is attained the lever k is lifted by the valve h, and through the medium of the levers and rod p the hinged lid o is raised, thereby admitting air which prevents the proper suction of the pumps, causing them to draw in air, and then acts as a safety valve, and prevents undue pressure and straining of the apparatus.

In fig. 4 a a are a pair of blocks mounted in bearings secured to or forming part of the fram. ing b; these blocks are actuated by the right and left handed screws c c, in such a manner that when the friction cone is out of gear and the toothed driving wheel d disconnected from the constantly revolving driving shaft e the blocks a a, are screwed up beneath the said wheel, and acts as supports thereto, preventing the weight of the wheel bearing upon the shaft, consequently removing the friction and preventing the wearing of the surfaces. The driving wheel is shown in figs. 2 and 3 made or cast in halves or segments, which are secured together by the bolts ff; by this means it is readily taken off or put upon the driving shaft for repairs, or when the hole has become too large by wearing a "bush" may be inserted in the "boss" of the wheel' and bored out to fit the shaft without disarranging any other portion of the apparatus. The collar or ring g being placed against the boss of the wheel, and firmly secured to the shaft, thereby keeping such wheel in its proper position for driving.

W

THE WIND AND THE BAROMETER. E give the following remarks as a sequence to our article last week upon the subject of weather forecasts. They occur in a letter from Sir J. F. W. Herschel, Bart., to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, and which was read at the last meeting of that so

of storms. Would it not be worth while to in-
quire whether the condition as to the wind
having the barometric minimum (the trough of
the wave) on its left hand is not reversed in the
southern hemisphere ?"

HAMMERING

SHEET-METAL
DERS.

ESSRS. J. HARRISON and SONS, of Black

set screws or otherwise: the hammers not required when working short lengths are held out of the way, as described above.

ciety. Says the writer:-"May I be permitted burn, engineers, have recently patented of the lever o, whose fulcrum is at P, see fig. 1.

to offer a remark to the Literary and Philosophical Society on the very striking fact mentioned in Monsieur Buys Ballot's letter on storm warnings, in the report of the last meeting of the society, where, speaking of the gales of wind that accompany great barometrical fluctuations, he observes:It is a fact above all doubt that the wind that comes is nearly at right angles to the line between the places of highest and lowest barometer readings. The wind has the point of lowest height on its left hand.' In my paper in Good Words, on the weather and weather prophets, published in January, 1864 (and written in Nov., 1863) the fact of this perpendicularity of direction of the wind to that of the wave's advance, in the case of the hurricanes which accompany the great 'November wave' is noticed; and in a few words added to the original notice of this peculiarity, in a reprint of that paper which has lately appeared, an analogy ls suggested between the fact in question and the transverse rotation of the etherial molecules in the propogation of a circularly polarised ray of light.

During the process of hammering it is requisite that the cylinder k under operation should be moved backwards and forwards in the direction of its circumference, and also that an arrangement should be made for moving it in the direcCYLIN- tion of its axis. The former motion is effected in the following manner:-On one end of the cam shaft b is placed an internal tappet, in which works the friction bowl n, which is on one end an invention which is particularly applicable to The other end of the lever o is furnished with a the manufacture of copper, turned iron, and other slot, in which is a movable stud q (which can be sheet-metal cylinders used in sizing, dressing, fastened by a nut at the back of the lever), on and drying machines, but it may be applied to which hinges the connecting link r; the other other purposes. It consists of an arrangement end of this link is joined by a pin to the lever s, of self-acting machinery, for straightening and whose fulcrum is on the frame side. Working rendering true the surfaces of such cylinders or on a stud in the lever s is the reversible catch t, other articles. The article to be operated upon taking into the wheel u, to which is fastened by is placed on a cast-iron roller, which is turned a key or otherwise the spur wheel v, gearing slowly round alternately in contrary directions into the spur wheel v fixed on the end of the by a catch taking into a toothed wheel. Above roller j; thus it will be seen that when the cam this roller is a series of stampers or hammers, shaft b is turned round, motion will be communiwhich are raised in succession by cams placed cated to the roller j (which will carry the cylin spirally on a shaft. These stampers or hammers der k with it) in the required direction. The drop by their gravity, and the force of the blow object of the movable stud q and slot in the can be regulated by varying the position of the lever o is to increase or decrease this motion as cam shaft, or by moving the studs against which may be found requisite; the nearer to the fulthe cams act. When the cylinder has been ham-crum p of the lever o the stud q is fastened, the mered sufficiently in one position, it is moved less will be the motion communicated to the laterally by a screw or otherwise, to bring the roller j, and vice versa, as will be readily underother portions of its surface under the hammers. stood by reference to fig. 1; the movement of the A great saving in manual labour is thus effected, cylinder k in the direction of its axis is effected and the work is done more evenly and effectually by the following arrangement:-Fixed to the than heretofore. frame side is the bracket w, which carries a nut w', into which works a screw ; to the outer end of the screw a is fastened a hand wheel y, for the purpose of moving it round, and the other end is turned down and inserted in a hole in the end of the roller j, as shown in fig. 2; the pin or cotter z, passing through the roller j and taking into a groove in the circumference of the screw x, prevents it from coming out of the hole in the end of the roller j, but allows it to move round in it. Thus when the hand-wheel y is turned round in either direction the roller j (and with it the cylinder k, being confined between the collars 11) will be moved in the required direction.

