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In equation (2) w equals the weight of one cubic foot of steam at pressure p, and in (2) and (3) equals the pressure of the atmosphere, or any pressure of steam less than p.

The value of v in (2) and (3) is the maximum velocity of flow when the expansive action of the steam is taken into account, and represents the rate of flow when the density of steam passing through the aperture is considered as equivalent to steam at pressure a.

Bat if we require the velocity of flow of steam of the same density as that in the boiler, we have :

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Absolute pressure of

the steam in pounds per square inch.

Volume of one pound of steam in cubic feet.]

Velocity into the atmosphere in feet per second of density, 1. Velocity into the atmosphere in feet per

second of density, .

Area of safety-valve opening in square inches per square foot of fire-grate.

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ary and Marine.

Locomotives.

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nearly touches the valve a. When the valve lifts by the steam in the boiler being only slightly in excess of the weight on the valve, very little steam passes; but if the steam continues to increase in pressure, the valve a is forced open, so that a passage equal, or nearly so, to the area of the valve is opened, and the steam is thereby prevented from increasing in pressure by being discharged from the boiler, from which we see that this small valve is at least twenty times as efficient as one of the disc kind five times its diameter.

It is well known that during the night, as well as at other times, the steam in boilers will rise and blow off from the safety valves, and often at a considerable pressure above that at which the valve is weighted, which in the case of old or strained boilers is very dangerous, and often has been the cause of the most disastrous explosions; for the fireman looks often to the safety. valve alone, without noticing the steam-gauge, and sometimes gauges get wrong as much as 201b., in which cases, when they happen together, the greatest danger is to be apprehended where the common safety-valve is used; but if one or two of these small valves had been placed on the boiler the excessive pressure would have been prevented. The construction of these valves is such that they are not liable to stick, and being small, and requiring comparatively about twenty times less weight, are better to handle and cheaper, as well as more efficient, than the large anwieldly valves used for high pressures, never requiring to be greater than about 1ğin. diameter for high-pressure boilers, and often not more than lin. diameter. For agricultural steam.engine boilers this valve need not exceed lin. diameter, and would liberate as much steam as the boiler could produce at 50lb. pressure. For locomotive boilers the diameter of the valve need not exceed 14in., and for the excessively large sta tionary boilers 2in. diameter will suffice, and in 32 X .0619 many cases lin. diameter will be ample. For inches as the area of the aperture in the class of valve need not exceed 2in. diameter, marine boilers, where the pressure is low, this safety-valve for the passage of steam from the but in many cases 1ĝin. diameter will be suffi boilers into the atmosphere. safety-valve knows that, when the steam is blow-float inside the boiler, and for that purpose need Anyone who has observed the common lever water valve by the application of a lever and cient. This valve is also applied to act as a low. ing off under the action of a hot fire, and no other exit open in the boiler for the escape of steam, the valve rises very little from its seat; in fact, if the valve be 5in. in diameter, it must rise 103in. from its seat to make the area of exit equal to 1.98in., us given by the table for a 32 square feet grate, the pressure being 801b. absolute. It is very probable that if this valve pressure would rise at least to 901b. before the was weighted to 80lb. on the square inch, the valve lifted ⚫103in.; and if the valve be of the disc kind, the pressure might rise to 1001b. before the valve lifted 103 in. To prevent the increase of pressure in steam boilers it is necessary to have a safety-valve that will open sufficiently to prevent much increase of pressure over and above that at which the valve is weighted to blow off, and, at the same time, not open too large an area for the escape of steam. It has been shown that A an opening of 1.98 square inch will prevent the detrimental increase of pressure in a boiler solute pressure within the boiler of 80lb. per having an area of firegrate of 32ft., and an absquare inch.

(11) is the velocity of the steam, a the area of the aperture allowed by the valve for admission to the cylinder, and V the velocity of the piston, A being its area. This being the case, we may presume fairly that the data are experimentally sufficient, and that no purely theore

tical areas are herein intended.

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The following table will give us the values of and v, when p is known, by using which, in equation (6), we get the values of a given in the table, also of a, for locomotives, which is simply a1 = 5 a

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A valve of the construction shown in the above figure, having a diameter of 1 in., and weighted to 80lb. on the square inch, will, before that pressure can be exceeded 11b., lift sufficiently to open an aperture equal, or nearly so, to 1.98 square inches; whilst a valve of the common kind would allow the steam to increase at least 10lb. above the working pressure before it would lift sufficiently to open an equal aperture. The valve a is a solid of revolution, or a portion of it, a sphere being sufficient so that it may have the chance of moving occasionally on its seat; b is the opening from the boiler, c being a guard valve a is weighted in the ordinary manner, through which the small spindle d passes. The

either by a lever and weight or direct. The valve-seating projects as shown at e, and very

of cases lin. will be sufficient. Several of these not exceed 1in. diameter, but in the majority valves are at work, and have been experimented will take a piece of writing-paper about lin. upon and found to be very efficient. If any one diameter, ard place it on the open part of the head of a common tobacco-pipe, and insert in the paper three small pins as guides, he will off the pipe by blowing down the stem. This find it utterly impossible to blow the paper disc simple experiment gives us a good insight into the nature of safety valves of the disc class.

