pasture of the cultivated area, about 158,000 acres in hill pasturage. Over 86,000 acres are under woods and about 27,000 acres under orchards, chiefly of apple trees, nearly every farm having a large orchard for the manufacture of cider. Of the acreage under corn crops, more than one-half is under oats, and less than a third under wheat, the acreage of which has diminished since 1880 about a third. The bulk of the acreage under green crops is occupied by turnips, mangold, and cabbage, potatoes occupying only about a tenth of the whole acreage. The following table gives the larger main divisions of the cultivated area at intervals of five years from 1880:

Industries and Trade.-According to the annual report for 1898 of the chief inspector of factories (issued 1900), the total number of persons employed in factories and workshops in 1897 was 36,887, as compared with 34,608 in 1896. Textile factories employed only 2356, of whom 1197 were employed in the manufacture of woollen goods, lace employing 879. Honiton lace is made in other parts of the county as well as in Honiton. In non-textile factories 24,002 persons were employed, there being an increase between 1895 and 1896 of 10.4 per cent., and between 1896 and 1897 of 7.6 per cent. In the manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, and tools, 8534 persons were employed, chiefly in the Government establishments at Devonport and Keyham; in the clothing industry 2800, there being a considerable trade in costumes and outfitting; in the manufacture of paper 2755; in the clay and stone industry (including articles in pottery and terra-cotta at Bovey Tracy, Watcombe, &c.), 1047. Of the 10,529 persons employed in workshops as many as 6342 were employed in the clothing industry, and 1576 in the manufacture of machines, appliances, conveyances, and tools. For mineral purposes Devon is included in the duchy of Cornwall. The total number of persons employed in mining in 1899 was 3085. Increasing quantities of marble, granite, and other building stones, as well as limestone and roofing slates, are being dug. In 1899 as many as 527,026 tons of limestone were raised, 290,991 tons of clay (value £82,244), 48,651 tons of granite, 71,487 tons of sandstone, and 13,901 tons of slate. Manganese and tin are mined in only very small quantities. The following table gives particulars regarding the production of arsenic, china clay, and copper in 1890 and 1898 :

Much of the fishing is carried on within the 3 mile limit. Pilchard, cod, sprats, brill, plaice, soles, turbot, shrimps, lobster, oyster, and mussels, are met with, besides herrings and mackerel, which are rather plentiful. The principal fishing stations are Brixham and Plymouth, but there are small ones in all the bays and river outlets. The total amount of fish landed at Brixham in 1899 was 62,337 cwt., valued at £70,685; and at Plymouth 138,972 cwt., valued at £89,003. The annual average for all stations is about 280,000 cwt., valued at £180,000. Much of the fish landed at Plymouth is from Cornwall.

Devonshire

BIBLIOGRAPHY.-Among later works are BOASE. Bibliography. London, 1883.-SIR W. R. DRAKE. Devonshire Notes and Notelets. London, 1888.-HEWETT. Peasant Speech of Devon. London, 1892.-CHUDLEIGH. Devonshire Antiquities. Exeter, 1893.-WORTH. History of Devonshire (popular county history series). London, 1886, new edition 1895.-D'URBAN and MATHEW. Birds of Devon. London, 1895; and WORTHY'S Devonshire Wills. London, 1896. (T. F. H.)

