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the centre of the town; whilst at the entrance to the large park on the south is the New Palace (1708-18), enlarged in 1850, used as the dower-house. Detmold possesses a natural history museum, theatre, high school, library, the house in which the poet Freiligrath (1810-76) was born, and that in which the dramatist Grabbe (1801-36), also a native, died. Population (1885), 8916; (1900), 11,971. Detroit, a city of the United States, the county seat of Wayne county, and metropolis of the state of Michigan, is situated on the Detroit river in lat. 42° 20′ N. and long. 83° 3′ W. It is generally level, and has an extent along the river of 7 miles and a depth of 3 miles, except that at the centre of the city it extends towards the north more than 5 miles. Its area is 29 square miles. The streets are very wide, and are kept scrupulously clean. There are three lines of electric street railways, aggregating 160 miles of track, and ten lines of suburban electric cars, carrying both passengers and freight. Sixteen lines of railways connect the city with all parts of the United States and Canada. Ferries connect the city with Windsor and Walkerville in Canada, directly opposite, and with the island park and the various summer resorts along the river front. The foot of each street reaching to the river is converted into a public wharf. There are 28 parks and parkways, aggregating 912 acres, besides the Grand Boulevard, which is a drive 11 miles long, around the city. The largest park is Belle Isle, an island within the city limits, at its eastern extremity, and connected with the mainland by a bridge over the American channel of the Detroit river.

The population in 1890 was 205,876, and in 1900 it had increased to 285,704, of whom 96,503 were foreignborn and 4111 negroes. Out of 78,855 males 21 years of age and over, 3587 (of whom 3262 were foreignborn) were illiterate (unable to write). The birth-rate per thousand averages 14. The death-rate in 1900 was 17.1; in 1890 it was 18.7. There are 69 public schools (3 of which are high schools) and 59 private and parochial schools, employing 1187 teachers. In 1900 there were 91,777 persons of school age (5 to 20 years inclusive). There is one literary college (Jesuit), three colleges of medicine, one of dentistry, and one of law. The State University at Ann Arbor is within easy reach (37 miles). There are four public libraries, the largest of which contains 157,934 volumes. Branches of this library are established in the public schools. The Museum of Art is supported in part by taxation. The building cost The building cost $127,000, and the contents, paintings, and articles of vertu are valued at $150,000. There are 80 newspapers and periodicals published in the city, of which 7 are dailies. There are 30 asylums, hospitals, and charitable homes. There are 183 churches, of which 30 are Roman Catholic, 28 Methodist, 25 Lutheran, 24 Episcopal, 17 Baptist.

The basis of the government is the city charter, granted by the State Legislature. The mayor is elected every two years by popular vote; and the council is composed of two members from each of the 17 wards of the city, one from each being elected every year. The waterworks are owned by the city, and are maintained by water rates and an annual tax of $75,000. The supply is taken from Lake St Clair, immediately above the city. The public lighting is entirely electric, and the plant is owned by the city. Much of the lighting is by arc lights on towers 100 to 150 feet high.

Detroit river is so deep at the foot of the streets that any vessel can approach the wharf. It is never so affected by storms that vessels are in danger, and the most severe rains never perceptibly raise its waters. The main

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commerce of the Great Lakes passes through it. How much this amounts to it is impossible to ascertain, but certainly twice as much as passes the famous Sault Ste Marie Canal, 25,255,810 tons. The shipments of grain from Detroit for 1899 were as follow:-Wheat 1,567,132 bushels, corn 2,304,105 bushels, oats 266,133 bushels, rye 261,869 bushels, and flour 137,000 barrels. There are 23 banks, with an aggregate capital of $7,850,000, deposits amounting to $67,744,955, and total resources of $91,020,715. The bank clearances for the year 1899 were $415,073,499. The assessed valuation of the city, on a basis estimated at 70 per cent. of full value, is $237,799,250, and the entire tax - levy for general purposes about 2 per cent. The total public debt, exclusive of water bonds, is $3,617,165. There is also a debt of the county, for the new county building, of about $1,500,000. The property belonging to the city is valued at $20,430,985. (C. M. B.)

