has a population numbering upwards of two and a half millions. The force is comprised of 2 ordained missionaries and their wives and I unordained native preacher, with 4 teachers and I other worker. There is I place for holding religious services. There are 9 communicants, I having been added during the year. The average attendance at these services has been 34. The one Sabbath school has a membership of 20, though its average attendance has been 48. The people during the year have given £T.10.06 ($44.26) for religious work and £T.59.15 ($260.26) for educational work.

A small boys' school was started at Kortcha and run during the year, with an attendance of 35. There has also been a night school conducted three nights a week, with an attendance of 25. The attendance at the girls' school has been 70. So the work is slowly opening up, and it is hoped and expected that in these days of unparalleled opportunity in Albania the teachings and life of Jesus Christ will find their way in power through these missionaries and their institutions into the heart of the Albanian race.

THE WORK UNDER THE CONSTITUTION

It is unnecessary to repeat what has been written and printed in so many forms and places about the changes wrought by the proclamation of the constitution in July, 1908. The lifting of the censorship and of the restrictions on missionary touring and colportage in European Turkey is a cause for profoundest gratitude. It is too early yet to speak with confidence about the constitutional government. The first furor of the people over their newly granted liberty was detrimental to spiritual work among them. The constitutional clubs, wherever organized, have been holding their meetings on Sundays. For a time in some places courses of popular lectures on political and economic subjects on Sunday forenoons were given at about the time for preaching services. Women's auxiliaries to the clubs were organized and their meetings held Sunday afternoons. Sunday schools were even established in which illiterates were taught reading and writing and other rudimentary branches. Not only did these various attractions practically terminate the attendance of outsiders at the mission services, but they were also a sore temptation to the evangelical Christians to neglect divine worship. But now the Sunday lectures, club meetings, secular Sunday schools, etc., seem to be neglected and dying. Meanwhile the old, old story is reasserting its attractive power. The tide is turning. Congregations are increasing, and there is greater apparent interest in spiritual things than has been the case for years in Macedonia.

PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT

It has been a record year in the distribution of tracts. Last year we reported the distribution as the largest in the history of the mission. This year the number has been considerably more than doubled. This sudden and great upward bound is not to be accounted for wholly by the large

number of tracts distributed at the time of the jubilee meetings at Sofia, but indicates that generally throughout the mission the tract is being more appreciated and more largely used. The amount received for sales of books was also the largest in the statistical history of the mission press, although the number of volumes sold was not quite up to that of the previous year. The feature of the book sales this year was the sale of the new edition of the "Hymn and Tune Book." Portions of the Bible in Bulgarian were for the first time this year printed in Bulgaria. That the mission has issued the first locally printed Scripture portions is a matter of congratulation.

Of the 72 different tracts, free distribution was made of 84,870 copies. There was a sale of 2,256 copies of 44 different bound books and 716 copies of 3 different books in sheets, the income from the sales making a total of $636.20. Twenty-six new tracts and five new editions of old tracts were printed; also parts of two books, new editions, the total number of both tracts and books amounting to 903,934 pages. The Scripture portion printed was of 176 pages in 5,000 copies, the total number of pages being 880,000. The Zornitsa has increased its circulation during the last six years from 880 to 1,364, a gain of fifty-five per cent. It offers a good field for investment.

WESTERN TURKEY MISSION

Literary Department for the Three Missions in Asiatic Turkey

CONSTANTINOPLE.-George F. Herrick, D.D., Henry S. Barnum, D.D., Herbert M. Allen, Ordained; Mrs. Helen M. Herrick, Mrs. Helen P. Barnum, Mrs. Ellen R. Allen.

General Missionary Work

SMYRNA (1820).-Alexander MacLachlan, Charles K. Tracy, Ordained; Samuel L. Caldwell, Teacher; Mrs. Rose H. MacLachlan, Mrs. May S. Tracy, Mrs. Carrie B. Caldwell, Miss Ilse C. Pohl, Miss Minnie B. Mills, Miss Emily McCallum.

CONSTANTINOPLE (1831).-Joseph K. Greene, D.D., Charles T. Riggs, Ordained; William W. Peet, Treasurer and Business Agent, Unordained; Mrs. Mathilde M. Greene, Mrs. Mary R. Riggs, Mrs. Martha H. Peet, Miss Anna B. Jones, Mrs. Etta D. Marden. Residing at Brousa.-Miss Harriet G. Powers.

Residing at Bardezag.-Robert Chambers, D.D., T. J. S. Ferguson, Ordained; Mrs. Elizabeth L. Chambers, Mrs. Amy S. Ferguson.

Gile.