THE CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE. LECTURE was recently delivered at the Royal Institution by Mr. Scott Russell upon the fire at the Crystal Palace. He divided the subject into three heads-first, a consideraunder the present circumstances is best to be tion of the mechanical construction of the building; secondly, the fire itself; and, lastly, what done. Tracing the rise of this class of structure from its primary conception by Sir Joseph Paxton to its practical realisation in the Great Exhibition of 1851, and its still further develop. ment as the "Crystal Palace" on Sydenham Hill, Mr. Russell explained the simple principles of its lightness, rigidity, and strength. The source of the fire was attributed to the generation of volumes of gas from too much coal being used in banking up the fires that heated the tro

pical court. Finally, considering the value of the magnificent collections contained in this sentatives of some of the best works of art in all beautiful building, their intrinsic value as reprethe wonderful Alhambra Court, and considering parts of the earth, and of all periods, especially also the great value, both morally and educationally, of these collections upon the mass of people who found at Sydenham innocent and advantageous enjoyment, that such a loss as had been Sustained was well worthy the assistance of Government to repair. But, as Mr. Russell wittily observed, the people are the Government in England, and therefore he thought the best thing they could do was to help the directors to put up again what remained, and replace what had been destroyed.

OUR NATIONAL DEFENCES.-FORTS
AND FORTIFICATIONS.

hitherto received that amount of consideration
which it deserves.

The first point, then, in our estimation for consideration in the initiative of iron fortifications is to devise an efficient covered embrasure which shall extend from the inner side of the sand rampart or embankment to the exterior in a gradually diminishing shape, widest at the rear and narrowest in front, and the iron roof of which shall also diminish in height and form an inclined surface towards the front, so that the exposed surface through which the gun's muzzle protruded should be in every way of the smallest possible area.

All the propositions we have contended for are strictly possible, and it must not be supposed these ideas; on the contrary, it is only after we have hastily or hypothetically conceived having carefully studied the most important modern experiments at home and abroad, that we have arrived at those results we have here