The remarkable feature in question, as it now appears from this statement of Monsieur Buys Fig. 1 in the accompanying engraving is an end Ballot, is no special peculiarity of the November elevation; fig. 2 is a front view; and fig. 3 is a gales, but a general one. And as such, an ori- section of the improved machinery for hammergin has to be sought for it in the dynamical ing cylinders and other articles of sheet metal. laws which connect the movements of the indi-a a are the frame sides, fixed at a suitable distance vidual aerial particles (which constitutes the wind) with the direction and progress of the advancing form which constitutes the atmospheric wave.

apart to admit of the longest description of work being operated upon; b is the cam shaft working in bearings in the frame side a a, on one end of which are the driving and loose pulleys c and d; Weber, in his 'Wellenlehre' has made us keyed on the shaft b are the cams e fixed in a familiar with the conception of the propagation spiral direction around it, which acting on the of a wave by the successive transfer from particle studs or lugs felevate the hammers g (see fig. 3); to particle of circular or elliptic movements. In these hammers g are provided with slots h in the case of undulating liquids-to which his work which the lugs f can be moved up and down, and chiefly refers, the plane of such circulation coin- bolted in any required position, so as to give a cides with the line of advance of the wave, and greater or less lift to them. The higher up the thus are easily explained all the phenomena of lugs fare bolted in the slots h the less will be breakers and (as I have since shown) of alterna- the lift on the hammers g, and vice versa, as will ting tide currents. But there is nothing, dyna- be readily understood by referring to figs. 2 and mically speaking, to limit such circulating move-3; and when a portion of the hammers are not ments to that plane. It is equally conceivable that their plane may be obliquely situated; and that a wave may be propogated even in the ex. treme case of the perpendicularity of the two directions, the phenomena of polarized light alluded to, demonstrate. I cannot help thinking then that a general feature of this nature being now so strikingly brought before us, there is something more than a mere resemblance in the phenomena I have thus ventured to assimilate and that the attention of hydrodynamicians might be advantageously directed to the subject as likely to cast some additional light on the mechanism

required to act, they can be elevated out of the
range of action of the cams e, and held in that
position by pins i inserted in the holes, as
shown at the right-hand side of fig. 2. j is an
iron roller (on which the cylinder k to be
hammered is placed) supported in open bearings,
as shown in fig. 2; this roller ; is furnished with
two movable collars 1 1, and the cylinder k be-
tween them, as shown in the engraving, is of the
greatest length the machine can accommodate.
When shorter cylinders are to be hammered the
loose collars are set up so as to confine the
work laterally, and are held in their places by

The mode of operation is as follows:-When the machine has been set in motion by traversing the driving strap from the loose to the fast pulley, the cams e continue to elevate the hammers g in succession, which are then allowed to descend by their own gravity, and hammer the cylinder k under operation; and the cams e are so arranged on the cam shaft b that during one portion of its revolution all the hammers are lifted from contact with the cylinder k; at this moment the internal tappet m is in the position to effect the moving of the cylinder k backwards or forwards in the direction of its circumference as has been described; this is continued so long as is requisite, when the attendant turns the hand-wheel y, in order to allow the hammers to act on another portion of the work. When the hammering of the cylinder is finished, the driving strap is traversed on to the loose pulley,

the pin or cotter is removed, and the handwheel y turned round till the end of the screw is withdrawn from the roller j, which is then lifted outof its bearings, and allowed to rest on the block of wood a', which is hollowed out for that purpose; it is then withdrawn from the finished cylinder, which is removed and a fresh one inserted in its place the roller j being now lifted back into its bearings; the machine is again ready for working as before.

CONTINENTAL SCIENCE.

a series of letters addressed to Father

I Secchi at Rome, Schiaparelli endeavours plates are not in contact. use

on the beam, gives rotation to the crank, and actuates the eccentric and the tank-valves, causing them to open and close at the proper time. This motion is continued until the valve of the siphon feed-pipe is closed, shutting off the pressure by which the water or other fluid is forced through the siphon feed-pipe. By the air-pump the power may be raised to any extent. The air being confined to the surface of the fluid, forces it through the siphon feed-pipe into the tank, and through the tank-valves into the reservoir, and thus produces a perfect circuit of motion.

LARGE TELESCOPE.

to reach, within about in., the bottom of the
opening in the mat; and then place on the pre-
pared plate, which is kept in a horizontal
position by resting on the strip of cardboard;
and it also enables you to get the two sides of
the picture exactly on a level with each other
after reversing, to close the frame. A loose
back, with a brass spring on, is put in, and a
small lever bar brought down over the spring
and held in its position by a small catch. It is
necessary to have several strips of cardboard,
varying in width, and it will be obvious to any
one that they must not exceed in thickness the
glass of the prepared plates, otherwise the
pressure of the back is kept off the glass and
this frame I can easily take out for the lantern
A constructed by Mr. & c Dublin, and
N enormous reflecting telescope has been
portions of pictures taken the full size of the
plate, say 7in. by 4in., whether the subjects will shortly be ready for trial. It is the result of
be horizontal or upright.
a vote of the Legislature of Victoria, and is to be
erected at Melbourne, for the purpose of effecting
a thorough survey of the nebulæ and multiple
stars of the southern hemisphere. The tube of
the telescope is of the enormous diameter of 44ft.
and of proportional length. The diameter of the
speculum is but 6in, less than that of the tube,
or 4ft., being 4in. in thickness and weighing
about 27 cwt. Although the first speculum
which was cast was nearly perfect, Mr. Grubb, in
consequence of two small blemishes on its sur.
face, broke it up without hesitation. The second
casting amply rewarded him, for it turned out to
be faultless. A duplicate speculum has since
been successfully cast. The grinding was per-
formed by a polishing machine and steam engine
constructed for and belonging to the telescope,
and which will accompany it to Melbourne. The
weight of the telescope when completed, will be
about 10 tons, and it will be moved by clock-
work. It is mounted equatorially, and will be
under the charge of Mr. Albert Le Sueur, who
is at present training himself in sidereal as-
tronomy under Professor Adams, of the Cam-
bridge Observatory.