Devonshire, Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8TH DUKE OF (1833-), was born on 23rd July 1833. He was the son of the seventh duke of Devonshire (who died in 1891 at the age of 83), a man who, without playing a prominent part in public affairs, exercised great influence not only by his position but also by his abilities. In 1854 the marquis of Hartington, as he then was, took his degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1857 was returned to Parliament for North Lancashire. At the opening of the new Parliament of 1859 he moved the amendment to the address which overthrew the Government of Lord Derby. In 1863 he was Under Secretary for War, and on the formation of the Russell-Gladstone administration at the death of Lord Palmerston he entered it as War Secretary. He retired with his colleagues in July 1866; but upon Mr Gladstone's return to power in 1868 he became Postmaster-General, which office he exchanged in 1871 for that of Secretary for Ireland. When Mr Gladstone, after his electoral defeat and consequent resignation in 1874, temporarily withdrew from the leadership of his party in January 1875, Lord Hartington was chosen his successor. Mr W. E. Forster, who had taken a much more prominent part in public life, was the only other possible nominee, but he declined to stand. Lord Hartington's rank no doubt told in his favour, and Mr Forster's Education Bill had offended the Nonconformist members, who would probably have withheld their support. Lord Hartington's prudent management in difficult circumstances laid his followers under great obligations, since not only was the opposite party in the ascendant, but his own former chief was indulging in the freedom of independence. After the complete defeat of the Conservatives in the general election of 1880, a large proportion of the party would have rejoiced if Lord Hartington could have taken the Premiership instead of Mr Gladstone, and the Queen, in strict conformity with constitutional usage, sent for him as leader of the Opposition. Mr Gladstone, however, was clearly master of the situation: no Cabinet could be formed without him, nor could he reasonably be expected to accept a subordinate post. Lord Hartington, therefore, gracefully abdicated the leadership which he had temporarily assumed, and became Secretary of State for India, from which office, in December 1882, he passed to the War Office. His administration was memorable for the expeditions of General Gordon and Lord Wolseley to Khartum. In June 1885 he resigned along with his colleagues, and in December was elected for the Rossendale Division of Lancashire, created by the new Reform Bill. Immediately afterwards the great political opportunity of Lord Hartington's life came to him in Mr Gladstone's conversion to Home Rule. Lord Hartington's refusal to follow his leader in this course inevitably made him the chief of the new Liberal Unionist party, composed of a large and influential section of the old Liberals. In this capacity he moved the first resolution at the famous public meeting at the Opera House, and also, in the House of Commons, moved the rejection of Mr Gladstone's Bill on the second reading. During the memorable electoral contest which followed, no election excited more interest than Lord Hartington's for the Rossendale Division, where he was returned by a majority of nearly 1500 votes. In the new Parliament he held a position much resembling that which Sir Robert Peel had occupied after his fall from power, the leader of a small, compact party, the standing and ability of whose members were out of all proportion to their numbers, generally esteemed and trusted beyond any other man in the country, yet in his own opinion forbidden to think of office. Lord Salisbury's overtures, at all events, were declined, and Lord Hartington con

tinued to discharge the delicate duties of the leader of a middle party with no less judgment than he had shown when leading the Liberals during the interregnum of 1875-80. It was not until 1895, when the differences between Conservatives and Liberal Unionists had become almost obliterated by changed circumstances and the habit of acting together, that the duke of Devonshire, as he had become by the death of his father in 1891, consented to enter Lord Salisbury's third Ministry as President of the Council. The duke thus was the nominal representative of education in the Cabinet at a time when educational questions were rapidly becoming of great importance; and the duke's own technical knowledge of this difficult and intricate question being admittedly superficial, a good deal of criticism from time to time resulted. His great contribution to public life, however, has been the weight of character which procured for him universal respect and confidence, and exempted him from bitter attack, even from his most determined political opponents. No man ever doubted the duke of Devonshire's patriotism, or felt entirely secure in differing from his judgment. Wealth and rank combined with character to place him in a measure above party and he remained a luminous example of the benefit which a democratic community may derive from the existence within it of an aristocratic class and the participation of its members in public affairs. The duke succeeded his father as Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 1892, and is a Knight of the Garter.

Dewar, James (1842-), British chemist and physicist, was born at Kincardine-on-Forth, Scotland, on 20th September 1842. He was educated at Dollar Academy and Edinburgh University, being at the latter first a pupil, and afterwards the assistant, of the late Lord Playfair, then professor of chemistry; he also studied under Kekulé at Ghent, In 1875 he was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at Cambridge, becoming a fellow of Peterhouse, and in 1877 he succeeded Dr J. H. Gladstone as Fullerian professor of chemistry in the Royal Institution, London. He has been president of the Chemical Society and of the Society of Chemical Industry, served on the Balfour Commission on London Water Supply (1893-94), and as a member of the Committee on Explosives (1888-91) invented cordite jointly with Sir Frederick Abel. His scientific work covers a wide field. Of his earlier papers, some deal with questions of organic chemistry, others with Graham's hydrogenium and its physical constants, others with high temperatures, e.g., the temperature of the sun and of the electric spark, others again with electro-photometry and the chemistry of the electric arc. With Professor M'Kendrick," of Glasgow, he investigated the physiological action of light, and examined the changes which take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence. With Professor G. D. Liveing, one of his colleagues at Cambridge, he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations, the most recent of which have been devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous constituents separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures. Since the time that liquid air and liquid oxygen have been available in considerable quantities, he has been joined by Professor J. A. Fleming, of University College, London, in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures. His name is most widely known in connexion with his work on the liquefaction of the so-called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching the zero of absolute temperature. His interest in this branch of inquiry dates back at least as far as 1874, when he discussed the "Latent Heat of Liquid

