bulwarks of the Flemish and Germanic frontier, to be delivered up to the allies, to be held in trust for five years by an army of occupation consisting of a hundred and fifty thousand men, maintained solely at the expense of France. An assessment was also levied on the latter of seven hundred millions of francs, to be divided among the allies, and defrayed at periods specified in a separate convention. Conditions so degrading Marlborough and Eugene had never attempted to impose after ten victorious campaigns. Such, however, was the mode adopted by the allies to maintain the imbecile monarch on his inglorious and improvident throne. War declared by the British against the Nepaulese, owing to the latter's encroachments on the British frontier in India. Nov. 1, 1814. Charles XIII., King of Sweden, accepts the constitution adopted by the diet of Eidsvold (Apr. 11), which declares Norway a free, independent, indivisible, and inalienable state, united to Sweden under the same king. Nov. 4, 1814. Victor Emanuel I., of Sardinia, restored to his kingdom, and returns to Turin: Geneva is annexed to Sardinia. Dec. 14, 1814. Treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain signed at Ghent. Dec. 24, 1814. The articles of this treaty chiefly related to the disputes respecting boundaries, for the determination of which it was agreed that commissioners should reciprocally be appointed. Each nation engaged to put an end to all hostilities that might be subsisting between them and the Indian tribes, and to restore to them all the possessions and privileges which appertained to them previous to such hostilities. Both parties likewise covenanted to continue their efforts for the abolition of the slave-trade. No notice whatever was taken of the circumstances which occasioned the war. The Heteria, a secret society for the independence of Greece, founded. 1814. Jan. 13, 1815. Return of Napoleon from Elba: he lands at Cannes with 1000 Siege of New Orleans. men. Mar. 1, 1815. New alliance against Napoleon formed by England, Austria, Austria cedes most of her Belgian possessions to Holland, Mar. 19, 1815. The independence of Switzerland acknowledged by the Congress of Vienna. Treaty of Vienna. Mar. 20, 1815. The chief articles of the treaty concerned Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Germany. As regards Italy, the King of Sardinia was reinstated in his territories, according to the boundaries of 1792, with some alterations on the side of Geneva. To his states was united Genoa, as a duchy, according to the boundaries of that republic, in 1792, and contrary to the promises made to Genoa. 2. The Emperor of Austria united with his hereditary states the new Lombardo-Venetian provinces formerly belonging to Austria, the Valteline, Bormio, and Chiavenna, separated from the Grisons, besides Mantua and Milan. Istria, however, was united with the Germanic-Austrian kingdom of Illyria; Dalmatia, with Ragusa and Cattaro, constituting a distinct Austrian kingdom. 3. The valley of the Po was adopted as the boundary between the States of the Church and Parma; otherwise, the boundaries of January 1, 1792, were retained. The Austrian house of Este again received Modena, Reggio, Mirandola, Massa, and Carrara. 4. The Empress Maria Louisa received the state of Parma, as a sovereign duchess, but, by the treaty of Paris, of June 10, 1817, only for life, it having been agreed that the Duchess of Lucca and her descendants should inherit it. 5. The Archduke Ferdinand of Austria became again Grand Duke of Tuscany, to which were joined the State Degli Presidj, the former Neapolitan part of the island of Elba, the principality of Piombino, and some small included districts, formerly fiefs of the German empire. The Prince Buoncompagni Ludovisi retained all his rights of property in Elba and Piombino. 6. The Infanta, Maria Louisa, received Lucca, of which she took possession as a sovereign duchy, 1817, with an annuity of 500,000 francs, till the reversion of Parma. 7. The territories of the Church were all restored, with the exception of the strip of land on the left bank of the Po; and Austria retained the right of maintaining garrisons in Ferrara and Commacchio. 