under those circumstances, be protected from corrosion by zinc sheathing; and another for The forts required for the defence of our shores coastal and land works proper, both of which THE present is admittedly the age of iron; are obviously of two kinds-they may be built should have distinct and separate iron embra. and this material will ultimately find uni- in the sea, and they may be placed at or near sures for every one of their guns, each separate versal employment in all classes of military upon the shore; in both cases they will beli able embrasure being in itself a complete covered defences as entirely as it has done already in the to the concentrated attack of an unrestricted iron fort, perfectly protecting the gun and the naval departments. If the effects of the im- number of ships armed with a great number of detail of men, and so constructed that all the mense and extraordinarily powerful artillery of heavy guns. The weight and number of these parts should be reduplications of a correct type, the day could be provided against by any in- guns carried by a ship must ever necessarily be that those of one fort should be interchangeable crease of dimensions, height, thickness, or soli- limited by the flotation power of the vessel; but with the corresponding portions of any other, dity of brick, stone, or earthworks, the duty of there can be no limit whatever to the thickness so that the damage done to any important emproviding sufficiently defensible forts and forti- of the iron plates by which coastal and land brasure in action might be made good at the exfications might be, in all confidence, left to the batteries can be defended. The fair assumption pense of any one of its neighbours; thus carrying consideration of the Royal Engineers and mili- is, for these and many other reasons, that water-out the principle recognised as so sound and so tary officers educated and trained in the schools borne and land-conveyed artillery have not only important in the manufacture of small arms, and of Vauban and Cormontaigne. It might in that a practical but an actual limit; whilst the defen- which is as possible in the larger structures of case be deemed assumptive on the part of civi- sive iron armour of a fortress is illimitable, and fortifications under adequate engineering skill. lians to criticise the plans proposed; and possibly the security of its guns can be provided for to few people would be at all disposed to listen to any extent that money can be found. Evidently any suggestions, or to consider any novel designs the use of iron must be greatly restricted, on from non-military men. As it is, however, the account of expense, and one of the primary conofficers of the Royal Engineers and the men of siderations, therefore, will be to do with as little the various military departments are placed at as possible. The enormous range of the modern such a decided disadvantage with respect to civil rifled artillery will evidently render necessary engineers and the practical manufacturers of defensive works of the greatest geographical wrought and other kinds of iron, that it must extent; and this need is strikingly shown in the almost necessarily be from these classes, instead enormous length of the works now being conof from amongst those trained especially to the structed around our great naval station at Portsart of besieging and defending fortified places, mouth. Indeed, taking the range of modern arthat those improvements must come which are tillery as being thoroughly effective at two miles at this time imperatively demanded for securing distance, it would seem almost according to reafortresses against the tremendous assaults of the son that a circle of twelve miles of fortified works concentrated fire of such potent weapons as the would be necessary to defend such a place if its 9-inch Woolwich rifled cannon. Granite actual dimensions were no more than a mathefailed at Sebastopol against less powerful arms, matical point, and that these twelve miles of and brick and granite likewise came to grief at fortified works must be still further increased, in Fort Sumter. That mere earthworks could not the proportion of three to one, for the actual propounded for consideration. Practically, if stand, numerous examples in the late American dimensions of the place defended; or, in other granite or brickwork be combined with iron the and other modern wars could readily be cited to words, that the defensive works must be in pro- resulting work is only as strong as the line of prove; whilst the service done by iron in the portion to the place defended as the circum-least resistance, that is, as the granite or the mere rudimentary expedients adopted by the ference of a circle is to its diameter. Sand is the brickwork. There can be no mechanical combiChilians at Callao against the Spanish attack is material of which such extended lines would be nation between these materials and the iron; sufficient evidence to show not only the import-best constructed. No one would dream of using and even when faced with armour the granite or ance but the necessity of employing iron for manufactured iron over such an extent; nor is brick is pounded behind the plates, and the coast and harbour defences. Nor will it be found it necessary, the reason for the preference given whole fabric crumbles under the smashing imthat iron will be less valuable when employed in to sand being that it runs together by its own pact of the missiles-as witness how quickly and certain limited quantities in a proper manner for gravitation when holes are made in the embank-effectually ten shots at Shoeburyness reduced inland citadels and strongholds. Just as modern ments, and at once naturally fills up the gaps the work of many months to ruins. Will it be warfare has shown that results are produced in made by shot and shell. What is really wanted wise, then, of the War Office authorities to pre weeks and months which formerly took years to in modern fortifications is to construct the exsevere in the determination to erect at Plymouth accomplish, so hours and minutes suffice for the tended lines of sand and to intersperse at the inside the breakwater the powerful fort they con. attainment of conclusive results in modern sieges. requisite intervals iron-covered embrasures for template on the combined system of brickwork, It is no longer possible to work the guns defend- the guns. The primary idea of an iron fortificaing a fortress without substantial protection; and tion, then, is that of a gigantic anvil, so mechani- granite, and iron, whilst they are in possession embrasures formed of earth or sand, of brick or cally arranged and so solid and massive that the those ten shots from the Woolwich 9-inch gun of such significant experimental facts? of granite, would by our present artillery be blows of projectiles may be pounded upon it with have done, the American 20-inch cannon would very quickly torn to pieces; and such wrecks absolute impunity; and the main principles which whilst under attack could only be repaired by should govern the designs of modern iron forts and under the fire of either of these classes of even more easily and completely accomplish, exposing human life to such a terrific fire as are that they should be made of sufficient strength powerful artillery the intended fort at Plymouth would involve a most murderous sacrifice. More- to resist all shot and shell that the artillery of the would be absolutely untenable. The Americau over, if the defending artillery were silenced but present, or of the probable future, are likely to artillery would be even more destructive of for the brief space of ten, or at most of twenty hurl against them; that each fort should be so granite and brick than our own rifled guns, for minutes, it would be amply sufficient for the constructed as to offer the least possible frontage the shattering effect of a thousand-pound shot at assaulting troops to effect a lodgment within the and exposed surface to the enemy's fire, and not the lower velocity of 800ft. or 900ft. would be battery, and probably to take by storm the whole to be such target-like objects as they are present; vastly greater than that of the 300-pounder bolts of the fortress. No other material than iron can that the irou casemates defending the guns and from our 9-inch weapons at the higher velocity possibly now secure the guns and gunners from gunners should have sufficient room inside them of 1,320ft. per second. the fire of an enemy. Russia has already com- for the men to work properly with ease and menced to pioneer the entire change in the cha- comfort, and not to be cramped up as they are racter of forts and fortifications in this direction, in existing brick and granite constructions, some whilst, strange to note, England, the foremost of the most recent of which have been made country of iron-workers, has as yet scarcely upon the old formula designed for the 68-pounders, thought of using iron either in her coastal or her although they are to be armed with the newest 300 land defences, although her ironmasters and and 600-pounder cannon; that all fortifications manufacturers are sending out large quantities of hereafter made of iron should be so constructed the materials required for the iron defences of that they could be removed from one site to the great northern empire. Even so far as the another if circumstances absolutely required it; Royal Engineers of this country, and those other and that all the parts should be so arranged that officials to whom are entrusted the design and they could be put together by unskilled labourers. execution of those admittedly required defences It is also essential that iron fortifications should for which eleven millions of money have already be so constructed as to give the best possible re. been voted and at least half as many more mil-sistance with a given minimum weight of matelions are about to follow, have as yet devised rial. This end can never be attained if they be plans for such defences and put most important works into actual execution, they have used iron only in the most restricted mauner, and have seriously hampered its efficacy by conjoining it with brick, granite, and concrete. And, just in the same manner as our naval architects have failed to get the best results out of iron vessels through their adherence to those wooden shipbuilding principles in which they have been instructed, so military engineers, educated in the knowledge of masonry and earthwork, still as- The coming iron fortifications-for come sooner sociate those rotten materials with every new or later they must-will be, as we have said, of suggestion made to them for the application of two kinds, one for exposed situations, such as moleiron. No material is comparable with that in- heads and detached forts rising directly out of the valuable metal for the purposes of strong and in-sea, like those at Spithead, and these should be destructible structures, and its sole use has not made entirely of iron, and which material might,