Gases" before the British Association. In 1878 he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then recent work of Cailletet and Pictet, and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus. Six years later, in the same place, he described the researches of Wroblewski and Olszewski, and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air, by means of apparatus specially designed for optical projection so that the actions taking place might be visible to the audience. Soon afterwards he constructed a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent, and he showed its employment for this purpose in connexion with some researches on meteorites; about the same time he also obtained oxygen in the solid state. By 1891 he had designed and erected at the Royal Institution Royal Institution an apparatus which yielded liquid oxygen by the pint, and towards the end of that year he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet. About 1892 the idea occurred to him of using vacuum-jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases, and so efficient did this device prove in preventing the influx of external heat that it is found possible not only to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods, but also to keep them so free from ebullition that examination of their optical properties becomes possible. He next experimented with a high-pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realized through the Thomson-Joule effect, and the successful results thus obtained led him to build the large refrigerating machine by which in 1898 hydrogen was for the first time collected in the liquid state, its solidification following in 1899 (see LIQUID GASES). The Royal Society in 1894 bestowed the Rumford Medal upon Professor Dewar for his work in the production of low temperatures, and in 1899 he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins Gold Medal of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, for his contributions to our knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air.

Dewas, a native state of India, in the Indore agency. For more than a century the state has been divided, almost equally, between the descendants of a former chief, known as the senior and junior branches, or as Baba and Dada Saheb. Both live in the town of Dewas, but exercise exclusive jurisdiction over their several shares. Total area, 289 square miles. Population (1881), 142,162; (1891), 152,073, showing an increase of 7 per cent., which has been almost confined to the share of the senior branch; average density, 526 persons per square mile. The chiefs are Rajputs of the Puar clan, of the same family as the Raja of Dhar. The two chiefs ruling in 1901 were named Krishnaji Rao and Mulhar Rao, these names showing Maratha influence.

The town of DEWAS is situated in 22° 58′ N. lat. and 76° 6' E. long., about 20 miles north-east of Indore. Population, 11,921. It has a high school and a hospital.

Dewey, George (1837-), American naval commander, was born in Montpelier, Vt., on 26th December 1837, and graduated at the U.S. Naval Academy in 1858. In the Civil War he served as lieutenant on the steam sloop Mississippi, during Farragut's passage of the forts below New Orleans in April 1862, and at Port Hudson in March 1863. After the war he performed various routine duties, rising in grade to commodore (February 1896). On 30th November 1897 he was assigned, at his own request, to sea service, and sent to Asiatic waters. Being notified by telegraph in April 1898, while with his fleet at Hong Kong, that war had been declared with

Spain, and ordered to "capture or destroy the Spanish fleet" at the Philippines, he departed for Manila with his squadron, after procuring coal and provisions for the expedition. Steaming into Manila harbour, his fleet advanced on 1st May at early dawn against the Spanish vessels sighted at the other end of the bay. His flagship, the Olympia, led in a fight at close range which lasted, with slight intermission, until the afternoon, when the last Spanish flag was hauled down. The surrender of the city of Manila followed later. After remaining in the Philippines under orders from his Government to main tain control, Dewey returned home, October 1899, receiving great ovations. He was advanced to rear-admiral, with the thanks of Congress, soon after his victory, and was promoted to admiral on 2nd March 1899.

Dewsbury, a municipal and parliamentary borough and market-town of Yorkshire, England, on the Calder, 7 miles east-north-east of Huddersfield by rail. The old church of All Saints has been enlarged; besides, there are five Established, a Roman Catholic, and several Nonconformist churches, grammar and technical schools, an infirmary, and, of recent erection, a town-hall, a free library, and public baths. The hall and library in the buildings of an industrial co-operative society also deserve mention. A public park was opened in 1893. There are iron foundries and works for machinery. Area of municipal borough, 1468 acres. Population (1881), 29,637; (1901), 28,050.

Dhar, a native state of India, in the Bhopawar agency, Central India, includes many Rajput and Bhil feudatories, and has an area of 1740 square miles. In 1881 it had a population of 151,877, and in 1891 of 169,474, showing an average density of 98 persons per square mile. The revenue in 1897-98 was Rs.8,57,909; the police force numbered 1015 men. The state includes the ruins of Mandu, or Mandogarh, the Mahommedan capital of Malwa.

