, capital of duchy of Anhalt, 2 miles south of the Elbe and 38 miles by rail southeast from Magdeburg. A new town hall was built in 18991900. Other new buildings are St Paul's church (1890-92), a Roman Catholic church, the "magistrates' house" (18721874), containing a library and drawings by Dürer, Holbein, Cranach, and State law courts; there are monuments to Moses Mendelssohn (1890), the Emperor William I. (1892), W. Müller (1891), who was a native of Dessau, and a war monument (1874). There are a small ducal library, a geological collection, the Leopold home for impoverished men (1750), and a picture gallery in the Amelia Institute. The various industries produce sugar, cloth, machinery, woollen yarn, carpets, blinds; ironfounding and gardening are also carried on; an important corn market. Population (1885), 27,766; (1895), 42,375; (1900), 50,677.

Desterro. See FLORIANOPOLIS.

Destructors.-The name destructors is applied by English municipal engineers to furnaces, or combinations of furnaces, constructed for the purpose of disposing by burning of town refuse, which is a heterogeneous mass of material, including, besides general household and ash-bin refuse, small quantities of garden refuse, trade refuse, market refuse, and often street sweepings. The mere disposal of this material is not, however, by any means the only consideration in dealing with it upon the destructor system. For many years past scientific experts, municipal engineers, and public authorities have been directing careful attention to the utilization of refuse as fuel for steam production, and such progress in this direction has been made of late that in many towns its calorific value is now being utilized daily in operating machinery. On the other hand, that proper degree of caution which is obtained only by actual experience must be exercised in the application of refuse fuel to steam-raising purposes. When its value as a low-class fuel was first recognized, the idea was disseminated that the refuse of a given population was of itself sufficient to develop the necessary steam-power for supplying that population with the electric light. The economical importance of a combined destructor and electric undertaking of this character naturally presented a somewhat fascinating stimulus to public authorities, and possibly has had much to do with the recent development both of the adoption of the principle of dealing with refuse by fire, and also of lighting towns by electricity. However true this phase of the question may be as the statement of a theoretical scientific fact, experience so far does not show it to be a basis upon which engineers may venture to calculate, although, as will be seen later, under certain circumstances of equalized load, which must be considered upon their merits in each case, a well-designed destructor plant can be made to perform valuable commercial service to an electric or other power-using undertaking. Further, when a system, thermal or otherwise, for the storage of energy can be introduced and applied in a trustworthy and economical manner, the degree of advantage to be derived from the utilization of the waste heat from destructors will be materially enhanced.

The composition of house refuse, which must obviously affect its calorific value, varies considerably in different localities, according to the condition, habits, and pursuits of the people. ComposiFrom analyses it is found that average London ash-bin tion of refuse contains the constituents in the average proporrefuse. tions given in the following table. In the northern towns, where the privy and ash-pit system is in use, excrementitious matter also occurs in the refuse.

In London the quantity of house refuse amounts approximately to 1 million tons per annum, which is equivalent to from 4 cwt. to 5 cwt. per head per annum, or to from 200 to 250 tons per 1000 of the population per annum. Statistics, however, vary widely in different districts. In the vicinity of the metropolis the amount Hornsey, and to as much as 7 cwt. at Ealing. In the north of varies from 2.5 cwt. per head per annum at Leyton to 3.5 cwt. at England the total house refuse collected, exclusive of street sweepings, amounts on the average to 8 cwt. per head per annum. Speaking generally, throughout the country an amount of from 5 cwt. to 10 cwt. per head per annum should be allowed for. A cubic yard of ordinary house refuse weighs from 12 to 15 cwt. Shop refuse is lighter, frequently containing a large proportion of paper, straw, and other light wastes. It sometimes weighs as little as 7 cwt. per cubic yard. A load, by which refuse is often estimated, varies in weight from 15 cwt. to 14 tons.