built up as we have seen the experimental struc-
tures at Shoeburyness during the past five years,
that is, by putting one slab of iron upon another
and bolting them together, as a carpenter would
nail so many thin flat planks to make up a given
thickness of wall. Compare for one moment the
weight which one of the flatly-laid flooring boards
of an ordinary room would bear without bending
with what the same plank would susta n if set
edgewise like a joist or beam.

What

We have been led to the discussion of this most important subject of iron forts and fortifications by the intelligence we have received, that early in the coming session of Parliament, it will be moved that the several plans which have been adopted for the construction of our national fortifications be referred to a select committee for their examination and report, and that the committee be instructed to consider the question of fortifications generally, and especially the relative advantages or disadvantages of using iron or stone, either combined or separately, and to report to the House thereon.

There is, therefore, every prospect, we hope, of this question receiving the fullest consideration, and we cannot doubt the result will be the firmest conviction on all sides, that in every fortification for the future as applied to the defence of the sea-board or of inland strongholds, the artillery and gunners alike must be under iron casemates, so as to be secure against, not only the heaviest projectiles at horizontal range, but also against that formidable concentrated vertical fire which has effected the fall of the most stupendous fortified places attacked in modern warfare.-Standard.

"The work of a thousand men for four years" is the inscription upon the great railway bridge across the Susquehanna River at Havre de Grace, Maryland

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IMPROVEMENTS IN HYDRAULIC PUMPS. have illustrated above an invention

Which forms the subject of a patent which

has been granted to Messrs. Bellhouse and Dorning, of Manchester, engineers. Their invention relates, first, to a peculiar arrangement and disposition of the pumps employed in hy draulic engines, whereby the removal, cleansing, and fixing of the suction pipes of such pumps is rendered simple and more convenient than hitherto. The invention also relates to a peculiar disposition of valves employed to prevent a further supply of water to hydraulic presses from the pumps as soon as a certain pressure is obtained, to which the valve may be regulated and weighted. Besides the foregoing, the invention is designed for the purpose of supporting the large toothed driving wheel used to drive hydraulic pumps, so as to prevent the friction of the shaft from wearing the hole in the boss of the wheel unevenly. In the engraving fig. 1 represents an end elevation of the apparatus connected with hydraulic pumps, the cistern and brackets supporting the pumps being shown in section; fig. 2 represents a side elevation of the same, the pumps being arranged about half way between the entablatures in the ordinary manner; and fig. 3 represents an end elevation of the improved arrangement of the pumps, which are arranged along the sides of the cistern, thereby rendering the operation of cleaning, alterations, or repairs more convenient. Fig. 4 represents a novel arrangement of bracket or supports to be employed for supporting the toothed driving wheel in order to take the weight of the same off the continuously revolving driving shaft when the clutch box is not in gear, and such wheel is not revolving, whereby the friction and wearing of the shaft and wheel boss is prevented when not required for driving; and fig. 5 represents a sectional elevation of the friction cone and driving wheel; and fig. 6 a half elevation of the same. These views illustrate the method and arrangement adapted for readily placing and adjusting the driving wheel upon the driving shaft, and for inserting a bush "in the boss of the wheel to make a proper fitting between the shaft and wheel without disarranging any other portion of the machine or removing the shaft from its bearngs; this wheel may be either used alone or in onjunction with the supporting blocks.

