with the greatest interest by all vertebrate morphologists."

THE Field Columbian Museum, Chicago, begins its twentieth free lecture course Saturday afternoons as follows:

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on

October 3, A Visit to the Island of Sumatra,' Professor E. E. Barnard, University of Chicago. October 10, 'A Tour of the Plant WorldJapan,' Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, curator, Department of Botany.

October 17, Travels on Vancouver Island,' Mr. Harlan I. Smith, American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.

October 24, 'Bird Migration,' Mr. W. E. Praeger, University of Chicago.

October 31, On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,' Dr. Seth E. Meek, assistant curator, Department of Zoology.

November 7, 'In Eastern Mexico,' Dr. Seth E. Meek, assistant curator, Department of Zoology.

November 14, 'Where Sea and River meet,' Dr. Chas. B. Davenport, University of Chicago. November 21, 'How Ores grow,' Mr. Henry W. Nichols, assistant curator, Department of Geology.

November 28, 'Cats and Dogs, their Origin and Distribution,' Dr. S. W. Williston, associate curator, Division of Paleontology.

WE noted recently that Mr. Robert E. Peary had been given three years' leave of absence from the navy to continue his Arctic It is now stated that Mr. explorations. Peary's plan contemplates the construction of a strong wooden ship with powerful machinery, in which he will sail next July to Cape Sabine and, after establishing a subbase there, force his way northward to the northern shore of Grant Land, where he will spend the winter with a colony of Whale Sound Esquimaux, who will be taken there by him from their homes further south. This winter base will be at or in the vicinity of Cape Columbia or Cape Joseph Henry, situated about the 82d degree of north latitude.

WE learn from the London Times that Mr. W. N. McMillan, who has just returned from a six month's sporting trip in East Africa, has presented to the Zoological Gardens the animals trapped by his men or given him by native chiefs. These include three Arabian

baboons (Papio hamadryas), three variegated jackals (Canis variegatus), two spotted hyenas (Hyæna crocuta), one striped hyena (H. hyœna), one young lioness (Felis leo), one leopard (F. pardus), one Abyssinian duiker (Cephalophus abyssinicus), and three Somali ostriches (Struthio molydophanes). The duiker fills a gap in the Regent's Park menagerie, for till now this species has never been exhibited. Indeed, a good deal of confusion existed about it since it was described by Rüppel, and this was not cleared up till Mr. Oldfield Thomas described all the duikers in a paper presented to the Zoological Society in 1892. Since then the result of his work has been made more generally accessible in the 'Book of Antelopes,' on which he collaborated with Dr. Sclater, the late secretary. The animal is much greyer than the forms living further south, and is also easily distinguished by the median line of dark hair on the face, which ends in a tuft. The suborbital glands are large, and their dark color gives the face a curious appearance. The hair on the front aspect of the fore limbs is dark, and the tail is black above and white on the under surface. The observations of Rüppell and the later ones of Dr. Blanford showed that this antelope lived at high elevation. Mr. McMillan confirms this, and his experience is that it is rarely, if ever, met with on terraces at great elevations, but always on sloping ground. At one time he had three in his camp, all quite tame, but two unfortunately died. The jackals are of interest, as this species differs very widely from others found in North Africa in its lank form and curious coloration of pale buff, washed and blotched with black on the back and tail. The first specimen exhibited at the gardens was sent home in 1894 by the late Dr. Anderson, in whose 'Mammals of Egypt' there is an excellent figure.

UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL NEWS.

THE late Richard W. Foster, of Clinton, Mass., has bequeathed $25,000 to Harvard University. Other public bequests are made, and the residue of the estate is left for a club house for the factory hands of Clinton

under certain conditions. Should these conditions not be fulfilled half the residue of the estate will go to Harvard University.