Deus, João de(1830-1896), the greatest Portuguese poet of his generation, and perhaps of the 19th century, was born at San Bartholomeu de Messines in the province of Algarbe on 8th March 1830. Matriculating in the faculty of law at the university of Coimbra, he did not proceed to his degree but settled in the city, dedicating himself wholly to the composition of verses, which circulated among professors and undergraduates in manuscript copies. In the volume of his art, as in the conduct of life, he practised a rigorous self-control. Though it is by no means uncommon for Portuguese poets to publish books of verse before they are of age, and though João de Deus was the idol of an academic circle from a very early date, he printed nothing previous to 1855, and the first of his poems to appear in a separate form was La Lata, which was issued in 1860. In 1862 he left Coimbra for Beja, where he was appointed editor of O Bejense, the chief newspaper in the province of Alemtejo, and four years later he edited the Folha do Sul. As the pungent satirical verses entitled Eleições prove, he was not an ardent politician, and, though he was returned as Liberal deputy for the constituency of Silves in 1869, he acted independently of all political parties and promptly resigned his mandate. The renunciation implied in the act, which cut him off from all advancement, is in accord with nearly all that is known of his lofty character. In the year of his election as deputy, his friend, José Antonio Garcia Blanco, collected from local journals the series of poems, Flores do Campo, which is supplemented by the Ramo de Flores (1869). This is João de Deus's masterpiece. Pires de Marmalada (1869) is an improvisation of no great merit. The four theatrical pieces-Amemos o nosso proximo, Ser apresentado, Ensaio de Casamento, and A Viúva inconsolavel-are prose translations from Méry, cleverly done but not worth the doing. Horacio e Lydia (1872), a translation from Ponsard, is a good example of artifice in manipulating that dangerously monotonous measure, the Portuguese couplet. As an indication of a strong spiritual reaction three prose fragments (1873)-Anna, Mãe de Maria, A Virgem Maria and A Mulher do Levita de Ephrain-translated from Darboy's Femmes de la Bible, are full of significance. The Folhas soltas (1876) is a collection of verse in the manner of Flores do Campo, brilliantly effective and exquisitely refined. Within the next few years the writer turned his attention to educational problems, and in his Cartilha maternal (1876) first expressed the conclusions to which his study of Pestalozzi and Fröbel had led him. This patriotic, pedagogical apostolate was a misfortune for Portuguese literature; his educational mission absorbed João de Deus completely, and is responsible for numerous controversial letters, for a translation

