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list of the typical compounds known, their characteristics, estimation, separation and finally valuable experimental work for laboratory practise. Numerous references to original papers are given.

To round the work off, consideration is given to platinum and gold, which are without doubt rare metals in some laboratories. Some five pages are allotted to the newly discovered gases in the atmosphere, wherein the fact, not generally known, that Cavendish in 1785 found argon, is alluded to. The last few pages are given to an enumeration of some of the unconfirmed discoveries of new elements within recent times, in fact since 1896. Radium and polonium are disposed of in one paragraph.

There is an index and no advertisements are in the back, for which thanks are due the publishers, who made the book of good ap

pearance.

While in such an abbreviated work the author was confined to well-defined and verified observations, perhaps it might have added value to mention incidentally those uses to which some of the rarer substances are put.

The reviewer is doubtless not familiar with the classification of the author, who places thorium and zirconium in the aluminium group. By analogy according to the oxides, hydroxides and salts, these elements would come in the silicon-titanium group. In the preparation of lanthanum, didymium, etc., no mention is made of the recent elegant electrical methods of Muthmann. In the list of minerals bearing thorium, auerlite is not mentioned. The book does not pretend to contain it all, however.

Every one does not specialize in rare earth chemistry, but the reviewer can not well understand how a teacher of inorganic chemistry can be without some work on the subject. These substances constitute as integral a part of that subdivision of science as any of the other elements.

From the numerous requests for assistance and advice as to literature on the subject, made the reviewer from technical laboratories,

it may be well to say that many would do well to have a copy of this book close by. The book is to be commended as fulfilling in a most satisfactory manner what it pretends. CHAS. BASKERVILLE.

Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik. II., Physik der Atmosphäre. Von DR. SVANTE AUGUST ARRHENIUS. Leipzig, S. Hirzel. 1903. 8vo. Pp. viii+553; 138 figs. and charts. The author of the 'Lehrbuch der kosmischen Physik,' Dr. Svante August Arrhenius, who is professor of physics at the high school in Stockholm, is already known to meteorologists, chiefly through his researches on the effect of the earth's atmosphere upon solar radiation, and on the relation of the moon's declination to atmospheric electricity and magnetism. The 'Lehrbuch' embraces over 1,000 pages all told, of which between 500 and 600 deal with the physics of the atmosphere. With this second portion of the book this review is alone concerned.

Any one who reads these chapters on the atmosphere with the idea that he will find in them a general account of meteorological phenomena such as is to be had in most of the text-books on meteorology will be disappointed. The author makes no attempt to discuss his subject from such a point of view. He expressly states in his preface that he has tried to avoid matters which are purely astronomical, geological or meteorological, and that he has, so far as possible, discussed only such problems as have close relations with physics and chemistry. We have, therefore, in this 'Lehrbuch' no text-book or reference book on general meteorology, but a discussion of the more directly physical relations of the subject. From this standpoint Dr. Arrhenius has given us an excellent piece of work. It is a compact summary of the most important recent investigations of the physics of the atmosphere, and as such it will prove useful to working meteorologists and physicists. The text, however, contains many mathematical formulæ and numerical data and, therefore, makes decidedly 'heavy' reading. The consideration of the measurement of solar radiation is particularly extended. The chapter on

clouds (VIII.) may be taken as a good example of the difference between the present work and the usual text-book of meteorology, and yet this very chapter is more popular' than many in the same book. The principal cloud forms are illustrated by means of one unsatisfactory woodcut on page 642. Indeed, the illustrations are comparatively few in number, considering the size of the book. Regarding the origin of cyclones, Arrhenius says (p. 725) that since we know nothing of the vertical temperature distribution in tropical cyclones there is no argument from that standpoint against the convectional theory, as there is in the case of the extra-tropical, 'which are usually cooler at their centers than in the surrounding air.' It has been found necessary to abandon Ferrel's theory for extra-tropical cyclones, although it contains a great deal which fits the conditions in the case.' The Hann theory is quoted from Hann's 'Lehrbuch,' and on page 757, after referring to the investigations of Mr. H. H. Clayton on the cyclones of the United States, the author adds that, in the light of the facts now available, 'these cyclones are to be considered as belonging to an earlier stage of development than the European cyclones.' Besides referring to Mr. Clayton's work on cyclones, reference is also made to the Blue Hill kite and cloud investigations and to the results of the studies on New England thunder-storms, carried on some years ago by the New England Meteorological Society. The results obtained in the recent attempts to prevent hail-storms by means of weather shooting' are stated (page 805) to be very doubtful. Chapter XIV. concerns' Meteorological Acoustics,' which is a new heading in a book on meteorology. Chapter XV. (60 pp.) is an extended discussion of Meteorological Optics,' a 'subject which is receiving much attention in Europe. Chapters XVII. and XVIII. (109 pages) treat at some length the subjects of 'Atmospheric Electricity,' and 'Auroras and Terrestrial Magnetism.'

