Earls of Athole entertained James V. in 1528, and Queen Mary in 1563, and there is abundant proof of their existence in the next century. Sir Ewan Cameron of Lochiel is traditionally said to have slain the last in Lochaber in 1680, and this has till recently been always quoted as the last Scottish Wolf; but there is good traditional evidence that the brutes lingered much later in other parts of the Highlands. The last in Morayshire, and probably in Scotland, is said to have been slain by M'Queen of Pall-a-chrocain in 1743, and as that celebrated sportsman lived till 1797 the tradition was still fresh when two versions of it were independently recorded by the brothers Stuart, in the notes to their "Lays of the Deer Forest," and by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, in his wellknown "Account of the Moray Floods of 1829." For further details on this interesting subject I must refer the reader to Mr. Harting's excellent papers quoted above, and to Mr. J. Hardy's observations, published in the "History of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club" (IV., pp. 268-292, vI., pp. 129-130).

Brown Bear.
Old Scot., Bar.

Family: URSIDAE.

2. URSUS ARCTOS, Linnaeus.

Gael., Math-ghamhainn, Mathan.

A skull and rib of the Brown Bear, found in a semi-fossil condition in peat moss in Dumfriesshire, was identified by the late Sir Wm. Jardine, and recorded by Dr. J. A. Smith (P. S. Antiq. Scotland, vIII., p. 216). This skull, Dr. Smith informs me, was purchased by him at the sale of the Applegarth collection, and presented to the Museum of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The species probably was exterminated at a comparatively early period, for although British Bears are mentioned by several classical writers (as Martial, Claudian, &c.), and once or twice in Saxon chronicles, there is no satisfactory record of their existence later than the ninth or tenth century. In Gaelic tradition the Bear appears in some mythical tales (Campbell, Tales of W. Highlands, 1., pp. 164-175), and is said to have given their name to the Mc Mhathains or Mathisons (Notes and Queries, 6th ser., XI., p. 105), but there appear to be now only vague traditions of its existence as a Scottish beast of chase.

ORDER II.: PROBOSCIDEA.

Family: ELEPHANTIDAE.

3. ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS, Blumenbach.

Fossil Elephant or Mammoth.

Remains of the Mammoth have been found in Scotland, both under and in the boulder-clay, the Rein-Deer being the only other Scottish Mammal whose bones have yet been found in deposits of such antiquity. A tusk was found between Edinburgh and Falkirk, and bones near Kilmaurs (Bald., Mem. Wern. Soc., IV., pp. 58-64), near Airdrie (Craig, P. Geol. S. Glasg., 11., p. 415), and at Cliftonhall (Cat. Western Scott. Fossils, p. 152), and a molar tooth, now in the Hunterian Museum of the University of Glasgow, near Bishopbriggs (Bryce, Geol. Arran and Clydesd.). Besides these, Professor W. Boyd Dawkins informs me that there are remains from Caithness-shire in the Kelvingrove Museum at Glasgow, and Mr. J. Kirsop tells me that he has a well preserved molar found at Baillieston, near Glasgow.

ORDER III.: PERISSODACTYLA.

Fossil Horse.

Family: EQUIDAE.

4. EQUUS CABALLUS, Linnaeus.

Bones of a small Horse, not distinguishable from the recent species, have been found in marl in Forfarshire (Lyell, Princ. Geol. II., p. 336), and in peat in Renfrewshire (Craig, Tr. Geol. S. Glasg., IV., p. 18). The latter specimens are preserved in the Hunterian Museum of the University of Glasgow. There is no reason to believe that the Horse survived in Scotland in a really wild state in historical times, although Boethius mentions Equi feri in the sixteenth century (Reg. Sc. Descr., fol. ix.), and John Taylor, in his "Pennyles Pilgrimage," speaks of having seen "wild horses" in Braemar in 1618, for in both cases ordinary hill-ponies are probably

[Family: RHINOCERONTIDAE.]

[RHINOCEROS, sp. ?-Horns of a Rhinoceros are stated to have been found in marl-pits in Forfarshire, and in Blair-Drummond Moss (Fleming, New Phil. Journ., XI., p. 297), but it seems probably that the specimens in question were the horn-sheaths of one of the Fossil Oxen (cf. Smith, P. S. Antiq. Scotland, IX., pp. 636-638).]

ORDER IV.: ARTIODACTYLA.

Wild Boar.

Family: SUIDAE.

5. SUS SCROFA, Linnaeus.

Old Scot., Baar (Ang.-Sax., bar, a boar).

Gael., Torc, Torc-neimh (lit., fierce boar), Cullach, Fiadh-chullach (lit., wild swine).

Scottish Wild Boars have not only left their remains in marl-pits and peat-bogs (Lyell, Princ. Geol., 11., p. 356), but have had their memory preserved both in tradition and in history. In Gaelic they are mentioned as beasts of chase in the Fionnean fragments of poetry, and they play an important part in such mythical legends as that of "Diarmid and the Magic Boar" (cf. Campbell, Tales of the West Highlands, I., p. xci., III., pp. 36-90, Iv., p. 168). When the Baron of Avenel granted certain rights in Eskdale to the monks of Melrose in the reign of Malcolm IV. (1153–1165) he specially reserved the right of hunting the Wild Boar (Morton, Ann. Teviotdale, p. 273), but in the next century Boars appear to have required special protection, for in 1263 there is an item in the accounts of the Sheriff of Forfar for corn for the Porci sylvestris (Innes, Scotl. in Middle Ages, p. 123). How much later they existed in Scotland, I have been unable to ascertain.