The town of DHAR is 33 miles west of Mhow, 908 feet above the sea. Population, about 15,000. It is a centre of the opium trade, and has a high school and hospital.

Dharampur, a native state of India, in the Gujarat division of Bombay, with an area of 794 square miles. The population in 1881 was 101,289; in 1891 it was 120,498; the estimated gross revenue was Rs.4,12,712, of which Rs.88,000 was expended in public works in 1897-98; the tribute is Rs.9000. The state has been surveyed for land revenue on the Bombay system. The number of police was 170; the number of schools was 20, with 940 pupils in 1897-98. The population of Dharampur town in 1891 was 4775.

Dharwar, a town and district of British India, in the Carnatic or Canarese-speaking division of Bombay, with a railway station. The population in 1881 was 27,191; in 1891 it was 32,841. It has two ginning factories and a cotton-mill with 10,000 spindles, employing 200 hands; two high schools, one maintained by the Government and the other by the Basel German Mission, with 466 pupils in 1896-97; training schools for masters and for mistresses; fourteen printing-presses, eleven of which issue periodicals in Canarese and Mahratti.

The DISTRICT OF DHARWAR has an area of 4603 square miles. In 1881 it had a population of 893,587, and in 1891 of 1,051,314, giving an average density of 228 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 1,113,426, showing an increase of 6 per cent. The land revenue and rates were Rs.33,01,157, the incidence of assessment being R.1-3-5 per acre; the cultivated area in 1897-98 was 2,076,808 acres, of which 94,323 were irrigated from tanks, &c., including 4381 acres from

Government canals; the number of police was 945; the children at school in 1897-98 numbered 34,298, being 3.4 per cent. of the total population; the death-rate in 1897 was 37-57 per thousand. The principal crops are millets, pulse, and cotton. The centres of the cotton trade are Hubli and Gadak, junctions on the Southern Mahratta Railway, which now traverses the district in several directions. Dholpur, a native state of India, in the Rajputana agency, with an area of 1156 square miles. The population in 1881 was 249,657; in 1891 it was 279,980, giving an average density of 242 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 271,496, showing a decrease of 3 per cent. The estimated revenue is Rs.12,50,000. There were six schools, with 366 pupils, in 1897-98; and four dispensaries, attended by 25,843 patients. The state is crossed by the Indian Midland Railway from Jhansi to Agra. In recent years it has suffered severely from drought. In 1896-97 the expenditure on famine relief amounted to Rs.1,22,859.

The town of DHOLPUR is 34 miles south of Agra by rail. Population, about 16,000.

Dhrangadra, a native state of India, in the Gujarat division of Bombay, situated in the north of the peninsula of Kathiawar. Its area is 1156 square miles. The population in 1881 was 99,686, and in 1891 was 103,754; the estimated gross revenue is Rs.5,75,110, of which Rs.25,790 was expended on public works in 189798; the tribute is Rs.44,677. A railway on the metre gauge from Wadhwan to the town of Dhrangadra (21 miles) was opened for traffic in 1898.

The town of DHRANGADRA is situated in 22° 59′ N. lat. and 71° 31′ E. long. There is a printing-press, issuing an official gazette. Population (1891), 15,209.

Dhuleep Singh (1837-1893), Maharajah of Lahore, was born in February 1837, and was proclaimed Maharajah on 18th September 1843, under the regency of his mother the Ranee Jinda, a woman of great capacity and strong will, but extremely inimical to the British. He was acknowledged by Runjeet Singh and recognized by the British Government. After six years of peace the Sikhs invaded British territory in 1845, but were defeated in four battles, and terms were imposed upon them at Lahore, the capital of the Punjab. Dhuleep Singh retained his territory, but it was administered to a great extent by the British Government in his name. This arrangement increased the Regent's dislike of the British, and a fresh outbreak occurred in 1848-49. In spite of the valour of the Sikhs, they were utterly routed at Gujarat, and in March 1849 Dhuleep Singh was deposed, a pension of £40,000 a year being granted to him and his dependants. He became a Christian and elected to live in England. On coming of age he made an arrangement with the Government by which his income was reduced to £25,000 in consideration of advances for the purchase of an estate, and he finally settled at Elvedon in Suffolk. While passing through Alexandria in 1864 he met Miss Bamba Muller, the daughter of a German merchant who married an Abyssinian. The Maharajah had been interested in mission work by Sir John Login, and he met Miss Muller at one of the missionary schools where she was teaching. She became his wife on 7th June 1864, and six children were the issue of the marriage. In the year after her death in 1890 the Maharajah married at Paris, as his second wife, an English lady, Miss Ada Douglas Wetherill, who survived him. The Maharajah was passionately fond of sport, and his shooting parties were celebrated, while he himself became a persona grata in English society. The result, however, was financial difficulty, and in 1882 he appealed to the Government for