8. Ferdinand IV. was again recognized as King of the Two Sicilies. Britain retained Malta, and was declared the protectress of the United Ionian Islands. Holland and Belgium were erected into the kingdom of the Netherlands, in favour of the Prince of Orange, with the title of William I. A federative constitution was established for Germany, with a diet to be held at Frankfort; the Kings of Denmark and the Netherlands to be members of the confederation. Bavaria received her former Palatine possessions, with Würtzburg, Aschaffenburg, and what is called Rhenish Bavaria. Prussia was compensated with about a third part of Saxony and her present Rhenish provinces. As regards Poland:-1. The city of Cracow, with its territory, was to be governed by its own laws, as a free and independent republic. 2. The country on the right bank of the Vistula, with the circle of Tamapola, which had been ceded to Russia by the Peace of Vienna, was restored to Austria. 3. The circles of Culm and Michelan, the city of Thorn and its territory, the department of Posen, with the exception of the circles of Powitz and Peysern, and part of the department of Kalisch, as far as the Prozna, excluding the city and circle of that name, were ceded to the King of Prussia, who united Dantzic, Thorn, Culm, and Michelan with West Russia, and from the remainder (11,400 square miles, with 847,000 inhabitants) formed the grand duchy of Posen, and appointed Prince Radziwill governor. All the rest were united with the Russian empire, under the name of the "kingdom of Poland," but with a separate administration, and such a territorial extent as the Russian emperor should see fit. The Emperor Alexander, therefore, assumed the title of Czar and King of Poland, and received homage in Warsaw. Baden joins the allies against Napoleon I. Mar. 25, 1815. Mar. 29, 1815. Abolition of the Slave-trade in France by Napoleon I. War declared by Austria against Naples, owing to the latter having united with Napoleon I. Apr. 10, 1815. Apr. 27, 1815. The whole of Kemaoon (Hindostan) ceded to the British. Battle of Tolentino. May 3, 1815. May 16, 1815. Convention of Casa Lanzi, concluded by the Austrian generals and the English minister of Naples with the commander-inchief of the Neapolitan army, for the surrender of Naples, and the restoration of Ferdinand IV. to the Neapolitan throne. Flight of Murat, King of Naples, from Italy. May 20, 1815. Denmark cedes Pomerania and Rügen to Prussia, and receives Lauenburg and a pecuniary compensation as indemnity. Invasion of Belgium by Napoleon. June 4, 1815. June 15, 1815. Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras. June 16, 1815. Restoration of Ferdinand IV. to the throne of Naples, under the title of Ferdinand I., King of the Two Sicilies. Battle of Waterloo. June 17, 1815. June 18, 1815. Cracow (Poland) made a free republic. The Czar Alexander I. is proclaimed King of Poland at Warsaw. Second abdication of Napoleon. Return of Louis XVIII. to Paris. June 20, 1815. June 22, 1815. July 6, 1815. Surrender of Napoleon to Captain Maitland, of H.M.S. the Bellerophon. July 15, 1815. Napoleon transferred to H.M.S. Northumberland, at Torbay, and sent to St. Helena. The Holy Alliance. Aug. 8, 1815. Sep. 26, 1815. A treaty between Russia, Austria, and Prussia, couched in the most solemn language, in which the contracting parties declared their resolution to take for their sole guide, both in their domestic administration and foreign relations, the precepts of the holy religion of Christ their Saviour. In consequence they bound themselves to the observance of three articles :-The first of these united them in a fraternity of mutual assistance, and in the common protection of religion, peace, and justice; which in the second article was explained to mean, that they regarded themselves as delegated by Providence to govern three branches of one and the same Christian nation, of which the Divine Being, under his three characters, was the sole real sovereign. The third article declared a readiness to receive into the holy alliance all the powers who should solemnly avow the sacred principles which had dictated it. Subsequent events seem to indicate, that a resolution to support the authority of each other against any revolutionary 1 movement among their own subjects, was the real object of this mystical combination of princes, veiled by so thick a mantle of religion. Murat, ex-King of Naples, lands in Calabria, and attempts to recover his throne, October 8. He is captured, tried by courtmartial, and shot. Arrival of Napoleon at St. Helena. Second peace of Paris. Oct. 13, 1815. Oct. 16, 1815. Nov. 20, 1815. Between the French and the allies. France was now deprived of part of the territories which the peace of 1814 had left her. The sum of £28,000,000 was to be paid to the allies for the expenses of the