COAL AND STEAM SUPERSEDED.

to prove a strong analogy to exist between the
systems of comets and those of falling stars or
meteorites, which he calls perseids. Having
calculated as nearly as possible the orbit of the
latter as they seemed to move on August 10
last, and compared the elements thus obtained
with those of the comet of 1862, he has found a
few discrepancies, so slight that they may be
easily explained by the inaccuracies consequent ATTENTION was called in the July of last
upon the difficulty of observing the perseids cor- year an invention designed by Mr. J.
rectly. From this he argues that the great Smith, of Barkeley House, Liverpool, and Mr. S.
comet of 1862 was nothing else than one of the A. Chease of Egremont, Cheshire, for obtaining
perseides of August, and most probably the motive power, and it is now stated in the Mining
principal one. As this comet has been proved Journal that their efforts have been crowned with
by Stampfer to have a period of somewhat success. Action and reaction is a law of Nature,
more than 100 years, M. Schiaparelli has en- evidenced by the ebbing and flowing of the
deavoured to ascertain whether the perseids are tides and other natural phenomena. Can the
subject to a similar lap, and finds that their natural forces of air and water combined be em-
period is very probably 108 years, a result, how-ployed for mechanical purposes without chemical
ever, which is far from being satisfactorily change? This problem these gentlemen claim
proved. At a late sitting of the Société de Pho- to have solved by constructing an engine on the
tographie, M. A. Durand produced some curious following principles:-They make a reservoir
photographs printed on copper and on steel. He having two compartments, the internal compart-
did not describe his method, which he con- ment having a lift-pump for raising water or other
sidered still imperfect, but stated that all de- fluids contained in the external compartment, thus
pended upon the proper degree of polish to be giving and maintaining two levels of the fluid in
given to the surface of the metal, and upon a the one reservoir. From the bottom and through
peculiar way of coating it with bitumen. The the lid of the external reservoir they raise a
specimens produced were remarkable for their tank, which may be made of any height. The
delicacy and finish. Another operator, M. Jeuff whole of this portion of the engine must be
rein, stated that he had found iodide of alumi-made perfectly air tight, so that any amount of
nium, a substance hitherto unknown to photo-air may be compressed into the reservoir.
graphers, very serviceable in preventing the col- Within the tank, and fixed on its bottom
lodionised surface from blistering. M. Delmille, and on one side are two cylinders, having
a Belgian advocate, has just made a most impor- two sets of valves, the one set opening to
tant archæological discovery. He has found in the fluid in the reservoir, and the other set
the Lake of Virelles, belonging to the Prince De opening to the fluid in the tank. Within each of
Chimay, the remains of a lacustral station similar the cylinders is inserted a hollow tube or float.
to those explored for some years past in the The floats are attached by means of slings to a
lakes of Geneva, Constance, and Neufchâtel. beam which rests on a fulcrum, giving to them the
The drag has brought to the surface of the water character of a pair of scales. Each float is sur-
remains of all kinds, the nature of which autho-rounded by a cup.leather valve, which is fixed to
rises the assumption that the locality was
inhabited in the pre-historic period called the
age of bronze, that is to say, at least 5,000 years
ago.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING FRAME.

A

Ta recent meeting of the Photographical Section of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, J. Baxendell, F.R.A.S., vice-president of the section, in the chair, Mr. Coote exhibited a frame for printing transparencies on glass, of which the following is a description: As frames for printing transparencies for the lantern and stereoscope have occupied some little attention of late, I thought it might be useful to submit to the inspection of the meeting to-night one that I had made last winter for printing stereo-transparencies from negatives, on plates 74in. by 4in., the size I always use on account of being able to take single pictures in the same camera. The frame is the same in principle as the usual frame for printing transparencies by superposition, and without having to cut either negative or prins by simply moving the prepared plate and negat tive to the right and left in opposite direction. alternately; but it is a little longer, and 44in. broad inside. The opening for exposure is in the centre, but is made longer than is required for a stereo-print. Over this opening I place a mat made of thin brass, the desired size and shape of the picture required. This mat is sunk into the bed of the frame until it is quite level with A negative is then put in, and by moving the mat up or down in its recessed bed, you can get more sky or foreground at will, and the movement right and left gives you any other portion of the picture you may desire. Having settled that point, I then place on the negative a straight strip of soft cardboard, wide enough

it.

Legal Intelligence.

COURT OF COMMON PLEAS, WEST.
MINSTER.
February 8.
SECOND COURT.
(Before MR. JUSTICE BYLES and a Special Jury.

THOMAS V. HYAM.

This was an action brought for the infringement of the plaintiff's patent for the invention of "Improvements in the apparatus for sewing or the rim of the cylinder to prevent any escape of stitching;" in other words, for improvements the fluid contained in the tank through the aper- in sewing machines. Actions for infringements ture occupied by the float. On the head of one of the patents of Mr. Thomas in these machines float is fixed a rod, which passes through a have been before this court very often. In the stuffing-box on the lid of the tank, and is present instance no less than twenty-seven actions linked to a beam on the outside. The brought by the plaintiff againt different persons other end of the beam is connected by a rod have been consolidated and depend upon the to the crank, and a second rod connects the crank result of this action, so far as this court is con with the lift pump. An eccentric affixed to the cerned; but, as Mr. Grove said in his opening shaft actuates the gear, which opens and closes speech, each of the twenty-seven defendants the valves at the moment required. On the lid might, and probably would, having sufficient of the reservoir is fixed an air pump with gear, funds for the purpose, take their cases up to the which may be attached either to the beam or the House of Lords, and so extend the litigation eccentric, and which, at each rotation of the en- almost indefinitely. The portion of his patent, gine, throws a jet of compressed air into the of the infringement of which the plaintiff comreservoir. A safety-valve is also affixed to the plains, is described thus in his specification:lid of the external reservoir to let off the super-It is the arranging an instrument, as herein incumbent pressure. A siphon feed-pipe de- described, which, while it is the means of holding scends from the head of the tank through the lid the fabric or material during the insertion and down to the base of the internal reservoir, having withdrawal of the needle, is also the means by a sluice-valve to open or close the communica- which the step by step movement is given to tion between the tank and the reservoir. This the fabric or material for the succession of completes the mechanical arrangement of the stitches, which constitutes the peculiarity of my present engine, but the principle is capable of invention." The patentes effected this object modification and adaptation to marine, railway, by a moving and pressing foot or finger, which, or other purposes. as it was described, skated along the surface of the cloth, pressing it against a plate, and at the same time moving it in any direction with the exigences of the pattern or seam which the needle was engaged in sewing. This was the improvement which the plaintiff said had been infringed, and the defendant raised by his pleadings almost all the issues which it was possible to raise.