of Théodore-Henri Barrau's treatise, Des devoirs des enfants | formed it, might have been done no less well by a much envers leurs parents, for a prosodic dictionary, and for lesser man, there is scarcely any height to which he might many other publications of no literary value. A copy of not have risen. (J. F. - K.) verses in Antonio Vieira's Grinalda de Maria (1877), the Deutsch-Brod (Czech, Německý Brod), the chief Loas á Virgem (1878), and the Proverbios de Salomão, town of a government district of the same name in Eastern are evidence of a complete return to orthodoxy during the Bohemia, on the Sazawa river, north-west of the Iglau poet's last years. By a lamentable error of judgment German enclave. It was the scene of a victory by Ziska some worthless pornographic verses entitled Cryptinas in 1422 over the Emperor Sigismund, when it was destroyed have been inserted in the completest edition of João de by the Hussites, and in the preceding century had been a Deus's poems-Campo de Flores (Lisbon, 1893). He died flourishing mining town. It was found impossible, howat Lisbon on 11th January 1896, was accorded a public ever, to restore the old mines. Deutsch-Brod is now a funeral, and was buried next to the traditional grave of manufacturing town, producing starch, cloth, glass, spodium, Camoens in the Jeromite church. His scattered minor flour, beer, and it has a number of saw-mills. Population, prose writings and correspondence have been posthumously almost exclusively Czech (1890), 5735; (1900), 6526. published by Dr Theophilo Braga (Lisbon, 1898). His last resting-place corresponds to his position in the history of Portuguese literature. Next to Camoens, no Portuguese poet has been more widely read, more profoundly admired than João de Deus; yet no poet in any country has been more indifferent to public opinion and more deliberately careless of personal fame. He is not responsible for any single edition of his poems, which were put together by pious but ill-informed enthusiasts, who ascribed to him verses that he had not written; he kept no copies of his compositions, seldom troubled to write them himself, and was content for the most part to dictate them to others. He has no great intellectual force, no philosophic doctrine, is limited in theme as in outlook, is curiously uncertain in his touch, often marring a fine poem with a slovenly rhyme or with a misplaced accent; and, on the only occasion when he was induced to revise a set of proofs, his alterations were nearly all for the worse. And yet, though he never appealed to the patriotic spirit, though he wrote nothing at all comparable in force or majesty to the restrained splendour of Os Lusiadas, the popular instinct which links his name with that of his great predecessor is eminently just. For Camoens was his model; not the Camoens of the epic, but the Camoens of the lyrics and the sonnets, where the passion of tenderness finds its supreme utterance, Braga has noted five stages of development in João de Deus's artistic life-the imitative, the idyllic, the lyric, the pessimistic, and the devout phases. Under each of these divisions is included much that is of extreme interest, especially to contemporaries who have passed through the same succession of emotional experience, and it is highly probable that Caturras and Gaspar, pieces as witty as anything in Bocage but free from Bocage's coarse impiety, will always interest literary students. But it is as the singer of love that João de Deus will delight posterity as he delighted his own generation. The elegiac music of Rachel and of Marina, the melancholy of Adeus and of Remoinho, the tenderness and sincerity of Meu casto lirio, of Lagrima celeste, of Descalça, and a score more songs are distinguished by the large, vital simplicity which withstands time. It is precisely in the quality of unstudied simplicity that João de Deus is incomparably strong. The temptations to a display of virtuosity are almost irresistible for a Portuguese poet; he has the tradition of virtuosity in his blood, he has before him the example of all contemporaries, and he has at hand an instrument of wonderful sonority and compass. Yet not once is João de Deus clamorous or rhetorical, not once does he indulge in idle ornament. His prevailing note is that of exquisite sweetness and of reverent purity; yet with all his caressing softness he is never sentimental, and, though he has not the strength for a long flight, emotion has seldom been set to more delicate music. Had he included among his other gifts the gift of selection, had he continued the poetic discipline of his youth instead of dedicating his powers to a task which, well as he per

Deutz, a town of Prussia, incorporated with COLOGNE (2.v.) in 1888.

Déva, a corporate town of South-East Hungary, near the river Maros, 82 miles east by north of Temesvár; capital of the county of Hunyad. It existed in the time of the Romans, but its oldest edifice is the Calvinist church, dating from the epoch of the Hunyadis (15th century). The neighbourhood was the scene of important events in the War of Independence, 1848-49, and the ruins of the fortress, which was then destroyed, are still very imposing. Population (1891), 4657; (1900), 7089.

Deventer, an old Hanse town in the province of Overyssel, Netherlands, on the river Yssel, 25 miles north of Arnheim. The rise of Amsterdam and the shallowing of the Yssel contributed to its decline, but it remains a commercial centre of some importance, trading with the Connexion with Borculo by steam tram has been established; also an eastern parts of Guelderland and Overyssel. institution to carry out agricultural experiments. A new theatre was built in 1875. Population (1900), 26,212.