war. A number of fortresses extending along the northern frontier were to be occupied by an allied army at the expense of France for a certain number of years. The museum of the Louvre was stripped of all those fruits of conquest which had rendered it the repository of the most famous works of art in Europe, and they were restored to their original proprietors. It had been the pride and boast of Napoleon to collect those pieces of ancient and modern art, and to send them to the French capital as trophies of his victories. These spoliations were now reclaimed, and restored to Germany, to Flanders, and to Italy. Venice received back the famous Corinthian horses; Florence, the Venus de Medicis; Rome, the Apollo Belvidere, and chefs d'œuvres of Raphael and Michael Angelo. War between the British and the Nepaulese ended by the treaty of Segoulee. Dec. 2, 1815. By this treaty the English demanded that all claims on the hill Rajas west of the Kaler river should be abandoned; the cession of the whole of the Terye ; the restoration of conquered territory to the Kajah of Sikkim; and a British residency at Katmandoo. It was signed on the above date, but the signature of the rajah having been withheld, the English again took the field, and the Nepaulese, after having sustained several severe defeats, offered to treat, and the unsigned treaty of 1815 was duly ratified, March 4, 1816. Execution of Marshal Ney. Dec. 7, 1815. Erection of Brazil into a kingdom, by John, Prince Regent of Portugal. Dec. 16, 1815. The Phigalian marbles purchased by the British Museum for £19,000. 1815. A decree issued by the Allied sovereigns, permanently excluding the Buonaparte family from the throne of France. Jan. 12, 1816. Marriage of the Princess Charlotte of Great Britain with Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. May 2, 1816. Arrival of Lord Amherst's embassy at Tien-tsin, China: he refuses to perform the ko-tow, or prostration before the emperor, and consequently returns without accomplishing the results of the mission. Bombardment of Algiers. Aug. 12, 1816. Aug. 27, 1816. Serious riots in London, which originate at a meeting held in A popular meeting of the distressed manufacturers and mechanics, to get up a petition to the Prince Regent, was held November 15. It was followed by another meeting, December 2, when, after some violent speeches, the mob, headed. by a man named Watson, marched towards the city, and broke into the gunmakers' shops, searching for arms, and committed much injury before the military succeeded in suppressing them. The Elgin marbles purchased by the British Museum for £35,000. Commencement of the "Green Bag" inquiry. 1816.. Feb. 3, 1817.. This was an investigation into the nature of the contents of a green bag full of papers, alleged to be of a seditious character, which was laid before parliament by the Prince Regent. Secret committees were appointed by both Houses, and bills for the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, and for the prevention of seditious meetings, were passed. Cash payments partially resumed by the Bank of England. Sep. 22, 1817.. Treaty between Great Britain and Spain, for the suppression of the slave-trade. Sep. 23, 1817.. A Treaty abolishing slave-trade signed between England and the King of Madagascar (Radama the Great), at Tamatave. Oct. 18, 1817.. Battle of Kirkee. Conclusion of the Pindaree War. Feb. 5, 1818. May 9, 1818. This war had commenced the latter part of the preceding year, between the British in India and the Pindarees and Mahrattas. The British were entirely successful. The territorial results of the war were considerable. Besides country set apart for the Rajah of Sattara, 50,000 square miles of the Peshwa's dominions had been annexed. From Holkar were obtained various territories in Candeish, the Satpoora Hills, and the Deccan From Scindia were claimed back various districts usurped from the Peshwa; and, by means of exchanges, the important province of Ajmeer, on the borders of Rajpootana, passed under British rule. The acquisitions from Nagpore comprised the eastern portion of the valley of the Nerbudda, extending north and east to the district of Saugur, recently annexed, and by the wild country spreading to Bengal and Orissa, which was also ceded, completing the communication with Bengal. Various convenient exchanges were also effected with the Nizam and the Guicowar, chiefly of intermixed territories. The King of Bavaria grants a constitutional charter to his subjects. May 26, 1818. F |