The next operation is to fill the tank, siphon feed-pipe, and internal reservoir with water or other fluid. The external reservoir is then partly filled, until the tank valves that open into it are submerged, when the engine is ready for use. The floats being hollow, are lighter than a space of equal magnitude filled with water; and, consequently, it follows of necessity that when the valve on the first cylinder is open to the gravatic force of the fluid contained in the tank, that force acts on the bottom of the float, causing it to rise; while the valve on the second cylinder being open to the reservoir, causes the float to descend, there being no power to support it, thus producing a reciprocating motion, which acting

Mr. Grove, Q.C., Mr. Webster, Q.C., Mr. Salter, and Mr. Aston were for the plaintiff; and Mr. E. James, QC., Mr. Manisty, Q.C., Mr. Mellish, Q.C., Mr. Macrory, and Mr. Holker for the defendant.

In his opening speech, Mr. Grove explained his case to the jury with the assistance of the actual

The London and Glasgow Engineering and Iron Shipbuilding Company (Limited) has launched a paddle of the following dimensions:-240ft, by 27ft. Sin. and 14ft. 6in.; burden 1,000 tons, builders' measurement. The vessel, which is to be fitted with improved steeple engines, is an addition to the fleet of Messrs. Malcolmson Brothers, of Portlaw, and is intended for their continental trade.

Advices from Kurrachee mention that the har. bour works, projected by the late Mr. Walker and by Mr. William Parkes, and now being carried out, have already greatly improved the access to the port, by both widening and deepening the channel. These works will be completed at a moderate cost, and will afford, it is said, ample room for the safe anchorage of nearly a hundred first-class vessels. The accommodation for shipping is, moreover, capable of almost any degree of extension,

The Melbourne Argus states that misfortune attends the Leichardt search party. The following is a copy of a telegram which has been received by Dr. Nueller:-"Bowen, December 15,-From a letter just received from my superintendent at the Galf, I regret to have to inform you of the death of Mr. Sloman, leader of the Leichardt search party, which took place on the 14th ult., at the Landesborough river, from apoplexy.-T. D M'Donald." News from West Australia tells of white men having passed through the vast interior country, to perish at the hands of the West Australian aborigines.

The directors of the Paris Post-office, says the Journal des Postes, are taking final measures to meet the considerable requirements occasioned by the influx of strangers during the Exhibition. In a pavilion situated in the Champ de Mars, near the central monument, part of which is devoted to the telegraph business, a post-office is being installed to comprise all the branches of the service. The clerks on duty are chosen from amongst those who speak several languages. The office will be opened on March 1 at latest, in the interest of exhibitors who have arrived beforehand to superintend their installations.

The amount of customs' duty collected at Glasgow in January, was £85,114, as compared with £66,521 in January, 1866, and £67,521 in January, 1865. The customs' revenue of Greenock in January, was £110,554, as compared with £110,543 in January, 1866, and £102,676 in January, 1865. At Port Glasgow the customs' receipts were £7,589, as compared with £9,002 in January, 1866, and £10,226 in January, 1865. The combined customs' The annual statement of trade and navigation, receipts of the three Clyde ports-Glasgow, Green- laid before Parliament at the opening of the sesock, and Port Glasgow-thus amounted in Janu-sion, shows that at the close of the year 1865, there ary to £203,257, as compared with £186,137 in belonged to the United Kingdom 26,160 sailing January, 1866, and £170,423 in January, 1865. vessels, of 4,845,142 tons, and 2,708 steam vessels, Messrs. Caird and Co., of Greenock, have conof 821,731 tons, making a total of 27,868 vessels, tracted to build three large steamers for the North of 5,666,873 tons, manned by 249,696 men. This German Lloyd and the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- is an increase in the course of the year of 131 vesway Company. The vessels will form the nucleus sels, of 123,995 tons, and of 4,375 men, the increase of a fleet to be employed between Bremen and Bal- being entirely in steam vessels, and the number of timore. The dimensions of the steamers will be as sailing vessels having decreased. To these numfollows: Length, 285ft.; breadth of beam, 39ft.; bers are to be added 919 vessels, of 93,436 tons, depth to spar-deck, 30ft. Their burden will be belonging to the Channel Islands, manned by 5,958 2,065 tons, builders' measurement, and they will be men; and 12,477 vessels, of 1,562,295 tons, bepropelled by engines of 300 horse-power. longing to the British possessions, manned by 94,369 A good emulsion of tar may be obtained by mix. men. The grand total of vessels belonging to the ing tar and crystalised carbonate of soda in equal United Kingdom and its possessions at the end of proportions in a mortar, then adding pure water the year 1865 is thus brought up to 41,264, of and filtering. The resulting liquid may be ad-7,322,604 tons, manned by 350,023 men; an ministered in water to patients. increase, as compared with the end of 1864, of 397 vessels, of 219,343 tons, and of 8,524 men.