assistance, making various claims based upon the alleged possession of private estates in the Punjab, and upon the surrender of the Kohinoor diamond to the English Crown. His demand was rejected, whereupon, he started for India, after drawing up a proclamation to his former subjects. But as it was deemed inadvisable to allow him to visit the Punjab, he remained for some time as a guest at the residency at Aden, and was allowed to receive some of his relatives to witness his abjuration of Christianity, which actually took place within the residency itself. As the climate began to affect his health, the Maharajah at length left Aden and returned to Europe. He stayed for some time in Russia, hoping that his claim against England would be taken up by the Russians; but when that expectation proved futile he proceeded to Paris, where he lived for the rest of his life on the pension allowed him by the Indian Government. His death from an attack of apoplexy took place at Paris, 22nd October 1893. (G. F. B.)

Dhulia, a town of British India, administrative headquarters of Khandesh district in Bombay, on the right bank of the Panjhra river. The population in 1881 was 18,449; in 1891 it was 21,880. It has cantonments for the Bhil Corps and a detachment of the Poona Horse. Considerable trade is done in cotton and oil-seeds, and weaving of cotton. It contains the Garud High School, with 348 pupils in 1896-97, and five printing-presses, each issuing a vernacular newspaper. A railway to connect Dhulia with Chalisgaon, on the main line of the Great Indian Peninsula (37 miles), was commenced in 1900. Diabetes. See PATHOLOGY (Metabolic Diseases). Diamantina, a town of Brazil, in the state of Minas Geraes, with a population of 13,000, is the centre of the diamond mine district, and yields the larger part of the production of diamonds in Brazil, which is estimated at 40,000 carats a year.

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Diarbekr.—I. A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey through which the western arm of the Tigris flows. It extends southwards from Palu, on the Euphrates, to Mardin and Nisibin, and is divided into three sanjaks - Arghana, Diarbekr, and Mardin. Cereals, cotton, tobacco, rice, and silk are produced; but most of the fertile lands have been abandoned to the nomads and semi-nomads, who raise large quantities of live-stock. Copper, galena,

mineral oil, and silicious sand are found. The population is about 480,000 (Moslems, including nomad and seminomad Kúrds, 336,000; Yezidis and Gypsies, 4000; Christians, chiefly Armenians and Syrians, 139,000; Jews, 1000). II. The chief town of the vilayet and of a sanjak of the same name (the ancient Amida), seat of a Governor-General, headquarters of a military district, situated at an altitude of 1950 feet, on a high mass of basalt rock on the right bank of the Tigris, which is here crossed by a stone bridge and is fordable in several places in winter. Its position at the head of raft navigation on the Tigris, and with easy roads to Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, Samsún on the Black Sea, Erzerúm, Bitlis, and Mosul, has always been one of commercial and strategic importance. Old walls, pierced by four gates, Old walls, pierced by four gates, and standing above cliffs from 20 to 40 feet high, surround the town, and beneath them, on the river side, are irrigated gardens. At the north-east angle, on the highest ground, are the ruins of a citadel, in which is the Serai or Government House. The streets are narrow, badly paved, and filthy. The houses are low, and built partly of black basalt-whence the ancient name of the town, Kara (black) Amid-and partly of dark coloured sun-dried bricks. In the great mosque, Ulu Jami' and its court are the façades |

of two Sassanian palaces, apparently built with materials from an older palace, perhaps that of Tigranes II. The churches of SS. Cosmas and Damian (Jacobite) and St James (Greek) are also of interest. The climate in winter is good; snow often lies, and there is sufficient ice for storage for summer use. In summer it is very hot and unhealthy. Epidemics of typhus are frequent, and ophthalmia and the " Aleppo button are common. Scorpions, noted for the virulence of their poison, abound. There are a few small industries, silver filigree work, morocco leather, cotton, and silk. Fruit is grown near the town, but little of the adjoining land is cultivated. The principal exports are wool, mohair, copper ore, &c.; and the imports, cotton and woollen goods, indigo, coffee, sugar, petroleum, &c. The population is 25,000 (Turks, Kúrds, and Arabs, 13,000; Armenians, Jacobites, Greeks, Protestants, and Jews, 12,000). During the massacres of 1895 the Christians successfully defended themselves against the Moslems.