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66

In figs. 1, 2, and 3 a a are the entablatures or supports; b b the pumps; c the cistern; and d the suction pipes. The different dispositions and arrangements of pumps (as shown in figs. 1 and 3) are supplied with the same apparatus, therefore the letters of reference applying to one will be similar on the other. The bracket or platform e supporting the pump b are provided to raise the pumps above the top of the cistern c, in order that the screws connecting the pumps with the suction pipes d d may be readily turned or attended to without removing any part of the cistern cover, the suction or feed pipes d being readily withdrawn from or inserted in the cistern through the slot or opening ƒ formed in the lid or cover for the purpose. The slot and elevating

platform are not necessary, and are dispensed with when the pumps are disposed and arranged in couples as in fig. 3. The delivery pipe of each pump is provided with a valve h, which is supported on the bracket g, and weighted by means of the levers k and weight i, so as to offer a given resistance to the pressure of water actuating the press. The pipe 7 projecting from the suction pipe d is provided with an air valve m, which consists of a small cylinder having an aperture for the admission of air, which is covered by a hinged lid o, which is firmly retained upon its seating by means of the weighted lever k, to which it is connected by the levers and rod p as long as the pressure of water is below the resistance of the valve h, but when the pressure

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"BUILDING NEWS" OFFICE, 166, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

The "Building News" is the widest circulated Journal of its class in the Kingdom.

Building Materials, &c., Advertised in the "Building News."

Aberdeen Polished Granite-D. Willett, Agent, 404, Euston Road.
Aberdeen Polished Granite-James Wright, Aberdeen.

Advertising Agents-J. Willing and Co., 366, Gray's Inn Road.

m Architectural Benevolent Society-J. Turner, Hon. Sec., 15A, Wilton Street, Grosvenor Place.

Architectural Decorations-J. de Vulder, 2, South Cottage, Wimbledon.
Architectural Decorations-W. Smart, 41, Clifton Street, Finsbury.
Architectural Drawings-G. Childs, 21, Offord Road, N.

Architectural Drawings-G. Northcroft, 2A, South Castle St., Liverpool.
Architectural Drawings-Vaughan & Deacon, Queen Insurance Buildings,
Liverpool.
Architectural Drawings-" Surveyor," 3, Hartley Villas, Croydon,
Asphalte-T. Harrison and Co., 4, New London Street.

f Bath Stone-Bath Stone Company (limited), Bath.

Bath Stone-Pictor and Son, Box, near Chippenham, Wilts.
Bath Stone-Randell and Saunders, Corsham, Wilts.
Bent Wood Furniture-G. Davenport, Ludgate Hill.
Blue Lias Stone-J. T. Harvey, Plymouth.

f Billing's Chimney Terminations-J. W. Tyler, 12, Abingdon St., S.W.

Bricks J. H. Andrews, Wisbech.

Bricks-Burham Brick and Lime Company, Sittingbourne, Kent.

Bricks-R. Langley, East Cowes, Isle of Wight.

Brass and Bell Founders-Warner and Sons, 8, Crescent, Cripplegate. Caen & Aubigny Stone-Foucard Brothers, 10, Three Crown Ct., SouthCaen Stone-B. Fabricotti, Carrara Wf., Thames Bank, Pimlico. [wark. Carts, Ladders, &c.-G. Ell and Co., 366, Euston-road. [Goswell-road. Cast-iron, &c.-Elliott, Blaxton, and Ilsley, Mount Mills, Seward St., f Chimneypieces-W. H. Burke and Co., 142, Regent Street. f Chimneypieces, &c.-T. H. Hartley and Co., Earl Street, Lambeth. Church Furniture-Cox and Son, 28, Southampton Street, Strand. Closet Pans, &c.-Lambert Brothers, Walsall.

-f Crystal Window Bars-Lloyd & Summerfield, Park Glass Works, Birmingham.

Draught Excluder-T. Smith, 12, Queen Street, Oxford Street.
f Enamel Varnish-W. Naylor, 4A, James Street, Oxford Street.
Encaustic Pavement-G. G. H. M'Colla, 19, Parliament Street.
f Encaustic Tiles-T. and R. Boote, Waterloo Potteries, Burslem.