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An experimental investigation of the relations between voltage and current in different solutions of the metals which may be determined electrolytically. From these is deduced the voltaic series in each solution used, at the temperatures of 20° and 60°. The theoretical possibilities of separation of the different metals electrolytically is discussed. No.7, October. 'Electrolytic Copper Refining,' by F. J. Schwab and I. Baum. An interesting piece of experimental work designed to determine the best conditions of current density, temperature, etc., for the economical refining of copper. The Composition of the Surface Layers of Aqueous Amyl Alcohol,' by Clara C. Benson. The foam of a solution of amyl alcohol is found to be slightly more concentrated than the solution from which it is derived. The solution strength was determined by a viscosity method, depending upon an ingenious apparatus for the uniform production of drops. 'A Correction,' by Geo. H. Burrows.

The Popular Science Monthly for October opens with a paper by Franz Boas on 'The Decorative Art of the North American Indian,' which is largely devoted to showing that the idea now expressed by a given design may be something that was not intended at the outset. In 'Highways and Byways of Animal Life' Herbert F. Osborn discusses some of the peculiar adaptations of animals and the causes which have led to them. Frederick Adams Woods presents arguments and figures to show The Correlation Between Mental and Moral Qualities,' and under the title 'Cooperation, Coercion, Competition' Lindley M. Keasbey considers the three characteristic

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The American Naturalist for August contains the second paper by A. W. Grabau on 'Studies of the Gastropoda' and is devoted to Fulgur and Syncotypus, comprising an account of their development, the succession of their species in time and genetic affinities. Arthur D. Howard has a paper 'On the Structure of the Outer Segments of the Rods in the Retina of Vertebrates' and Edwin W. Doran discusses the 'Vernacular Names of Animals' and propounds a set of rules for the systematic writing of compound names.

A MONTHLY Journal de chimie et physique has been started at Geneva under the editorship of Professor P. A. Guye.

DISCUSSION AND CORRESPONDENCE.

THE FIFTH SATELLITE OF JUPITER.

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: Will you permit me to call attention to a misstatement in SCIENCE, on page 376, second column, undoubtedly unintentional, and at the same time easy of correction. The observations of the fifth satellite of Jupiter, made in the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the University of Chicago, during the past five years, are stated to have been the only ones obtained during that period. As exceptions to this record, measures of the fifth satellite have been made by Doctor Aitken, at this Observatory, in 1898, published in A. J. No. 436; and in 1900 and 1902, published in L. O. Bull. 28; and a series in 1903, not yet published. Such an oversight can easily occur in making up an extensive report, and the credit of the excellent work done at the

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THE article in your issue of September 18, under the above title, exhibits an attitude altogether too prevalent among those in authority in this country, and I think justly deserves criticism. It seems to be assumed that if a lot of investigations with high-sounding titles are being carried on at Chicago University, that institution is correspondingly great as a center of research; and that it is a matter of comparative indifference who is doing the work. "I think it best under all the circumstances not to mention in this statement the specific names of persons thus engaged. In most cases, however, the mention of the subject itself will carry with it a knowledge of the person engaged in the work." So it will, to those who happen to know, and to whom the statement is unnecessary.

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nounce we produce all the plays of Shakespeare,' wholly omitting to mention the names of the actors!

Within the last few days I have learned that Mr. Geo. B. King, janitor of the courthouse at Lawrence, Mass., for seventeen years, has been reduced to the position of assistant janitor. Over him has been put a political favorite. Mr. King is poorly educated, and is surrounded by persons who do not believe in scientific janitors; yet he has been able to discover many new Coccidæ in Massachusetts, and his writings on this group are known to entomologists all over the world. Thus does the man come to the front, though everything is against him. Yet it is not always so, and for every one having inborn talent who succeeds, no doubt many fail. Mr. King will have to give up all his work in science, if the new conditions are not altered.

It is to the credit and glory of our universities that they can help men to success; can give the conditions which make success in science possible and easy-given the men. But after all, the men are everything.

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO.

ARCTIC NOMENCLATURE.