Here is a fine prize for some historian of the twentieth century. A Russian general of artillery has just died, after having deposited in the Bank of St. Petersburgh a sum of £8,000, to remain at interest until the year 1925, the anniversary of the death of the Emperor Alexander I., and then to be given to the author of the best history of that Sovereign, The sum will then amount to £384,000.

Telegraphic intelligence received at Malta an. nounces that a destructive earthquake has occurred in Cephalonia. Lixuri is reduced to ruins, and the loss of life is appalling.

A piece of iron three-eighths of an inch long, and & quarter of an inch wide, was taken from the eye of James Paterson, a boiler-maker, who, ia Greenock, in 1855, was cutting out a rivet, when a piece flew off and entered his eye, where it remained until within the last few days.

A project has been proposed to the North-East Railway Company of Switzerland to cross the Lake of Constance by floating the trains over. This project is now, it is said, in a fair way of being carried out. According to the plans submitted to the Company, a train of 14 to 16 carriages is to be placed upon a steam vessel which will be furnished with rails for the purpose. The boat or raft will be propelled by an engine of 200 horse-power. An ingenious contrivance provides against the changes of level in the lake, and assists in the embarkation and debarkation of the trains. Considering the advantages of this plan, its cost is said not to be so very great. The negotiations concerning this matter are shared in by the directors of Wurtemburg and Bavaria.

The making of window and bottle_glass at Pittsburg (U.S.) gives employment to 5,800 men and boys, whose annual wages amount to 11,396,516 dollars. The amount of silica consumed isj242,000 tons, and is chiefly brought from Missouri. The annual value of the manufactured glass is estimated at 2,160,000 dollars. These reports are of the window and bottle glass work alone, and do not include the nineteen flint-glass factories, which are valued at 1,298,100 dollars, pay weekly wages amounting to 19,000 dollars, and annually consume 2,095,806 bushels of coal, employ 5,304 hands, and make 2,000,000 dollars worth of glassware.

The Homeward Mail reports a singular affair which has just occurred in Calcutta. Under the Indian Patent Act, every exclusive privilege must cease if the Governor-General of India in council shall declare that the same is generally prejudicial to the public. This has accordingly been done in the case of a petition filed by W. G'Ivor, who wishes a patent for an alleged new invention, for producing and preparing the different species and varieties of cinchona bark, for the manufacture of quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, and other alkaloids.

The telegraph along the Norwegian coast has been employed for the purpose of giving the fisher men notice of the appearance and position of the shoals of herrings which are found on that shore, and also of communicating other useful information whereby the fishery is more completely and efficiently carried on.

The works of the Russo-American telegraph are being actively carried on, and it is expected that the line will be opened by 1870, the period fixed for its completion by the agreement of March 21, 1865. A stretch of 180 versts beyond Gorbitz presents the chief difficulties still to be encountered; but even there the works are so far advanced

Patents for Inventions.

ABRIDGED SPECIFICATIONS OF PATENTS THE Abridged Specifications of Patents given below are classified, according to the subjects to which the respective inventions refer, in the following Table. By the system order of the specifications is preserved, and combined with of classification adopted, the numerical and chronological all the advantages of a division into classes. It should be understood that these abridgements are prepared exclu

sively for this Magazine from official copies supplied by the Government, and are therefore the property of the Proprietors of this Magazine. Other papers are hereby warned not to produce them without an acknowledge

ment:

BOILERS AND FURNACES,-1901, 1916, 1924

BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS,-None
CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOGRAPHY-1905, 1912, 1917, 1918
CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL, including agricultural imple-
ments and machines,-1920
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS,-none
FIBROUS FABRICS, including machinery for treating fibres,
pulp, paper, &c.,-1906, 1911, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1937
FooD AND BEVERAGES, includin apparatus for preparing
food for men and animals,-1904, 1910, 1922
FURNITURE AND APPAREL, including household utensils,
1908, 1936, 1944, 1945, 1947
time-keepers, jewellery, musical instruments, &c.,-

GENERAL MACHINERY,-1899, 1900, 1919, 1921, 1943

LIGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING,-1907, 1930
METALS, including apparatus for their manufacture,-
MISCELLANEOUS, -1898, 1915

1902, 1903, 1926, 1933, 1938

ROADS AND VEHICLES, including railway plant and car.
riages, saddlery, and harness, &c..-1923, 1942
SHIPS AND BOATS, including their fittings,-1925, 1934
STEAM ENGINES,-1901, 1913, 1927, 1939, 1941, 1946
WARFARE,-1899, 1897, 1914, 1932, 1935, 1940

for firearms, toyarms, or detonating toys.
1896 G. CANOUIL. Improvements in amorces or primings
Dated July
21. 1866.

The patentee claims manufacturing what he denominates "Canouil's harmless repeating amorces, or primings for sheet or sheets of paper, tissue, or other similar suitable firearms, toy arms, or detonating toys, by providing & light material, with any suitable manner of small heaps, dots, or portions of any suitable detonating oa fulminating compound, each of which portions, heaps, or dots, forming a priming, and which are situated at the required distances apart from each other for preventing the explosion of one of them from setting fire to the remaining ones, and dividing the sheet or sheets of amorces into strips, squares, rounds, or other suitable parts, each of them provided with two or more of the said anorces or fulminating portions, protecting varnish, or with a sheet of paper, tissue, or other the sheet or sheets having been provided with a suitable similar light material, suitably glued or cemented to the first sheet previously to its being divided into strips or other portions. Patent completed."

1897 G. CANOUIL and F. A. BLANCHON. Improvements in

firearms, toyarms, and detonating toys. Dated July 21, 1866..