JUDGE WILLIAM P. BYNUM, of Charlotte, N. C., has given the University of North Carolina $25,000 in memory of his grandson, William Preston Bynum, class '93, who died in his junior year. The money will be used in the construction of a gymnasium, work beginning at once. Mr. John Sprunt Hill, of Durham, N. C., has presented the university with $4,000, the interest from which is to be used for a fellowship in history. The students of the university, by personal canvass during the vacation, raised $8,000 for a Y. M. C. A. hall. Work begins this October.

MR. CEPHAS B. ROGERS, of Meriden, Conn., has given $25,000 to Wesleyan University as a contribution to the fund of $1,000,000 which it is proposed to collect.

DR. JOHN HUSTON FINLEY, professor of politics at Princeton University, was installed as president of the College of the City of New York on the morning of September 29, and on the afternoon of the same day the cornerstone of the new building of the college was laid. In addition to the inaugural address of Dr. Finley, there were numerous addresses. Among those who spoke in the morning were Senator Chauncy M. Depew, Ex-President Cleveland and Presidents Hadley, Butler, Remsen and Schurman. Those who spoke in the afternoon included Mr. Edward M. Shepherd, Professor A. G. Compton, of the college, Mayor Low and Governor Odell.

THE reorganized faculty of the Colorado School of Mines at Golden, Colo., is as follows, the new members being marked with a star:

* President Victor C. Alderson.
Professor H. H. Patton, geology.
Professor A. R. Curtis, machine design.
Professor C. W. L. Filkins, mechanics.
* Professor Herman Fleck, chemistry.

* Professor L. C. Walker, mathematics. * Professor F. W. Traphagen, metallurgy and assaying.

Assistant Professor W. J. Hazard, descriptive geometry and physics.

* Assistant Professor E. R. Wolcott, physics and electricity.

* Assistant Professor L. E. Young, mining. *Assistant Professor C. R. Burger, mathematics and surveying.

Mr. C. D. Tost, chemistry.

Mr. W. G. Haldane, mathematics and drawing.
Mr. J. W. Eggleston, geology.

* Mr. J. C. Bailar, chemistry and assaying.
* Mr. C. M. Butler, geology.

* Mr. J. J. Brown, mathematics.

PROFESSOR J. MARK BALDWIN, who has been called to organize a graduate department of philosophy and psychology at the Johns Hopkins University, offers the following courses: I. Advanced psychology. Lectures on general psychology, with attention to physiological psychology and mental pathology. Two hours a week. II. Philosophical seminary, genetic philosophy and psychology. Exposition and criticism of the theory of evolution, especially in its application to the mind, and treatment of the principles of mental development in the individual. One hour a week.

In the second half year Professor Baldwin offers in addition a seminar in social psychology and philosophy. Professor Griffin offers a two hour course on modern philosophy from Descartes to Kant, and a one hour course on modern ethical theories.

PRESIDENT SCHURMAN, in his address at the opening of Cornell University, as customary. gave the figures for attendance as shown by registration at that date, September 25, noon. The registration was still incomplete. The attendance was greater than at the same time in any preceding year; the number of upper classmen was larger, the number of new students was greater and the gain was greater than even at the opening of the last year. The Scientific Department gained more than the academic. Sibley College, for example, registers, according to the detailed statistics, over ten per cent. increase; the freshman class numbering about 325, the upper classes averaging about 200 and the total exceeding 900, a larger figure than that of the total registration in any earlier year in its history. The list of graduate students is largely increased, and many are registered in the undergraduate

THE Iowa State College at Ames has annually an excursion day on which the people of the state are invited to visit the college. This day was celebrated on September 25, when over 15,000 people were present. Addresses were made by the president of the college, Dr. A. B. Storms and Governor A. B. Cummins.

THE Institute of Pedagogy, a department of the Catholic University of America, instituted in Washington, D. C., last year, began its second term on October 1, as the Cathedral College, Fifty-first Street and Madison Avenue, under the directorship of Dr. E. A. Pace, professor of philosophy at the university.

Dr. Moore, of the Paulist Community, who received his doctorate at Washington last June, will conduct the lectures in psychology. Other courses will be given in English, history and the history and principles and methods of education.

