carried disorder, misery, and despair to the highest pitch. At length Napoleon entrusted the command of his shattered army to Murat, and hastened himself, under the strictest incognito, to Paris. Marshals, officers of high and low rank, all who could, followed the example of their emperor. No company kept long together. The sole object of all was to save life.

Capture of the British frigate Macedonia by the American frigate United States.

Battle of Witepsk.

Battle of the Beresina.

The Americans invade Canada, and are der, after several sanguinary battles.

Battle of Kalisch.

Oct. 25, 1812.

Nov. 14, 1812.

Nov. 26-28, 1812.

compelled to surrenAug.-Nov., 1812. Feb. 13, 1813.

Capture of the British sloop Peacock by the American ship

Hornet.

Treaty of Kalisch.

Feb. 25, 1813.

Feb. 28, 1813.

Between Russia and Prussia. Russia engaged to provide 150,000 men for the ensuing war with France, and Prussia at least 80,000, exclusive of garrisons. By a secret article, Russia undertook that Prussia should be reinstated in all the dominions which she had possessed before 1806, except Hanover.

Berlin evacuated by the French.

Mar. 4, 1813.

Sixth coalition against France formed by Russia and Prussia.

Capture of Fort George, Canada, by the Americans.

Invasion of Silesia by Napoleon I.

May 27, 1813.

May 31, 1813.

June 1, 1813.

Capture of the American frigate Chesapeake by the British frigate Shannon.

The action, which only lasted a quarter of an hour, was fought near Boston, in the presence of a large number of Americans who lined the shore. The strength of the rival frigates was as follows:

The former had 46 men killed and 106 wounded, and the latter 24 killed and 59 wounded.

The Armistice of Poischewitz.

June 4, 1813.

Concluded between Napoleon and the allied Russian and German sovereigns. It was to last till July 20, with six days' notice of termination.

The Convention of Reichenbach.

June 14, 1813.

This convention, concluded between Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and finally Austria, laid the foundation of the fifth coalition against France. Great Britain agreed to pay a subsidy of £666,666 sterling for the maintenance of 80,000 men during the remaining six months of the year. If the allied arms should prove successful, Prussia was to be reinstated in the dominions she possessed before 1806. Prussia agreed to keep in the field an army of 160,000 men, for which she was to receive from Great Britain £1,333,334 to January 1, 1814. It was also agreed to issue five millions in notes, of which Russia was to dispose of two-thirds, and Prussia of the remainder.

Battle of Vittoria.

Battle of the Pyrenees.

The India trade thrown open by 53 Geo. III. c. 155.

Capture of the American sloop Argus by the British frigate

Pelican.

Battle of Katzbach and Dresden.

Capture of St. Sebastian.

War declared against Sweden by Denmark.

Battle of Dennewitz.

July 1, 1813.

Aug. 14, 1813.

Capture of an English squadron on Lake Erie, North America,

by the Americans.

Severe famine in Poland.

Sep. 10, 1813. Aug., Sep., 1813.

Passage of the Bidassoa forced by Sir Arthur Wellesley, and the entrance into France effected. Treaty of Gulistan.

Oct. 7, 1813. Oct. 12, 1813.

Between Persia and Russia. Persia was obliged to cede to Russia the whole of Daghestan, the Khanats of Kuba, Shirvan, Baku, Salian, Talishah, Karaachb, and Gandsha, to resign all claims to Shularegi, Kharthli, Kachethi, Imeritia, Guria, Mingrelia, and Abchasia, and to admit the Russian flag on the Caspian Sea. Battle of Mockern.

Battle of Leipsic.

Battle of Hanau.

Battle of St. Jean de Luz.

Oct. 16, 1813.

A revolution breaks out in Holland, and the French authori

ties are dismissed.

The Prince of Orange lands in Holland, and is proclaimed Sovereign Prince.

Nov. 15, 1813.

Nov. 30, 1813.

The French Legislative Council dissolved by Napoleon.

Dec. 31, 1813.

Peace of Kiel.

Jan. 14, 1814.