Residing at Adabazar.-Miss Laura Farnham, Miss Mary E. Kinney, Miss Madeline

Teachers in American College for Girls.- Miss Mary M. Patrick, PH.D., Miss Isabella F. Dodd, Miss Ida W. Prime.

TREBIZOND (1835).-L. S. Crawford, D.D., Ordained; Mrs. Olive T. Crawford. SIVAS (1851).-Henry T. Perry, Ernest C. Partridge, Ordained; Charles E. Clark, M.D., Unordained; Mrs. Mary H. Perry, Mrs. Winona G. Partridge, Mrs. Ina V. Clark, Miss Nina E. Rice, Miss Lillian F. Cole.

MARSOVAN (1852).-Charles C. Tracy, D.D., Edward Riggs, D.D., Theodore A. Elmer, Ordained; Alden R. Hoover, M.D., Dana K. Getchell, Unordained; Mrs. Myra P. Tracy, Mrs. Sarah H. Riggs, Mrs. Henrietta M. Elmer, Mrs. Esther F. Hoover, Mrs. Susan R. Getchell, Mrs. Sarah S. Smith, Miss Charlotte R. Willard, Miss Claribel Platt, Miss Mary I. Ward.

CESAREA (1854).-James L. Fowle, William S. Dodd, M.D., Henry K. Wingate, Herbert M. Irwin, Ordained; Wilfred M. Post, M.D., Unordained; Mrs. Caroline P. Fowle, Mrs. Mary L. Dodd, Mrs. Jane C. Wingate, Mrs. Genevieve D. Irwin, Mrs. Annie S. Post, Miss Fanny E. Burrage, Miss Stella N. Loughridge, Miss Adelaide S. Dwight, Miss Clara C. Richmond.

In this country.-James P. McNaughton, George E. White, D.D., Ordained; Mrs. Rebecca G. McNaughton, Mrs. Esther B. White, Miss Mary L. Graffam, Miss Susan W. Orvis, Miss Jeannie L. Jillson, Miss Annie M. Barker, Miss Gwen Griffiths, Miss Annie T. Allen.

Associated with the mission, not under appointment.-Mrs. George Constantine, Dr. and Mrs. Jesse K. Marden, Miss Sophia Newnham, Miss Myra Barnes, Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Lawrence, Mr. Leo C. Lake, Mr. George McDonald, Miss Hattie L. Hale, Miss Jaynes, Miss Isabella M. Coleman, Miss Georgia Ely.

Six central stations; 98 outstations; 21 ordained men, one of them a physician; 3 other physicians; 2 teachers; I treasurer and business agent; 27 wives; 28 single women; total missionary force, 82. There are 38 native pastors; 37 other native preachers; 304 native teachers; 18 Bible-women; 10 other native helpers; 121 places for stated preaching; average congregations, 13,477; 43 churches, 16 of which are entirely self-supporting; 4,630 members, 224 received on confession this year; 117 Sunday schools, with 11,046 pupils; 1 theological seminary, with 3 studying for the ministry; 3 colleges, with 572 students; 15 boarding and high schools, with 1,633 students, 765 of them girls; 140 other schools, with 5,867 pupils; total under instruction, 8,002. There are 3 hospitals, with 3,901 patients; 3 dispensaries, where 20,107 treatments were given. Native contributions for Christian work, $16,270; for education, $64,737; total, $81,007.

Rev. and Mrs. T. J. S. Ferguson, who have been assisting in the work at Bardezag the past year, have received full appointment as missionaries of the Board. Miss Clara C. Richmond goes out for the first time to engage in kindergarten work at Cesarea station. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, after forty years of service, have resigned their connection with the Board, and Dr. and Mrs. Carrington, according to previous arrangement, have severed their connection with the mission to enter upon independent hospital work at Constantinople. Mr. and Mrs. McNaughton, Dr. and Mrs. White, and the Misses Graffam, Orvis, Jillson, and Allen are now on regular furlough.

The area covered by this mission is as large as half the Atlantic seaboard, having a population of over ten millions. There are 82 missionaries in care of this field, with a force of over 400 native laborers. Of the 44 organized churches, 14 are self-supporting. The Turkish, Armenian, and Greek languages are used. In the past forty years fully 10,000,000 pages of Christian and educational literature have been printed each year in these three languages, and millions more would be eagerly welcomed if there were money to publish them.

The reports characterize the year 1909 as an eventful and memorable one in the history of the mission. The events leading up to the taking of Constantinople by the Macedonian army, the establishment of martial law, the deposition of Sultan Hamid, and the placing of his brother on the throne, with the proclamation of liberty and true constitutional government, had their natural effect upon the work in every station of the mission. As yet the people can hardly realize the change and all that is involved therein, and an

element of uncertainty pervades all political, intellectual, and religious life. In the providence of God the stations of this mission were spared a repetition of the terrible scenes enacted in the territory of the Central Turkey Mission The mission says: "Western Turkey faces an opportunity unprecedented. Asia Minor, with over ten millions of souls, hitherto one of the most difficult and discouraging mission fields in the world, has, as if by the hand of God, become one of the most rewarding."