Elk.

Family: CERVIDAE.

6. ALCES MACHLIS, Ogilby.

Gael., Lon (lit., food, a beast fit for food), Miol (lit., the wild beast).

The palaeontological evidence that the true Elk was formerly a native of Scotland has been fully discussed in Dr. J. A. Smith's

excellent memoir (P. S. Antiq. Scotland, 1x., pp. 297-345), where will be found full details of the discovery of its remains in Sutherland, Perth, Forfar, East and Mid Lothian, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles, and Berwickshire. In England its antlers have been found associated with Romano-British remains, but historic evidence of its date of extinction in Britain is wanting. Aldrovandus quotes Julius Capitolinus as to certain Cervi palmati which were brought from Britain, and exhibited in the games of the Emperor Gordian (in the 4th century), but there can be no certainty as to the species meant (cf. Scoular, J. Geol. Soc. Dublin, I., pp. 197209). Whittaker, in his "History of Manchester," suggests, that the traditional animal named Segh by the Welsh may have been the Elk, and the Highlanders still preserve stories of a gigantic extinct Deer, which they term either Miol (Scrope, Days of Deerstalking, p. 344, foot-note) or Lon. In the older fragments of Gaelic poetry it is described as the chief object of the chase of Fionn and his followers, and several descriptive epithets are applied to it, as luath, swift, dubh, black or dark, and spagach, shambling (Campbell, Tales of W. Highlands, II., p. 102, Iv., pp. 163, 255). An ancient poem, quoted by the brothers Stuart in their "Lays of the Deer Forest" (II., p. 9), alludes to the Lon as a woodland animal

"'Us gòrm mheall-àild nam mìle guibhas,

Nan lub, nan earba, 's nan lon."

which they translate

"The blue height of a thousand pines,

Of Wolves and Roes and of Elks."

It does not appear improbable that the Elk may have survived in the great northern forests to a comparatively late period, and corroborative evidence is afforded by the fresh condition of a shed antler, discovered in Strath Halladale, Sutherlandshire, which is stated by Dr. Smith to have "apparently lost nothing of its animal or mineral constituents."

Rein-Deer.

7. RANGIFER TARANDUS (Linnaeus).

As in the case of the Elk, we are indebted to Dr. J. A. Smith for a careful study of the history of the Rein-Deer as a Scottish species (P. Soc. Antiq. Scotland, VIII., pp. 186-222), and I must refer the reader to his excellent paper for full details of the discovery of its remains in Orkney, Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, West Lothian,

Lanark, Dumbarton, Ayr, and Dumfriesshire. These have been found both under the boulder-clay and in comparatively recent deposits, and in Caithness and Sutherland they are associated with human remains in the ruined "Brochs." Attention was long ago directed by Fleming (Brit. An., p. 27) to a passage in Torfaeus in which he states that the Jarls of Orkney of the 12th century were in the habit of passing over to Caithness to chase the Roe and Rein-Deer (Rer. Orcad. Hist., lib. i., cap. xxxvi.). The source from which Torfaeus copied was undoubtedly the "Orkneyinga Saga," and the original passage in Jonas Jonaeus' editio princeps (Hafniae, 1780, p. 384) is as follows:

"Thar var sithr Jarla naer hvert sumar at fara yfer á Katanes oc thar upp á merkr at veida rauddyri edr hreina."

This Jonaeus renders—

"Solebant Comites quavis fere aestate in Katenesum transire ibique in desertis feras rubras & rangiferos venari."

In the English edition of Jon A. Hjaltalin and G. Goudie (Edinburgh, 1873, p. 182) the words are translated

"Every summer the Earls were wont to go over to Caithness and up into the forests to hunt the red-deer or the rein-deer."

Through the kindness of Professor Newton I have obtained the opinion of the celebrated Icelandic scholar Mr. Eiríkr Magnusson, of Cambridge, who informs me that neither version is quite correct as regards the latter words. The literal translation is—

"It was the custom for the Earls (Rögnvald and Harald) nearly every summer to go over into Caithness and then up into the woods to hunt reddeer or reins."

Mr. Magnusson further observes that the word edr has two meanings, equivalent to the Latin sive and vel, and he therefore considers it uncertain whether the proper reading is that they went to hunt either Red-Deer or Rein-Deer, or whether, as appears to him more likely, the Sagaman was under the impression that rauddyr and hrein were synonymous terms.

It will thus be seen that the evidence of the "Orkneyinga Saga" as to the survival of Rein-Deer in Scotland till the 12th century is much less positive than has been generally represented. On the other hand, it receives a certain amount of confirmation from the fact already noticed, that remains of the animals have been found in the ruined" Brochs" of the northern counties, and also from a rude figure on a sculptured stone, copied by Dr. Smith, which certainly appears to be intended to represent a Rein-Deer. This