Denmark ceded

Concluded between Denmark, Sweden, and Great Britain. Norway to Sweden, reserving, however, Greenland, Faroe Islands, and Iceland,

which were regarded as dependencies of Norway. Sweden, on her side, gave up to Denmark Swedish Pomerania and the Isle of Rügen. All the Danish colonies, except Heligoland, which had been taken by the English, were restored. Sweden engaged to use her best efforts to obtain for Denmark an equivalent for Norway at the general peace. This treaty founded the present system of the North. Sweden withdrew entirely from her connection with Germany, and became a purely Scandinavian power.

Return of Pius VII. to Rome.

Battle of Brienne.

Battle of La Rothière.

Jan. 23, 1814.

Jan. 29, 1814.

Feb. 1, 1814.

Naples concludes an alliance with Austria, Jan. 11, and with England.

Battles of Fontainebleau and Montereau.

Battles of Bar-sur-Aube and Orthez.

Battle of Craonne.

Feb. 3, 1814.

Feb. 17 & 18, 1814.

Battle of Bergen-op-Zoom.

Battle of Laon.

Battle of Tarbes.

Feb. 27, 1814.

Mar. 7, 1814.

Mar. 8, 1814.

Mar. 9 & 10, 1814.

Mar. 20, 1814.

Mar. 28, 1814.

Mar. 30, 1814.

Capture of the American frigate Essex by the British frigates Phoebe and Cherub.

Surrender of Paris to the allied armies.

The following day the Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia entered Paris at the head of 36,000 men, amidst the acclamations of the people. The Emperor of Russia now issued a declaration, expressive of the intentions of himself and the other allied sovereigns. It affirmed that they would no more treat with Napoleon Buonaparte, nor with any of his family; that they respected the integrity of France as it existed under its legitimate kings, and they would recognize and guarantee the constitution which France should adopt. On the 1st of April the Senate assembled, pursuant to an extraordinary convocation. Talleyrand was appointed President, and its first act was to nominate a provisional government, consisting of five persons, the president himself being at the head. It then passed a decree, declaring that "Napoleon had forfeited the throne, that the right of inheritance was abolished in his family, and that the French people and army were absolved from their oath of fidelity to him." It proclaimed that man a tyrant whose despotism it had so long facilitated by its adulation. Dissolution of the Kingdom of Italy.

Apr. 4, 1814. Abdication of Napoleon in favour of his son (his son was born March 20, 1811).

Apr. 4, 1814.

It was not till seven days after that Napoleon signed an unconditional resignation of the crown of France and Italy, both for himself and his heirs. The Emperor of Russia and the French Provisional Government assured him a pension of 2,000,000 francs, and an asylum in the Isle of Elba, of which he was to have the sovereignty, and to retain the title of Emperor. A formal convention to this effect was signed April 11.

Battle of Toulouse.

Apr. 10, 1814.

Bourbon dynasty restored to France in the person of Louis
XVIII.
May 3, 1814.

Wearied with the imperial yoke, and with continual war, France hailed the return of peace with acclamations of joy and hope. The senators, in conjunction with some others, formed a Chamber of Peers. At the same time was convened the legislative body of the empire, which formed the Chamber of Deputies; and Louis, who had declared his determination to adopt a liberal constitution, granted the charter, which, notwithstanding some omissions and imperfections, contained sufficient guarantees for liberty. The new constitutional charter was presented to the nation by the King on the 4th of June. It contained the principles of a limited monarchy; as, the equality of all Frenchmen in the eye of the law; the equal obligation of all to contribute to the expenses of the State; the equal right of all Frenchmen to all offices; personal liberty; the free exercise of religion, and the liberty of the press; the security of property; oblivion of the past; and the suppression of the conscription. The person of the king (in whom was vested the executive power, the command of the forces of the kingdom, the right of declaring war and making peace, of appointing officers, and proposing and publishing the laws) was declared to be inviolable; the legislative power was vested in him in conjunction with the two chambers; laws relating to imposts and taxes were required to be presented first to the Chamber of Deputies; and the Legislature was required to grant the civil list of the king for the period of his reign. The king convoked the Chambers, named the peers, hereditary or personal, prorogued the Chambers, and dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, but was required to summon a new one within three months. The Chamber of Deputies was to be composed of deputies chosen by the electoral colleges, one-fifth part to be renewed yearly; to be eligible as a deputy, it was necessary to be forty years old, and pay 1,000 francs of direct taxes. On the 14th of May Louis created the new

Ministry.