The question how a town's refuse shall be disposed of must be considered both from a commercial and a sanitary point of view. Various methods have been practised. Sometimes the household ashes, &c., are mixed with pail excreta, or Disposal. with sludge from a sewage farm, or with lime, and disposed of for by canal to outlying and country districts, where they are shot on agricultural purposes, and sometimes they are conveyed in carts or waste ground or used to fill up hollows and raise the level of marsh land. Such plans are economical when suitable outlets are available. To take the refuse out to sea in hopper barges and sink it in deep water, as is done, for example, at Liverpool and New York, is usually expensive and frequently unsatisfactory. At Bermondsey, for instance, the cost of barging is about 2s. 9d. a ton, while the material may be destroyed by fire at a cost of from 10d. to ls. a ton, exclusive of interest and sinking fund on the cost of the works. In other cases, as at Chelsea and various dust contractors' yards, the refuse is sorted and its ingredients are sold; the fine dust may be utilized in connexion with manure manufactories, the pots and pans employed in forming the foundations of roads, and the cinders In the Arnold and vegetable refuse burnt to generate steam. system, carried out in Philadelphia and other American towns, the refuse is sterilized by steam under pressure, the grease and fertilizing substances being extracted at the same time; while in other systems, such as those of Weil and Porno, and of Defosse, distillation in closed vessels is practised. But the destructor system, in which the refuse is burned to an innocuous clinker in specially constructed furnaces, is that which must finally be resorted to, especially in districts which have become well built up and thickly populated. Various types of furnaces and apparatus have from time to time been designed, and the subject has been one of much experiment and many failures. The principal towns in England which took the lead in the adoption of the refuse destructor system were Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Heckmondwike, Warrington, Blackburn, Bradford, Bury, Bolton, Hull, Nottingham, Salford, Ealing, and London. Ordinary furnaces, built mostly by dust contractors, were in use in London and in the north of England some forty years ago, but they were not scientifically adapted to the purpose, and necessitated the admixture of coal or other fuel with the refuse to ensure its cremation. The Manchester Corporation erected a furnace of this description about the year 1873, and Messrs Mead and Co. made an unsatisfactory attempt in 1870 to burn house refuse in closed furnaces at Paddington. In 1876 Mr Fryer erected his destructor at Manchester, and several other towns adopted this furnace shortly afterwards. Other furnaces were from time to time brought before the public, among which may be mentioned those of Pearce and Lupton, Pickard,

Destructors.

"

Healey, Thwaite, Young, Wilkinson, Burton, Hardie, Jacobs and Odgen. In addition to these the "Beehive" and the "Nelson destructors became well known. The former was introduced by Stafford and Pearson of Burnley, and one was erected in 1884 in the parish yard at Richmond, Surrey, but the results being unsatisfactory, it was closed during the following year. The Nelson furnace, patented in 1885 by Messrs Richmond and Birtwistle, was erected at Nelson-in-Marsden, Lancashire, but being very costly in working, was abandoned. The principal types of destructors now in use are those of Fryer, Whiley, Horsfall, Warner, Meldrum, and Beaman and Deas.

The general arrangement of the destructor patented1 by Mr Alfred Fryer in 1876 is illustrated in Fig. 1. An installation upon this principle consists of a number of furnaces or cells, Fryer's. usually arranged in pairs back to back, and enclosed in a rectangular block of brickwork having a flat top, upon which the house refuse is tipped from the carts. Each cell measures internally

suffers from the objection that the motion of the bars tends to allow fine particles to drop through unburnt. Some difficulty has been experienced from the refuse sticking in the hopper, and exception may also be taken to the continual flapping of the door when the clinker passes out, as cold air is thereby admitted into the furnace. As in the Fryer cell, the outlet for the products of combustion into the main flue is close to the point where the crude refuse is fed into the furnace, and the escape of unburnt vapours is thus facilitated. Forced draught is applied by means of a Root's blower. The Manchester Corporation has 28 cells of this type in use, and the approximate amount of refuse burnt per cell per 24 hours is from 6 to 8 tons at a cost per ton for labour of 3.47 pence.

3

Horsfall's destructor (Fig. 2) is a high-temperature furnace of modern type which has been adopted largely in Great Britain and on the continent of Europe. În it some of the Horsfall's. general features of the Fryer cell are retained, but the details differ considerably from those of the furnaces already described. Important points in the design are the arrangement feeding Floor

Feeding Hole

FIG. 1.-Fryer's Destructor.