This invention consists, first, in the application to firerepeating amorces or primings;" and, second, in an imarms, toy arms, or detonating toys of "Canouil's harmless proved arrangement of firearms, toy arms, or detonating toys, for the purpose of allowing the application to them for firing of the said amorces or primings. In the specification of Canouil's patent of July 21, 1866, a description is given of which latter the present patentees claim the application in the above-mentioned repeating amorces or primings, of general to firearms, toy arms, and detonating toys. In the present specification they describe one of the various arrangements by means of which the said repeating ing toys, and, as an example, they describe the arrangeamorces or primings may be applied to firearms or detonatment of a toy pistol, showing this mode of application, whilst by suitably modifying the said arrangement the same may be applied in an analogous manner to guns, rifles, pistols, or other firearms intended for war or other

that this part of the line is expected to be open in purposes, or to detonating toys in which primings are the autumn.

Philosophical Society, held February 5, 1867, Ed.
At the ordinary meeting of the Literary and
ward Schunck, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c., president, in
the chair, Commander Alexandre Cialdi, of Rome,
and Dr. Edward Schonfeld, director of the Mann-
heim Observatory, were elected corresponding
members of the society.

made use of for setting fire to a charge of gunpowder or other detonating medium, or for giving rise to a loud report. Patent completed.

ing designs on wood for general advertising, ornamenting, 1898 E. TOMLINSON. Improvements in printing or placfacturing of spills, matches, &c., &c., or boxes of any deor decorating purposes, also the improved process of manu scription, or any article where these processes can be applied.

Dated July 21, 1866.

ing and placing designs on wood, card, paper, or other This invention has for its object improvements in printmaterial, particularly on scale board for match boxes, and other similar articles, which are cut, creased, bent, and printed or stamped at one operation. This is effected by placing cutters, made of any suitable metal or material, in combination with the printing press or machine, so that the wood, card, or other material, is first cut through and then stamped or printed, and with boxes also creased and Patent abandoned.

The manufacture of steel fusee watch chains for the internal machinery of watches is and has been for nearly a hundred years a staple of Christchurch, Hants, England; young girls with small fingers and delicate touch being the manufacturers. Each chain is about 8in. in length, and contains thicker than a horse hair, and the separate links upwards of 500 links, riveted together. It is not can but just be perceived with the naked eye. Modern inven ion has as yet discovered no substitute for this chain equal to it in slenderness, new or improved mode of constructing a motive_power strength, and flexibility.

The Meteorological Office has now been placed under the direction of a committee of the Royal So. ciety. The new director who has been appointed Among the samples of adulterated tobacco exis Mr. Robert H. Scott, for several years honorary amined lately at the Inland Revenue Laboratory, secretary of the Royal Geological Society of Ire were several containing liquorice, others ferment land. Mr. Scott was educated at Rugby and Trin-able sugar, and some tannic acid, sulphate of iron, ity College, Dublin, where he obtained in 1855 the first gold medal in Experimental Physics, with the honour of a special notice in the Calendar. He afterwards studied chemistry and physics on the Continent under Liebig, H. Rose, Magnus, and Dove, at whose request he prepared and published, in 1862, a translation of the second edition of his "Law of Storms."

and logwood, whilst one sample of roll" sent from
Scotland actually consisted of oakum covered with
a thin wrapper of leaf tobacco, and was, from its
outward appearance, indistinguishable from genuine
tobacco. The principal of the laboratory gives the
weight of tobacco yearly consumed per head of the
population at 1lb. 4oz., which shows a continuous
increase during the last twenty years.

bent, the whole being the result of one combined action.

1899 A. B. BARON VON RATHEN and G. H. ELLIS. A wheel whereby to obtain permanent motion by the application of compressed air or any other elastic fluid. Dated July

21, 1866.

This invention may be considered supplementary to an invention of the Baron Von Rathen, of an elementary to him (No. 818) dated March 23, 1865, which consists in motive power engine for which a patent has been granted power wheel or engine, on the principle that the motor, a newly discovered plan for the construction of a motive consisting of compressed air or other elastic fluid, is main tained in permanent activity, and without removal or renewal, and the useful resistance of the air in the cham regular and direct, the wheel rotating on its fixed central bers is on the surface of a fixed cylinder; the motion is axis. The nature of the present invention consists, principally, in providing, instead of that, a motive power wheel,

having its axis upon fixed bearings in an eccentric position, and turning in an oscillating cylinder. The motor, being brought through a hollow shaft or any convenient channel, is introduced into one or more closed chambers formed upon the longest arm of the power wheel for the purpose of driving it round. By this means, according to the uniform pressure of the elastic fluid upon all surfaces, the inventors obtain, not only a continuous, but an additional degree of driving power from the leverage given by the position of the wheel. Patent abandoned.

1900 M. BAYLISS. Improvements in machinery for the manufacture of bolts and spikes and other similar articles. Dated July 21, 1866.

In constructing machinery according to this invention, the patentee fixes in the slide or bolt of the machine two dumping dies (that is, dies by which the upsetting or shaping of the end of the rod is effected preparatory to the formation of the head, and he also fixes in the said slide or bolt a heading die, the said dumping dies and heading die operating simultaneously upon three rods of iron brought under them. The rods of iron to be headed are carried by a revolving horizontal table, to which an intermittent motion is communicated in any convenient way to the boxes or beds described by means of sliding pistons commonly called "dummies" or "pimplers" under the said boxes. These dummies or pimplers, and consequently the spikes or bolts, are raised in the revolving table at the proper times by means of a fixed incline underneath the said revolving table. The rod of iron to be headed is placed in one of the boxes or beds of the revolving table, and brought by the revolution of the said table under the first dumping die, and the upper heated end of the said rod upset or shaped by the said dumping die, and by the lower die or box or bed in which it is placed. By the further revolution of the table, the partially headed rod is brought under the second dumping die, and further shaped by the said second die, the rod at the same time being raised in

the box or bed by the action of the incline under the revolving table upon the dummy or pimpler supporting the said rod. By the further revolution of the table, the partially headed rod is brought under the heading die and further headed so as to convert it into a bolt or spike, or other similar article. After the heading has been effected, the headed bolt or spike is, on the rotation of the table, ejected from the box or bed by means of a second incline, or by a rod under the table (acting upon the dummy or pimpler. Patent completed.