CONSTANTINOPLE STATION

The population of the entire Constantinople field, including Brousa, is a little over 4,000,000, 2,500,000 being Mohammedans. There are 44 foreign laborers, with 118 native assistants, having the care of 23 outstations, 14 churches, and 33 other preaching places; also 35 schools of all grades, with 1,909 pupils. The publication department reports an output of 8,946,276 pages. The native contributions for all work have been over $40,000.

Rev. B. F. Meyer visited Constantinople in the spring and conducted evangelistic services at several of the outstations, which were very largely attended and full of interest and profit.

Two members of this station, Dr. Greene and Dr. Herrick, passed the fiftieth milestone of their missionary service the past year. In a retrospect of these fifty years these veterans note three important changes in the conduct of the work: (1) the establishment of high schools and colleges; (2) the opening of hospitals and dispensaries; (3) the phenomenal increase in the number of women missionaries. In summing up the work of this long period Dr. Herrick optimistically says: "We who together have given a century of service to evangelistic work in the Ottoman empire exult in the privilege so long granted us of sharing in a work on which the divine blessing has so conspicuously rested, and we bid all who come after us to work with a confidence unshaken that advance in the years to come in all departments of our common work will be with accelerated velocity, will be with a wider constituency than heretofore, will enlist a vastly increased number of competent laborers, will do more than any other influence or agency to contribute to the safe and permanent establishment of real liberty and constitutional government and to the final triumph of the kingdom of God and of the church of Christ in this land."

Last November twenty-six of the church members worshiping at the Bible House formed themselves into an independent church, called the Emmanuel Church. This did not meet with the approval of all and has not yet been recognized by any ecclesiastical body.

The moral improvement society, organized since the declaration of the constitution, has had great influence in bringing Moslems and Christians to a better understanding of each other. Regular preaching services in Pera and Scutari have gone on as usual, and a debt of £T.300 has been paid off. The new pastor of the Langa church has realized the hopes of all in the successful way he has taken hold of the work. It is expected that the iradé

for building will soon be obtained. The work among the Greeks continues to prosper, and these people are beginning to understand that a man cannot be a good Greek without being a good Christian. The Bithynia Union has appointed a committee of the three Constantinople pastors to undertake evangelistic work and to aid the weaker churches. At Hasskeuy the preacher's relations with the whole community are happy, but the material condition of the people is a drawback to the work. Adrianople, the center of a large population, is still working toward a new church building, which is greatly needed. At Gedik Pasha there is a Turkish department in the Sunday school, and Turkish prayer meetings are held. The city missionary is doing a hopeful work, but money is needed to secure better quarters and to enlarge the work.

The Nicomedia section of the Constantinople station covers the greater part of the old Roman province of Bithynia, with a population of 261,000. There are II places of meeting in this section, with 3 self-supporting churches, having 461 communicants and an average attendance of some 15,000. The missionary work here is practically confined to the Armenian population. The pastors of the Adabazar and Bardezag churches are energetic and zealous men. The breach in the Nicomedia church has been healed, and large numbers of non-Protestants attend preaching services.

Brousa station is desirous of seeing the vacancy caused by the withdrawal of Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin filled as soon as possible. The conditions and needs of the field call for a man of experience and approved judgment, and it is hoped that after their furlough arrangements can be made for the temporary transfer of Mr. and Mrs. McNaughton to that field. Owing to the state of the country, a complete tour of this field has been impossible. A former preacher has returned to the Brousa church, and it is hoped that it will now take a new start. At Yeniji the church has held its own the past year and pecuniary conditions are improving. At Jerrah the congregations have increased fifty per cent and 7 new members have been added to the church. The Banderma church has met with a great loss in the death of its most promising member.

Educational Work.-The American College for Girls at Constantinople rejoices in the full permission of the Turkish government to move to its new site on the European side of the Bosporus. The college has become financially independent, though the ladies connected with the school desire to have their names continue on our list of missionaries. The college reports 82 students the past year.

Educational work is prominent in the Nicomedia field. The Bithynia High School for Boys has 13 teachers and 130 pupils. The new régime has produced a greater freedom in the mental attitude of the pupils toward religious and social questions. Fifteen graduated, the largest in the history of the school. The influence of the school among the middle classes of the whole country is great, but the problem of support is a very serious one.

The Girls' High School at Adabazar has had 141 pupils. The work done by this school is of high order. A normal training school for teachers is