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De Vere, Aubrey Thomas (1814-1902), Irish poet and critic, was born at Curragh Chase, county Limerick, on 10th January 1814, being the third son of Sir Aubrey de Vere Hunt. In 1832 his father dropped the final name by royal license. Aubrey de Vere was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and in his twentyeighth year began his literary career with The Waldenses, which he followed up in the next year by The Search after Proserpine. Thenceforward he was continually engaged, till his death on 20th January 1902, in the production of poetry and criticism, devoting a long and industrious life to his enthusiasm for literature. His best known works are: in verse, The Sisters, 1861; The Infant Bridal, 1864; Irish Odes, 1869; Legends of St Patrick, 1872; and Legends of the Saxon Saints, 1879; and in prose, Essays chiefly on Poetry, 1887; and Essays chiefly Literary and Ethical, 1889. He also wrote a picturesque volume of travelsketches, and two dramas in verse, Alexander the Great, 1874; and St Thomas of Canterbury, 1876; both of which, though they contain fine passages, suffer from diffuseness and a lack of dramatic spirit. The characteristics of Aubrey de Vere's poetry are "high seriousness" and a fine religious enthusiasm. His research in questions of faith led him to the Roman Church; and in many of his poems, notably in the volume of sonnets called St Peter's Chains, 1888, he made rich additions to devotional verse. He was a disciple of Wordsworth, whose calm meditative serenity he often echoed with great felicity; and his affection for Greek poetry, truly felt and understood, gave dignity and weight to his own versions of mythological idylls. But perhaps he will be chiefly remembered for the impulse which he gave to the study of Celtic legend and literature. In this direction he has had many followers, who have sometimes assumed the appearance of pioneers; but after Matthew

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Arnold's fine lecture on "Celtic Literature," nothing per- | population in 1881 was 603,654, and in 1891 was 631,808, of whom haps has had more influence upon the return to Celtic interests than Aubrey de Vere's tender insight into the Irish character, and his stirring reproductions of the early Irish epic poetry. (A. WA.)

Devizes, a municipal borough and market town in the Devizes parliamentary division (since 1885) of Wiltshire, England, 23 miles north-north-west of Salisbury by rail. A cottage hospital has been erected. The scanty remains of the ancient castle are mostly incorporated in a modern residence. There are large engineering works and manufactures of agricultural implements; also a large tobacco and snuff factory. Area, 907 acres; population (1881), 6649; (1901), 6532. The Devizes Union District, excluding the borough of Devizes, had a population of (1891) 13,318; (1901), 13,070.

Devonport, a municipal (extended 1898), county (1888), and parliamentary borough, naval arsenal, royal dockyard, and garrison town of England, on the Hamoaze or estuary of the Tamar, 1 mile west-north-west of Plymouth, 248 miles by rail west-south-west of London. The borough

is divided into 15 wards under a council of 60 members. Among recent institutions are a free library (1882); the Naval Engineering College (1880), enlarged in 1896 by the addition of a new wing costing £30,000, the only establishment of the kind in the United Kingdom (Portsmouth College having been abolished), with 200 students resident in the college; the municipal technical schools, opened in 1899, 80 per cent. of the students being connected with the dockyard; and the new naval barracks (1885). There is a public park (35 acres). No. 3 dock of Devonport dockyard (72 acres) has been recently enlarged to accommodate the biggest ships, and the adjoining dock southwards now admits all but the largest cruisers. One of the building slips, still roofed, measures over 6000 square yards. In a "shed," converted into an open slip, was built the "Ocean," launched in 1898-Devonport's first battle-ship. A new slip suitable for battle-ships or cruisers of the largest type was begun in 1900. Over 7000 workmen are employed in the dockyard. A ropery, producing half the hempen ropes used in the navy, employs 100 women. Keyham steamyard (72 acres), to the north of Devonport, opened in 1853, comprises 3 large docks and 2 basins, the Queen's Dock being 418 feet long. To the north of the docks, the factory, quadrangular in shape, includes an engineer students' shop, a torpedo shop, machinery shops, engine smithery, erecting shop and turnery, iron and brass foundries, pattern and millwrights' shops, flanging works, &c. The Keyham extension works, begun in 1896, includes the reclamation of nearly 100 acres of land to the north of Keyham and of the Naval Engineering College. The scheme provides a closed basin 1550 feet long, 1000 feet wide, and 55 feet deep, communicating with the Hamoaze by a spacious lock as well as a caisson entrance; another tidal basin (10 acres); and 3 graving docks. On the completion, some six or seven years hence, of the extension, the port will command 5 basins and 10 docks, and rank as by far the most capacious arsenal of the world, disposing of a continuous sea frontage, extending nearly three miles, of docks and arsenal. Area of municipal and county borough before extension, 1760 acres; population (1881), 48,939; (1891), 54,803. The extended area is 3160 acres; population (1891), 55,981; (1901), 69,674.