TO THE EDITOR OF SCIENCE: The president of the Royal Geographical Society, Sir Clements R. Markham, in the Geographical Journal for July, 1903, Vol. XXII., page 7, note, says: "The land which is divided from Greenland by Smith Sound forms a long island, and as many as seven names have been given to various parts of it-1. North Lincoln, 2. Ellesmere Land, 3. King Oscar Land, 4. Schley Land, 5. Arthur Land, 6. Grinnell Land, 7. Grant Land. It is a geographical necessity that, for purposes of description, there should be a name for the whole island. It was first discovered by Baffin in 1616, and first named Ellesmere by Inglefield in 1853. Its name should, therefore, be Ellesmere Island." A map on page 57 of the same volume shows Ellesmere Island' and omits Grinnell Land' and 'Grant Land.'

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It seems desirable to call the attention of American scientists and geographers to this

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THE extension of horticultural and agricultural knowledge and the extensive literature that is appearing on such topics render it necessary that new words and expressions be coined in many places to give more exact expression to our thoughts. The writer is very much opposed to the wholesale introduction of new terms, as they seldom find use outside of an individual writer's papers. some cases, however, it is absolutely necessary. Terms for scientific usage are ordinarily derived from Greek or Latin and are seldom fitted for the general use of the masses of the people. Words that we expect to be generally used, the writer believes, should, regardless of derivation, be short, euphonious, phonetically spelled, easily pronounced and different from any other word in ordinary use, so that it will not suggest any other meaning than the one desired. If no word fulfilling these requirements and having the proper signification can be derived from classical sources, the writer strongly favors the policy of inventing a short and convenient term with no meaning other than that given it and without reference to derivation classical or otherwise. By using this policy, short euphonious terms can be secured. Why concede to the Greeks and Latins the sole right of coining words and burden ourselves with inadequate, poorly

suited, classical or foreign terms when much simpler and better terms could easily be formed with half the effort, if we could be freed from the shackles of philology and feel free to make meaningless terms without a pedigree!

The above sentences are thrown in simply to relieve the writer's feelings. For over two years he has been searching for, and asking friends to suggest, a suitable term to apply to those plants that are propagated vegetatively by buds, grafts, cuttings, suckers, runners, slips, bulbs, tubers, etc. The plants grown from such vegetative parts are not individuals in the ordinary sense, but are simply transplanted parts of the same individual, and in heredity and in all biological and physiological senses such plants are the same individual. The word variety is a generic term which may be used to refer to the races of peas, beans, corn, wheat, etc.; to the strains of these or other plants; and to natural varieties of scientific botanists as well as to those sorts where parts of the same individual are separated and grown; but for special reference to the class of plants propagated by relative parts it becomes very necessary to have a particular designation.

Last year the writer suggested the word strace to use for such varieties and the term was referred to a committee of the Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations for consideration. The term strace is a combination of the words 'strain' and 'race,' already in use. Recently Mr. O. F. Cook, of the Department of Agriculture, has called the writer's attention to the Greek word clon (AV) meaning a twig, spray, or slip, such as is broken off for propagation, which could be used in the connection desired. After careful consideration the writer believes this word much better suited to the purpose than the word strace which he previously suggested. The Greek words clados (khados) and clema (kλŋμa) have practically the same meaning and could be used, but are hardly as suitable. Clados, shortened to clad, becomes a frequently used English term. Clema is one letter longer than clon. All in all, the term clon seems

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Races in a strict sense are those groups of cultivated plants which have well-marked, differentiating characters, and which propagate themselves true to seed except for slight individual variations.

Strains are groups of cultivated plants derived from races from which they do not differ in visible, taxonomic characters in the ordinary sense, but into which has been bred some intrinsic quality such as a tendency to yield heavily, or a better adaptability to a certain environment. When, for instance, a breeder, by the careful selection of Blue Stem wheat produces a sort of Blue Stem which differs from the original race only in its ability to give greater yields, it would be called a strain of Blue Stem wheat. If, however, he selects Jones Winter Fife and changes it from a velvet chaff to a glabrous chaff, he has produced a new race. It must be admitted that there is no very definite line of demarcation between strains and races.

Added to the above two divisions of varieties we should now have:

Clons, which are groups of plants that are propagated by the use of any form of vegetative parts such as bulbs, tubers, cuttings, grafts, buds, etc., and which are simply parts of the same individual seedling. We could then use such expressions as the following: 'The clons of apples, pears, strawberries, etc., are not propagated true to seed, while this is one of the important characters of races of wheat and corn,' and 'The differentiating clonal characters of chrysanthemums are mainly in the form and color of the flowers.' Clon, plural clons (pronounced with long o), is a short word, easily pronounced, spelled phonetically and with a derivation which at least suggests its meaning. The writer would

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