AT Harvard University, Dr. Charles Robert Sanger has been promoted to a professorship of chemistry; Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted to the chair of landscape architecture called the Charles Eliot professorship in honor of President Eliot's son, and Dr. E. H. Bradford has been appointed professor of orthopedic surgery in the Medical School.

DR. JOHN WHITE, of the University of Nebraska, has been appointed head of the Department of Chemistry at the Rose Polytechnic Institute, succeeding Professor W. A. Noyes, who, as we have already stated, has become head of the Division of Chemistry of the National Bureau of Standards. Dr. Benton Dales, of Cornell University, has been called to the chair at the University of Nebraska.

DR. NORMAN E. GILBERT, A.B. (Wesleyan), Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins), of Hobart College, has been appointed assistant professor of physics at Dartmouth College. Mr. A. A. Bacon, A.B. (Dartmouth), has been called to the position at Hobart College.

MR. FRANK G. MILLER, of the University of Iowa, has been appointed to the new professorship of forestry in the University of Nebraska.

DR. F. J. POND, for several years a member of the chemical force of the Pennsylvania State College, has accepted the position of assistant professor of engineering chemistry at Stevens Institute, Hoboken, N. J.

MR. FRIEND E. CLARK, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins), who filled a vacancy in the Department of Chemistry at the West Virginia University during the past academic year, has accepted a position as instructor in chemistry in the Pennsylvania State College.

DR. THOMAS JEHU, of St. John's College, Cambridge, has been appointed to a newly established lectureship on geology at the University of St. Andrews.

mal-in other words, to substitute quantitative for qualitative knowledge.

It is well known that a fasting animal consumes the tissues of its own body to sustain its vital activities. Thus in one of Rubner's experiments a fasting dog oxidized per day the equivalent of 20.51 grams of dry muscular tissue (lean meat) and in addition 75.92 grams of his fat. He was then given 740 grams per day of fresh lean meat. On this ration he was found to oxidize the equivalent of 133.89 grams of dry muscular tissue, but only 30.72 grams of the fat of his body. In other words, the oxidation of 113.38 grams more of muscular tissue derived from the lean meat eaten diminished the draft upon the body-fat of the dog by 45.20 grams. Plainly, these two quantities were equivalent, or, after making some slight corrections, 243 parts of dry lean meat were equivalent to 100 parts of fat. A number of similar experiments were made with extracted meat and with various carbohydrates, while in a few cases fat and carbohydrates were interchanged in the food, and a series of ratios like the above were obtained, varying with the material experimented on.

All these results, however, are purely empirical. They explain nothing. The fact, however, that the nutrients can mutually replace each other through so wide a range, and the other fact that the animal body is essentially a transformer of the potential energy of the food into the kinetic energy of heat and motion, suggest that the nutrients replace each other because they all serve as sources of energy to the organism. Acting on this hint, Rubner proceeded to determine the amounts of energy which the several nutrients could liberate in the body. This, by a well-known principle of thermochemistry, is measured by the difference between the potential energy of the substance and that of the products of its de

composition. The potential energy of the nutrients is measured, for this purpose, by their heats of combustion. In the case of the carbohydrates and fats, the products of their decomposition in the body are (in the carnivora) substantially carbon dioxide and water, which contain no measurable amount of potential energy. With the proteids the case is different. Here we have various partially oxidized compounds contained in feces and urine, the potential energy of which Rubner summarily determined by determining the heats of combustion of the dried excreta. In this way he was able to determine how much energy a given amount of lean meat or fat or starch was capable of liberating in the animal organism, and this amount he called its physiological heat value.

When, now, he came to compare the amounts of the several nutrients from which equal quantities of energy could be liberated in the body with the amounts which were found to replace each other in actual feeding experiments, he obtained a most remarkable correspondence. The first column of the table shows the amounts of the several substances required to liberate the same amount of energy as 100 grams of fat, while the second column shows the amounts which were found to replace 100 grams of fat in the nutrition of the animal.