m Encaustic Tiles-Minton and Co., Stoke-on-Trent.
Fibrous Plaster-G. Jackson and Son, 49, Rathbone Place, W.
m Fire Lump Grates-Edwards and Co., 49, Gt. Marlboro' Street.
Flax Sash Lines-J. Austin and Sons, Princes Street, Finsbury.
Flooring, Deals, &c.-S. Putney, Elm Street, Gray's Inn Road.
Galvanised Iron Roofing Sheet-Morewood and Co., Dowgate Dock.
Galvanised Iron Tanks-Tupper and Co., 61A, Moorgate Street.
Galvanised Iron Zinc-H. Vavasseur and Co., Sumner St., Southwark.
Gas Chandeliers, Hall Lanterns, &c.-D. Hulett & Co., 55, High Holborn.
Glazed Stoneware Drain Pipes-Doulton and Co., Lambeth.
Glazed Stoneware Drain Pipes-Gillingham Pottery Co., Gillingham.
m Glazed Stoneware, &c.-Standing and Marten, Nine Elms.

f Gothic Metal Worker-W. Shrivell, 1A, Castle Street, Long Acre.
Granite, &c.-D. H. J. Newall, Dalbeattie, near Dumfries.
Granite, &c.-Freeman and Cheesewring Granite Company, Plymouth.
Granite Paving-Port Nant Granite Company, 14, Chatham Place, E.C.
Hinge Manufactory-S. & F. Gerish, East Buttesland Street, East Road,
f Hinge Manufactory-B. Slater, 68, Charles Street, City Road.
Hoffmann's Patent Kiln-H. Chamberlain, 3, St. John's, Wakefield.
Improved Cistern Filter-T. Atkins and Sons, 62, Fleet Street.
Improved Revolving Shutters-Francis and Co., 174, Gray's Inn Road.
ƒ Iron Columns, &c.-Jones and Co., 156, Goswell Road.
Iron Girders, Joists, &c.-W. and T. Phillips, 25, Coal Exchange, E.C.
Iron Staircases-Cottam and Co., 2, Winsley Street.
Jennings's Shop Shutter Shoes-H. T. Fisher, agent, 140, Fleet St., E.C.
Ketton Stone-T. Turner, Empingham.

[Rd.

f Ladders and Scaffolding-H. Matthews, 325, Euston Road.
Lee's Self-Oiling Iron Cocks-H. T. Fisher, 140, Fleet Street, E.C.
Lighterage-C. Strutton, 34, Commercial Road, Lambeth.
Lime and Cement-G. Allen, Danvers Wharf, Chelsea.
Lime and Cement-Coles, Shadbolt, & Co., St. James Wf., Caledonian
Lime, Cement, &c.-W. Hawker, Belmont, Wharf, York Rd., King's Cross.
Lithography-G. H. Bartlett, 5, Great Queen Street, Westminster.
Lithography-Whiteman and Bass, 236, High Holborn,
Little Casterton Freestone-O. N. Simpson, Stamford.
Locks-Chubb and Son, 54, St. Paul's Churchyard.
fLocks, Machine-made, Lever-Hobbs, Hart, and Co., 76, Cheapside.
Mansfield Stone-R. Lindley, Mansfield.
Marble-G. Mitchell, 166, Brompton Road.

Marble Chimneypieces-Continental Marble Co., 7, Wilson St., Finsbury.
Marble Chimneypieces-R. Spraggs, Ford Street, Bow, E. [Sheffield.
m Measuring Tapes-J. Chesterman and Co., Bow Works, Ecclesall Rd,,
f Medieval Metal Workers-Brawn and Downing, 64, Clement Street.
Birmingham.
[W.C.

Mediæval Metal Workers-Hardman and Co., 13, King William Street, Mediæval Metal Workers-Johnston Brothers, 190, High Holborn, W.C. f Medieval Metal Workers-Peard and Jackson, 159, High Holborn, W.C. JMetallic Tiles-Garrett Brothers, Burslem.

Mineral Rock and Seyssel Asphalte Company, 13, Gresham Street.
Monuments, &c.-J. Wren, 38, Lower Belgrave Place, Pimlico.
Monuments, Chimneypieces, &c.-J. M'Cabe, 47, Euston Road.
Mortar Mills-T. Taylor, 41, White Street, Borough.
Museum of Building Appliances-9, Conduit Street, W.

f Ornamental Manufacturer-J. Parlby, 34, Rathbone Place, W.
Painting Brushes-Hamilton and Co., 10, Greek Street, Soho.
Paper and Envelopes-Partridge and Cooper, Fleet Street, E. C.
Parquetry-Howard and Sons, 27, Berners Street.

f Parquetry-London Parquetry Company, S, Grove Lane, Camberwell.
Patent Agents-Robertson, Brooman, and Co., 166, Fleet Street.
Patent Agent-M. A. Soul, 3, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

Patent Buildings for Horticulture-J. Cranston, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Patent Cast-iron Sinks-J. Jones and Sons, 6, Bankside.

Patent Door Springs-A. Smith, 69, Princes Street, Leicester Square. Patent Taps-Lambert and Son, Short Street, Lambeth.