Devonshire, a south-western maritime county of England, bounded N.W. by the Bristol Channel, N.E. and E. by Somerset and Dorset, S. by the English Channel, and W. by Cornwall.

Area and Population. The area of the ancient county, as given in the census returns, is 1,667,097 acres, or 2605 square miles. The

297,898 were males and 333,910 females, the number of persons per square mile being 243, and of acres to a person 2.64. În 1901 the population was 660,444. The area of the administrative county, exclusive of the county boroughs, was 1,661,914 acres, with a population of 455,353, and including the county boroughs its area was identical with that of the ancient county, but since 1891 certain changes have been made. In 1896 the parishes of Chardstock and Hawkchurch were transferred from Dorset to Devon; in the same year the boundaries of the county borough of Plymouth were extended; and in 1898 the county borough of Plymouth was again extended. The area of the registration county is 1,650,705 acres, with a population in 1891 of 636,225, of which 336,936 were urban and 299,289 rural. Within this area the increase of population between 1881 and 1891 was 4.60 per cent. The excess of births of resident population was 27,969. over deaths between 1881 and 1891 was 63,001, and the increase

The following table gives the number of marriages, births, and deaths, with the number of illegitimate births, for 1880, 1890, and 1898:

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The number of Scots in the county in 1891 was 3316, of Irish 6537, and of foreigners 1789.

The

Constitution and Government.-The ancient county is divided into eight parliamentary divisions, and it also includes the parliamentary boroughs of Devonport and Plymouth returning two members, and the borough of Exeter returning one. administrative county includes thirteen municipal boroughs: port (69,674), Exeter (46,940), Honiton (3271), Okehampton Barnstaple (14,137), Bideford (8754), Dartmouth (6579), Devon(2568), Plymouth (107,509), South Molton (2848), Tiverton (10,382), Torquay (33,625), Great Torrington (3241), and Totnes (4034). Of these, Of these, Devonport, Exeter, and Plymouth are county boroughs. The following are urban districts: Ashburton (2628), Bampton (1657), Brixham (8090), Buckfastleigh (2520), Budleigh Salterton (1883), Crediton (3974), Dawlish (4003), East Stonehouse (15,111), Exmouth (10,487), Heavitree (7529), Exmouth (10,487), Heavitree (7529), Ilfracombe (8557), Ivybridge (1575), Kingsbridge (3025), Lynton (1641), Newton Abbot (12,518), Northam (5357), Ottery St Mary (3495), Paignton (8385), St Mary Church (6849), St Thomas the Apostle (8245), Salcombe (1710), Seaton (1325), Sidmouth (4201), Tavistock (4728), and Teignmouth (8636). Devonshire is in the western circuit, and assizes are held at Exeter. The boroughs of Barnstaple, Bideford, Dartmouth, Devonport, Exeter, Plymouth, South Molton, and Tiverton have separate courts of quarter sessions. The ancient county, which is almost entirely in the diocese of Exeter, contains 506 entire ecclesiastical parishes, and parts of five others.

Education.-There is a residential training college (diocesan) for schoolmasters at Exeter. At Exeter are also the West of England Institution for the deaf and the West of England In

stitution for the blind, while at Plymouth are the South Devon

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and Cornwall Institution for the blind and a school board deaf school. The number of elementary schools on 31st August 1899 was 643, of which 239 were board and 404 voluntary schools, the latter including 349 National Church of England schools, 6 Wesleyan, 13 Roman Catholic, and 36 "British and other." average attendance at board schools was 43,261, and at voluntary schools 50,162. The total school board receipts for the year ended 29th September 1898 were over £144,335. The income under the Technical Instruction Act was over £602, and that under the Agricultural Rates Act over £6114.

Agriculture.-About three-fourths of the total area of the county is under cultivation, and of this more than a half is in permanent pasture, a large number of cattle and sheep being raised. The Devon breed of cattle are well adapted both for fattening and dairy purposes. For sheep there are, in addition to the permanent S. III. - 55

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