1901 R. NEWTON. Improved means or apparatus for consuming smoke in the furnaces of steam boilers, also in other furnaces where applicable. Dated July 21, 1866.

The object of this invention is to produce a thorough combustion of the smoke in the furnaces of steam boilers and other furnaces. For this purpose the patentee places an arch of brickwork within the furnace, immediately behind the fire-door, and having perforated the arch with two or more holes be inserts small pipes within the same, causing them to extend a short distance into the furnace. The outer ends of these pipes he connects by means of brauch pipes with an air tube, this latter being supplied with a current of air by an ordinary fan placed in any convenient position. A valve is also placed between the fan and the jets in any desired position to regulate the admission of the air. The above named apparatus may be used either by itself for the purpose of smoke consumption only, or in conjunction with the; improved generator, for which the present patentee obtained letters patent, dated March 24, 1866 (No. 878), with the double object of consuming smoke and generating steam. Patent completed.

1902 J. SAUNDERS and J. PIPER. Improvements in the
manufacture of tin and terne plates. Dated July 21, 1866.
For the purposes of this invention in preparing plates
for tinning, the patentees take the plates out of the cold
water cistern in which they have been placed after the last
or white pickling, and they pass them singly between one
or two pairs of rollers, which are covered with vulcanised
india-rubber or other suitable elastic material. It is pre-
ferred that the rollers should be arranged to be fed from
below, in order that the water may not hang or adhere to
the surfaces. By these means the plates are nearly freed
from water, and may then be introduced into grease raised
to a high temperature. But if it be wished that the plates
should be absolutely dried, they are received from the
rollers on to an endless chain or apron, which is arranged
When it is de-
to carry them through a heated chamber.
sired entirely to neutralise the said acid remaining on the
plates after pickling, a solution of lime is used in the cis-
tera in which they are deposited, and, when desired, the
plates, on being removed from the cold water cistern, may
be immersed in a solution of salammoniac. In either case
the removal of the water by rollers and the drying of the
plates by carrying them through a hot chamber may be
etained. These prepared plates may then be coated by
he old process or by that next described. Now, according
to this invention, the first grease pot, in place of deriving
its heat only from the "tinman's pot," as hereinbefore, is
heated by the direct action of a fire, which is, by preference,
below the pot, and in which the heat is considerable as
compared with what was previously the case, the heat of
the grease according to this invention being raised to
In this first grease
about 450 deg. to 560 deg. Fah.
pot is placed a rack for receiving a number of plates
(say 40 or 50) separate the one from the other, as the plates
require to remain in this grease pot some minutes. The
grease used is pot or tinman's hole; when, however, suffi-
cient quantity of such stale grease cannot be obtained, the
patentees introduces into the pot other grease, and place at
the bottom scruff metal, as they find that the processes of
coating and finishing the plates are better carried out with
tin or terue metal, scruff metal being cheapest for this pur-
pose. The plates are taken from the first grease pot and

Immersed in the melted tin or terne metal in the tinman's
pot, where there is a similar rack to that which is, as above
The tin or terne
stated, placed in the first grease pot.
metal in this pot is kept at a heat of about 500 deg. to
600 deg. Fab., and the plates remain in this metal for some
minutes. The plates are then taken out singly and dipped
in melted tin or terne metal (in another part), heated to
about 450 deg, to 500 deg. Fah.; the plates are then passed
once or oftener between pressing rollers which work in
grease. The plates, when observed to have on them scruff or
hardened metal, are all to be brushed off as heretofore.
Patent completed.

1903 R. MITCHELL.

Improvements in shaping and

The documents relating to this invention cannot at present be seen, the sealing of the patent having been opposed.

1904 J. MORGAN. Improvements in preserving animal substances and in sealing tins or cases containing preserved provisions, and in the apparatus employed therein. Dated July 21, 1866.

The main feature of this invention consists in preserving animal substances by means of acetate of soda, either in solution or in its solid state. Patent abandoned.

1905 J. LEACH. Improvements in refining paraffin wax.
Dated July 23, 1866.

This invention consists in the more speedy, effectual, and
economical method of treating crude paraffin, so as to
render it white, hard, and more suitable for the purposes
for which it is employed. The process adopted to produce
these conditions is, first, to boil the crude paraffin for about
two hours, more or less, with a solution of caustic alkali,
which has the effect of precipitating the oil with which the
paraffin is combined. The precipitated oil is then removed
by washing. The paraffin is then submitted to the action
of animal charcoal, after which it is filtered and pressed.
It is then re-melted, washed, &c., and again subjected to
the purifying power of charcoal, after which it is again
filtered and treated with about 5 per cent. of naphtha, and
pressed. By preference, the pressing should take place
while the material is warm. To remove more completely
any impurity that may still exist, it is once more re-melted,
washed, treated with charcoal, and filtered.
mains to be done is to run the paraffin into cakes suitable
for the market. Patent abandoned.

All that re

1906 E. LEIGH, H. T. PALMER, and W. E. WHITEHEAD.
Improvements in machinery or apparatus for cleaning and
Dated July
preparing cotton or other fibrous substances.
23, 1866.