(c. w. w.)

Diaz, Narcisse Virgilio (1808-1876), French painter, was born in Bordeaux of Spanish parents, 25th August 1808. At first a figure-painter who indulged in strong colour, in his later life Diaz became a painter of the forest and a tone artist" of the first order. He spent much time at Barbizon; and although he is the least exalted of the half-dozen great artists who are usually grouped round that name, he sometimes produced works of the highest quality. At the age of ten Diaz became an orphan, and misfortune dogged his earlier years. His foot was bitten by a reptile in Meudon wood, near Sèvres, where he had been taken to live with some friends of his mother. The bite was badly dressed, and ultimately it cost him his leg. Afterwards his wooden stump became famous. At fifteen he entered the studios at Sèvres, where the decoration of porcelain occupied him; but tiring of the restraint of fixed hours, he took to painting Eastern figures dressed in richly coloured garments. Turks and Oriental scenes attracted him, and many brilliant gems remain of this period. About 1831 Diaz encountered Théodore Rousseau, for whom he entertained a great veneration, although Rousseau was four years his junior; but it was not until ten years later that the remarkable incident took place of Rousseau teaching Diaz to paint trees. At Fontainebleau Diaz found Rousseau painting his wonderful forest pictures, and determined to paint in the same way if possible. Rousseau, then in poor health, worried at home, and embittered against the world, was difficult to approach. Diaz followed him surreptitiously to the forest,wooden leg not hindering,—and he dodged round after the painter, trying to observe his method of work. After a time Diaz found a way to become friendly with Rousseau, and revealed his anxiety to understand his painting. Rousseau was touched with the passionate words of admiration, and finally taught Diaz all he knew. Diaz exhibited many pictures at the Paris Salon, and was decorated in 1851. During the war, twenty years later, he went to Brussels. After 1871 he became fashionable, his works gradually rose in the estimation of collectors, and he worked constantly and successfully. In 1876 he caught cold at his son's grave, and on 18th November of that year he died at Mentone, whither he had gone to recruit his health. Diaz's finest pictures are his forest scenes and storms, and it is on these, and not on his pretty figures, that his fame is likely to rest. There are several fairly good examples of the master in the Louvre, and three small figure pictures in the Wallace Collection, Hertford House. Perhaps the most notable of Diaz's works are "La Fée aux Perles' (1857), in the Louvre; "Sunset in the Forest" (1868);

"The Storm," and "The Forest of Fontainebleau" (1870) at Leeds. Diaz had no well-known pupils, but Léon Richet followed markedly his methods of tree-painting, and J. F. Millet (q.v.) at one period painted small figures in avowed imitation of Diaz's then popular subjects.

AUTHORITIES.-A. HUSTIN. Les Artistes Célèbres: Diaz. Paris.-D. CROAL THOMSON. The Barbizon School of Painters. London, 1890.-J. W. MOLlett. Diaz. London, 1890.-J. CLARETIE. Peintres et Sculpteurs Contemporains: Diaz. Paris, 1882.-ALBERT WOLFF. La Capitale de l'Art: Narcisse Diaz. Paris, 1886.-PH. BURTY. Maitres et Petit-Maitres: N. Diaz. Paris, 1877. (D. C. T.)

Diaz, Porfirio (1830-), President of the Republic of Mexico, was born at Oaxaca 15th September 1830. He was educated for the Church, but upon becoming his own master decided to follow the profession of the law; and, about 1855, the disturbed condition of the country, in revolt against Santa Anna, made him a soldier. He took a prominent part in the resistance to the French invasion in 1863, and so greatly distinguished himself as to have become by 1867 commander of the army of the east, to which the capital surrendered after the execution of the Emperor Maximilian. He then retired into private life, but in 1870-72 was in arms against President Juarez, and in 1875 placed himself at the head of an insurrection against the Government of President Lerdo de Tejada. After many desperate struggles and hairbreadth escapes he entered the city of Mexico in November 1876, and was elected President in 1877. His repudiation of all the promises he had made in the programme he had put forward at the beginning of the civil war caused his term of office to be exceedingly stormy, but he suppressed all opposition, and in 1880 peacefully transmitted his power to General Gonzalez, his Secretary of War. In 1884 he was elected for a second term, and, the provision of the Constitution which forbade the re-election of a President having been repealed, he continued to be regularly re-elected; and no disquieting event has since occurred, except an abortive attempt to assassinate him in 1897. Under his vigorous rule the most anarchical of Spanish American states has become the most orderly; military revolts have disappeared; the laws are executed without opposition; industry has been stimulated, to the great increase of national wealth; roads and railways have been multiplied; foreign capital has been invested and rendered secure; and the financial credit of the country, which had sunk to the lowest ebb, has been entirely re-established. All these benefits are owing to