Arrival of Napoleon at Elba.

May 4, 1814.

Ferdinand VII. of Spain solemnly restored at Madrid.

Peace of Paris.

May 14, 1814.

May 30, 1814.

This important treaty was concluded between France on the one side, and Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. France was not only suffered to retain the limits of 1792, but some additions were even made to them by annexing certain districts of the Ardennes, the Moselle, the Lower Rhine, the Ain, as well as part of Savoy, and by confirming her possession of Avignon, the Venaissin, and other places, comprising in the whole 150 square miles, with a population of nearly half a million souls. Holland was to be placed under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, and to receive an accession of territory. The States of Germany were to be independent, and united by a confederation; the revival of the German Empire being thus tacitly negatived. The independence of Switzerland was recognized. Italy, except the portion to be restored to Austria, was to be composed of sovereign states. Great Britain was to possess Malta and its dependencies; while on the other hand she engaged to restore to France all the colonies possessed by that country on the 1st of January, 1792, except Tobago, St. Lucia, and the Isle of France; also that part of St. Domingo which had originally belonged to Spain, and which was now to be restored to that country. Sweden also was to cede back Guadaloupe to France, and Portugal, French Guiana. The 32nd Article of the treaty provided for the assembly of a general congress at Vienna within two months, to regulate the arrangements that were to complete the present treaty.

The peace of Paris was followed by some subsidiary treaties. By a convention of June 3rd, between Austria and Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph restored to Austria the Tyrol, with the Vorarlberg, the principality of Salzburg, the district of the Inn and the Hausrück. During the visit of the Emperor Alexander and the King of Prussia to London in June, it was agreed that the Article of the peace of Paris stipulating the aggrandizement of Holland, should be carried out by the annexation of Belgium to that country, an arrangement which was accepted by the Sovereign of the Netherlands, July 21st, 1814. Great Britain, by a treaty concluded at London, August 13th, 1814, restored to that sovereign all the colonies of which Holland had been in possession on January 1st, 1803, except the Cape of Good Hope, Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice. Part of these were intended to compensate Sweden for relinquishing Guadaloupe; but the Swedish Government preferring a payment in money, Great Britain purchased their claims for a million sterling. Great Britain also paid to the sovereign of the Netherlands, in consideration of these colonies, a further sum of two millions sterling, to be employed in restoring the Belgian fortresses.

Visit of the Emperor of Russia and King
England.

Battle of Chippawa.

of Prussia to June 7, 1814. July 25, 1814.

A free constitution adopted by Holland, Mar. 28: the ten
provinces of Belgium are annexed to Holland. Aug. 1, 1814.
Restoration of the Jesuits and the Inquisition at Rome by
Pope Pius VII.
Aug. 7, 1814.
Prince Christian, afterwards King of Denmark, elected King
of Norway, May 17; he is compelled to abdicate by the
Swedes.

Aug. 14, 1814.

Aug. 15, 1814.

Battle of Fort Erie.
The City of Washington, United States, seized by the
British, its Capitol and other public buildings burnt; battle of
Bladensburg.

Battle of Bellair.

Aug. 24, 1814.
Aug. 30, 1814.

Capture of an English squadron, by the Americans, on Lake Champlain, North America.

Battle of Baltimore.

Congress at Vienna holds its sittings.

Sep. 11, 1814.

Sep. 12, 1814.

Oct. 2, 1814.

The Congress was composed of the Kings of Prussia and Denmark, the Emperor of Russia, the King of Bavaria, and other sovereign princes, with the plenipotentiaries from Great Britain, Austria, Spain, France, Portugal, &c. After an anxious suspense, it stipulated the condition France was to hold her position among the powers of Europe. It decreed that Louis XVIII. should cede to the allies the important fortresses of Landau, Saar-Louis, Phillipville, and Marienburg, with the duchy of Bouillon, Versoix, and part of the territory of Gex, to be yielded to the Helvetic confederacy; the works of Huningen to be dismantled; and France engaged not to erect others within the distance of three leagues from Basle, thus leaving a free passage into the heart of France. Seventeen of the principal towns on the frontiers of French Flanders, Champagne, Lorrain, and Alsace, among which were Condé, Valenciennes, Cambray, &c., the