about 9 feet by 5 feet, and is covered by a firebrick arch 3 feet 6 inches high above the grates. The furnaces have cast-iron furnace mouths, with doors 5 feet wide hinged at the top to open outwards with balance weights. The furnace bottom has an inclination of 1 in 3, from front to back, the rearmost portion, for a width of 4 feet, forming a firebrick hearth or dead plate, and the lower part, having a width of 5 feet, consisting of fire-bars. A wall at the back end of the cells divides each furnace into halves. On one side is a passage forming an opening into the main flue for the escape of the products of combustion, whilst on the other the upper end of the slope is carried up with a steeper inclination to a "feeding hole" for the admission of refuse from the platform above. A large main flue, which also forms the dust chamber, is placed underneath the furnace hearths. The Fryer furnace ordinarily burns from 4 to 6 tons of refuse per cell per 24 hours. It will be observed that the outlets for the products of combustion are placed at the back near the refuse feed opening, an arrangement which is imperfect in design, inasmuch as while a charge of refuse is burning upon the furnace bars the charge which is to follow lies on the dead hearth near the outlet flue. Here it undergoes drying and partial decomposition, giving off offensive empyreumatic vapours which pass into the flue without being exposed to sufficient heat to render them entirely inoffensive. The serious nuisances thus produced in some instances led to the introduction of a second furnace, or "cremator," patented by Mr C. Jones of Ealing in 1885, which was placed in the main flue leading to the chimney-shaft, for the purpose of resolving the organic matters present in the vapour, but the greatly increased cost of burning due to this device led to its abandonment in many cases. This type of cell was largely used during the early period of the history of destructors, but of recent years has to a considerable extent given place to furnaces of more modern design.

A furnace patented 2 in 1891, by Mr Henry Whiley, superintendent of the scavenging department of the Manchester Corporation, is automatic in its action and has been designed Whiley's. primarily with a view to saving labour-the cells

being fed, stoked, and clinkered automatically. There is no drying hearth, and the refuse carts tip direct into a shoot or hopper at the back which conducts the material directly on to movable eccentric grate bars. These automatically traverse the material forward into the furnace, and finally push it against a flap-door which opens and allows it to fall out. This apparatus is adapted for dealing with screened rather than unscreened refuse, since it

of the flues and flue outlets for the products of combustion, and the introduction of a blast duct through which air is forced into a closed ash-pit. The feeding-hole is situated at the back of and above the furnace, while the flue opening for the emission of the gaseous products is placed at the front of the furnace over the dead plate; thus the gases distilled from the raw refuse are caused to pass on their way to the main flue over the hottest part of the furnace and through the flue opening in the red-hot. reverberatory arch. The steam jet, which plays an important part in the Horsfall furnace, forces air into the closed ash-pit at a pressure of about to 1 inch of water, and in this way a temperature varying from 1500° to 1900° F., as tested by a thermoelectric pyrometer, is maintained in the main flue. In a battery of cells the gases from each are delivered into one main flue, so that a uniform temperature is maintained therein sufficiently high to prevent noxious vapours from reaching the chimney. The cells being charged and clinkered in rotation, when the fire in one is green, in the others it is at its hottest, and the products. of combustion do not reach the boiler surfaces until after they have been mixed in the main flue. The cast-iron boxes which are provided at the sides of the furnaces, and through which the blast air is conveyed on its way to the grate, prevent the adhesion of clinker to the side walls of the cells, and very materially preserve the brickwork, which otherwise becomes damaged by the tools used to remove the clinker. The wide clinkering doors are suspended by counterbalance weights and open vertically. The rate of working of these cells varies from 8 tons per cell per 24 hours at Oldham to 10 tons per cell at Bradford, where the furnaces are of the latest type. The cost of labour in stoking and clinkering is about 6d. per ton of the refuse treated at Bradford, and 9d. per ton at Oldham, where the rate of wages is higher. Well-constructed and properly-worked plants of this type should give rise to no nuisance, and may be located in populous neighbourhoods without danger to the public health or

comfort.

Warner's destructor, known as the "Perfectus," is, in general arrangement, similar to Fryer's, but differs in being provided with special charging hoppers, dampers in flues, dust- Warner's. catching arrangements, rocking grate bars and other improvements. The refuse is tipped into feeding-hoppers, consisting of rectangular cast-iron boxes over which plates are placed to prevent the escape of smoke and fumes. At the lower portion of the feeding-hopper is a flap-door working on an axis and controlled by an iron lever from the tipping platform. When refuse is to be fed into the furnace the lever is thrown over, the contents of the hopper drop on to the sloping firebrick hearth beneath, and the door is at once closed again. The door should

3 Patent No. 8999 (1887); No. 14,709 (1888); No. 22,531 (1891). 4 Patent No. 18,719 (1888). S. III. 54