[W.C.

f Patent Universal Chimney Head-Benham & Froud, 40, Chandos St., Polonceau & Seyssel Asphalte-J. Pilkington, 15, Fish Street Hill, E. C. Portable Steam Engines-Barrows and Carmichael, Banbury.

f Portable Steam Pumping Engines-Burton, Sons, and Waller, John's
Place, Holland Street.
Portland Cement-Horner, Marsh, and Co., Great Yarmouth.
Reflector Manufactory-T. Fox, 90, Hatton Garden.
Revolving Shutters-Bunnett and Co., 17, Queen Street, E. C.
Rolled Girders, Joists, &c.-Macnaught, Robertson, & Co., 5, Bankside.
Rolled Girders, Joists, &c.-M. T. Shaw, 141, Cannon Street.
Roofing & Sheathing Felt-Engert & Rolfe, Upper Barchester St., Pop-
lar New Town.
Roofing Slates & Slabs-J. Brindley, Penrhyn Wharf, Bermondsey Wall,
Royal Polytechnic Institution, Regent Street.

[S.E.

[ter.

f Scagliola Marble-Bellman & Ivey, 14, Buckingham St., Portland Rd.
f Scagliola Marble-G. Warren, 14, South Street, Westminster.
f School Furniture-Sidebotham, Banks, & Co., 4, Albert St., Manches-
Serpentine-Lizard Serpentine Co., 24, St. James's Street, S. W.
Shop Shutter Shoe-G. Jennings, Palace Wharf, Stangate.
Shorthand-Pitman, 20, Paternoster Row.

m Sink Traps-Tye and Andrew, Brixton Road.
Slates of all kinds-A. A. Robinson, 137, Fenchurch Street.
Stable Fittings-Cottam and Co., 2, Winsley Street.
Staffordshire Blue Paving Bricks J. Unwin, 57, Nelson Square.
Stained Glass Windows-Clayton and Bell, 300, Regent Street.
Stained Glass Windows-Heaton, Butler, & Bayne, Garrick St., W.C.
f Stained Glass Windows-Lavers and Barraud, Endell Street, W.C.
Staircase Joinery-J. Walden, 12, Maiden Lane, Covent Garden.
Steam Engines-Ray, Mead, and Co., 38, Upper Thames Street.
Steam Sawing Works-Canterbury Road, Kilburu.

Stone, Granite, and Slate-W. and J. Freeman, 27, Millbank Street.
Stoneware Closet Pans-Doulton and Watts, Lambeth.

Straps for Machinery-Tanned Leather Co., 81, Mark Lane, E.C.
Substitute for Paint-H. Stephens, 18, St. Martin's le Grand.
Tar Pavement-W. Wright, 32, Bucklersbury.
Terro-metallic Tiles-T. Peake, the Tileries, Tunstall.
Tesselated Pavement-Maw and Sons, Brosely, Salop.
Tiles and Firebricks-J. Newton and Co., 80, Bankside.
Timber, Deals, &c.-A. Carter and Co., Old Bethnal Green Road.
Timber, Deals, &c.-J. and A. Rosling, Southwark Bridge.
Timber, Mouldings, &c.—Clerihew and Lascelles, 121, Bunhill Row.
Timber, Mouldings, &c.-Esdaile and Co., Wenlock Basin, City Road.
Turkey and Indian Carpets-Watson, Bontor, & Co., 35, Old Bond St.
Universal Joiner-W. Sketchley, Engineer, Weymouth.

f Ventilation-Hayward, Brothers, 187, Union Street, Borough.
Verandahs-Cottam and Co., 2, Winsley Street.

f Vieille Montagne Zinc-Braby and Co,, Fitzroy Works, Euston Road.
f Vieille Montagne Zinc-J. W. Tyler, 12, Abingdon Street.
Wainscot-J, Coumbe, Lady Lake's Grove, Mile End. [Maddox St., W.
Warming & Ventilating Apparatus-D. O. Boyd, 9, Conduit St., & 23,
Warming & Ventilating Apparatus-London Warming & Ventilating
Co., 12, Abingdon St., Westminster.
Welsh Roofing Slates-W. O. Carter, 12, South John Street, Liverpool.
Wholesale Ironmonger-Hart & Co., 70, 71, & 72,Brook St., Hanover
Wholesale Ironmonger-J. Moore, 122, Euston Road.
Window Glass-W. Bell, 42, High Street, Camden Town.
Window Glass-J. Hetley, 35, Soho Square.

Window Glass-W. H. Jackson, 315, New Oxford Street.
Wood-working Machinery-Markall, Union Street, Whitechapel.

[Square.