General Diaz's force of character and administrative ability, and he has incontestably earned the title of the regenerator of Mexico.

Dibrugarh, a town of British India, in the Lakhimpur district of Assam, of which it is the headquarters, situated on the Dibru river about 4 miles above its confluence with the Brahamaputra. In 1881 it had a population of 7153, and in 1891 of 9876. It is the terminus of steamer navigation on the Brahmaputra, and also of a railway running to important coal-mines and petroleum wells, which will ultimately be connected with the Assam-Bengal system. Large quantities of coal and tea are exported. There are a military cantonment, with 280 men in 1898; the headquarters of the volunteer corps known as the Assam Valley Light Horse; a Government high school, with 292 pupils in 1896-97; a training school for masters; and an aided school for girls. In 1900 a medical school for the province was established, out of a bequest of Rs.50,000 left by the late Brigade-Surgeon J. Berry-White, which will be maintained by the Government, to train hospital assistants for the tea gardens. The

Williamson Artisan School is entirely supported by an endowment. There are three printing-presses.

Dictionary.—A dictionary is a book in which the words of a language, or words of a special class, are arranged, generally in alphabetical order, and their meaning and idiomatic use are explained in the same or in a different language. Most modern dictionaries give also the pronunciation of the words defined and an account of their derivation or etymology, and some add information of various kinds about the things or processes which certain words designate. If the latter variety are general (not limited to a special class of words) they are commonly called encyclopaedic. A general dictionary in which the information given relates only to the meaning, idiomatic use, pronunciation, orthography, derivation, and history of words (or to some of these things) is literary, pedagogical, or philological. Special dictionaries are classed as technical when they include only the terms of one or more of the sciences, arts, or trades. The name is also given to certain works, such as a "rhyming dictionary," a "dictionary of biography," a "dictionary of quotations," and the like, which are not of a strictly lexicographic character, and to encyclopædias. For a detailed description of dictionaries of various kinds, and for a list of the more important of them, the reader is referred to the article in the ninth edition of this work, vol. vii. (pp. 179-193). Here only the more noteworthy recent work in general lexicography will be considered.

At no time has progress in the making of general dictionaries been so rapid as during the second half of the 19th century. It is to be seen in three things: in the perfecting of the theory of what a general dictionary should be; in the elaboration of methods of collecting and editing lexicographic materials; and in the magnitude and improved quality of the work which has been accomplished or planned. Each of these can best be illustrated from English lexicography, in which the process of development has in all directions been carried farthest. The advance that has been made in theory began with a radical change of opinion with regard to the chief end of the general dictionary of a language. The older view of the matter was that the lexicographer should furnish a standard of usage-should register only those words which are, or at some period of the language have been, "good" from a literary point of view, with their "proper senses and uses, or should at least furnish the means of determining what these are. In other words, his chief duty was conceived to be to sift and refine, to decide authoritatively questions with regard to good usage, and thus to fix the language as completely as might be possible within the limits determined by the literary taste of his time. Thus the Accademia della Crusca, founded near the close of the 16th century, was established for the purpose of purifying in this way the Italian tongue, and in 1612 the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, long the standard of that language, was published. Académie Française, the first edition of whose dictionary appeared in 1694, had a similar origin. In England the idea of constructing a dictionary upon this principle arose during the second quarter of the 18th century. It was imagined by men of letters-among them Alexander Pope-that the English language had then attained such perfection that further improvement was hardly possible, and it was feared that if it were not fixed by lexicographic authority deterioration would soon begin. Since there was no English Academy," it was necessary that the task should fall to some one whose judgment would command respect, and the man who undertook it was Samuel JohnHis dictionary, the first edition of which, in two

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