Wood-working Machinery-Powis, James, & Co., Vine St., York Rd., Lambeth.

[blocks in formation]

ƒ indicates that the Advertisement appears Fortnightly, and the letter m that it appears Monthly.

The following Auctioneers Advertise regularly in the "Building News."
Geo. Haines, 12, Grosvenor Street West, S.W.
Lerew & Lerew, 2, Cardington st., Hampstead rd.
H. E. Marsh, 2, Charlotte Row, E. C.
Moxon, 3, St. Martin's Place, W.C.
Norton and Trist, 62, Old Broad Street, E.C.
Pullen, Horne, & Eversfield, 80, Fore St., E.C.

Chinnock and Galsworthy, 11, Waterloo Place.
Debenham, Tewson, & Farmer, 80, Cheapside.
Driver and Co., 4, Whitehall, S.W.
Freeman, H. and Co., 3, Crooked Lane, E. C.
Fuller and Horsey, 13, Billiter Street, E.C.
Glasier and Sons, 41, Charing Cross.

THE BUILDING NEWS of January 4, price 3d., contains-Illustrations of Druries, Harrow; and Llandaff Probate Registry. And Articles on-The Engineering of 1866; Works in the Provinces, 1866; Painted Decorations; the Losses of the Year; Myers's Draw Knob; Llandaff Probate Registry; Druries, Harrow; Improved Wood Screw; Chimney Sweeping; New National Gallery; Parliamentary Legislation for the Metropolis during 1866; Natural Systems of Architecture; Notices of Publications; Dwellings for the Poor; Chapel Building -the Theatre Model; the Remains of Ancient Art; Fire at the Crystal Palace; Personal; the Wages and Short Time Movement; Water Supply and Sanitary Matters; Legal Intelligence; Modern Architecture; The General Credit Company; Intercommunication; Building Intelligence; Stained Glass; Statues, Memorials, &c.; General Items; Meetings for the Week; Patents for Inventions; Trade News; Title and Index to BUILDING NEWS, Vol. XIII.

Contents of Numbers 626, 627, and 628.
THE BUILDING NEWS of January 11, price 3d.,
contains-Illustrations of Honolulu Cathedral,
Hawaii; and Model Lodging-houses, St. Ann's,
Soho. And Articles on-The National Gallery
Competition; The New Law Courts' Competi-
tion; Our Hospitals; Useful Information for
Engineers; Preservation of Wood in Damp and
Wet Situations; Exeter Diocesan Architectural
Society; The Society of Antiquaries of Scot.
land; Metal Work; Archæological; Earth
Closets; Monument to President Lincoln;
Honolulu Cathedral, Hawaii; Destruction by
Fire of Croydon Church; Model Lodging-houses,
St. Ann's, Soho; Granite Piers for Blackfriars
Bridge; the Street Cleaning Question; Evicted
Tenants; Art Education; Raphael and His
Works; Strikes and Trade Unions; the Bir-
mingham Architectural Society-Annual Meet-
ing; Liverpool Architectural Society; Northern
Architectural Association-Annual Meeting;
Jerusalem; Election of a Surveyor for Co-
ventry; and the News of the Week.

Rushworth, Jarvis, & Abbott, 22, Saville Row.
Smith, D., Son, & Oakley, 10, Waterloo Place.
Whittingham, W. E., 14, Moorgate Street.
Taylor, J., 79, Fenchurch Street.
Fox & Bousfield, Gresham Street, E.C.
Vigers, Frederick's Place, Old Jewry.

THE BUILDING NEWS of January 18, price 3d., contains-Illustrations of St. George's Church, Tufnell Park, Holloway; and Sketches of Venetan Architecture. And Articles on-Art Workmianship at the Society of Arts; Horticulture at the Paris Exhibition; Water Supply of London; The Gates of Old London; Society of Arts-Prizes to Art Workmen; Domestic Fires; New York Underground; A Tea Party and a Testimonial; Stamford Church Embellishments; The New Courts of Justice; Improved Combination Tool; St. George's Church, Tufnell Park, Holloway; Sketches of Venetian Architecture; Smallpox-Dirt and Neglect; Improved Dwellings for the Poor; Paris Exhibition-Architectural Committee; The Designs for the New National Gallery; Edinburgh Architectural Association; Yorkshire Architectural Society; The Late Edwin Stirling, Sculp tor; England and the Paris Exhibition; Personal; The Designs for the New Courts of Law; and the News of the Week.

Advertisements are inserted in the "BUILDING NEWS" at 6d. per line. If for more than

Six Insertions, by special contract.

"BUILDING NEWS" OFFICE, 166, FLEET STREET.

The "Building News" is the organ of the Architectural Arts and the Building Trades.

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