The

valve is loaded. The object of this second vessel is to esthe piston of the second or large cylinder, and also to pretablish a uniform back pressure of a very low degree against vent the cooling effects which result from the use of a conas ordinarily applied. The steam passing through the valve denser when in direct communication with such cylinder and pipe above mentioned then enters a third vessel, and is there condensed by the circulation of cold air or water in pipes passing through the said vessel, and as it is very probable that much water of condensation would form in the second steam vessel, the inventor proposes to attach a pipe to the bottom of this vessel and connect the same with what is known as a steam trap or condensing box constructed so as to permit the passage of water, but not of steam, from the second steam vessel to the third or condenser. Patent abandoned.

1910 L. L. SOVEREIGN. An improved implement for beating and cutting meat and other substances. Dated July 23,

1866.

This invention consists chiefly in the construction of an implement in which a hammer or beater is combined with a blade or cutter, the former being for the purpose of beating or bruising steaks, chops, and other portions of meat to make them tender, while the latter is employed for catting or chopping meat, suet, and other substances, The said invention further consists in making the blade or cutter easily removable, so that blades of different forms and The beater is made of malleable cast may be employed. sizes (or, if required, a second hammer instead of a blade) metal, and is formed with teeth or projections on its face. iron, gun metal, german silver, or other equally tough The said teeth or projections may be made of any shape, but are preferably of a square or oblong form, slightly rounded at their extremities. Patent abandoned.

1911 T. ANDREWS. Improvements in machines for wind-
ing or warping and drying yarns. Dated July 23, 1866.
This invention consists, first, in a novel method of dry-
ing on to the beam from the spools or bobbins in the creel
ing wet spun yarns during the process of warping or wind-
or bank, whereby many objections that apply to the pre-
The yarn is wound
sent arrangement are dispensed with.
wet from the spinning bobbins on to spools, which are then
placed direct into the creel or bank of the warping ma-
chine. The yarn whilst being wound into the beam passes
over the surface of a heated cylinder, placed between the
bank or creel and the ordinary measuring rollers of the
The heated cylinder is driven at the
warping machine.

same speed as the yarn, thereby putting no extra strain
upon the yarn, which, being spread over the surface of the
cylinder in single threads, is evenly dried, and without
damage from too great a heat. Second, in the application
of a brush or brushes between the "falling rods" and the
front reed, under or between which the yarn passes when
The brushes are so carried that they are
being wound.
removed out of contact with the yarn by the stopping of
the machine. Patent abandoned.

This invention consists, first, of an improved adjustable feed-roller and shell or concave plate to be used in scutching and carding engines or machines; thus, instead of the feed roller being permanently placed close up to the concave part of the shell, as usual, the patentees cause the said feed-roller to work in bearings which can be moved so as to adjust the roller to suit the different staples of cotton or other fibrous substances; or they make the shell adjustable; they also serrate the edge of the shell or fix a serrated plate to the shell. Secondly, the invention consists of improved vibrating grid or grate bars in scutching machines with power to regulate the force of the draught of air which is drawn by the fan, and so act on the cotton or material that any amount of air required may be drawn through the grate bars, both in front and behind the beater. air can be supplied to the machine in such a manner that the cotton will pass over the grate bars between the beater and cages, quicker or slower, as required. Thirdly, the invention consists of an improvement in the knocking-off motion of drawing frames, which improvement mainly consists in making the vibrating knocking-off forks or levers 1912 G. T. BOUSFIELD. Improvements in the manufaoact both ways instead of one. Fourthly, the invention consists of an additional front roller for braiding frames for the ture of certain alkaloids derived from aniline and its purpose of preventing lap-waste. This roller acts indepen-homologues, and in their transformation into colouring dently of a bottom roller or otherwise, and is driven by matters suitable for dyeing and printing. (A communicafriction or gearing from the bottom roller, which it does tion.) Dated July 23, 1866. not touch, but stands out to the front of the top roller, and is not weighted. Fifthly, the invention consists of an im. proved relieving motion for levers and weights for drawing frames or other machinery, for the purpose of relieving the top rollers from pressure whilst the frame or machine is standing. This is accomplished by raising by means of cams or cranks a longitudinal bar having cross-pieces beneath the levers of the weights, so that, when the cams or cranks are turned, the cross-pieces raise the levers and weights, aud thus take off the pressure. Patent completed.

1907 A. MAGNIN. Improvements in lamps and other lighting and heating apparatus jed by mineral or other volatile liquids. Dated July 23, 1866.

According to this invention there is no liability of explosion, as the petroleum spirit is immediately absorbed by the spongy matter contained in the reservoir of the apparatus, the gas or vapour being supplied only in proportion as it is consumed, and without being subjected to any pressure, while the spongy material is separated from the wick by a tube. The flame being at the end of the conducting tube cannot penetrate into the interior of the apparatus and remains constantly in the same position, being fed by the gas or vapour which passes up between the two tubes of the burner. This improved gaseous petroleum lamp may be applied to all kinds of lighting apparatus, such as to carriage lamps or shop or street reflectors, lustres and otherwise. It is also applicable to heating apparatus, the heat being increased by enlarging the apparatua and using a large number of burners. This lamp, besides incurring less danger in its use than gas or petroleum, or schist oils, also possesses great advantage as regards economy and cleanliness. Patent completed.

1908 A. KIMBALL. Improvements in sewing machines.
Dated July 23, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings,
Patent completed.

1909 J. RAMSBOTTOM. Improvements in the method of
using and treating steam for purposes of obtaining motive
power, and in apparatus connected therewith. Dated July

23, 1866.

This invention consists in the use of a vessel supplied
with a small quantity of water. Heat is applied until this
water becomes wholly vaporised, the said vessel may after
wards be supercharged with heat to a very considerable de-
The vapour is con.
gree, inasmuch as no direct communication exists with
other aqueous matter in liquid state.
veyed to a compound steam engine having two cylinders
parallel with each other, and so arranged in size that one
cylinder shall possess an area greatly in excess of the other.
On the said cylinders is cast a valve box, in which are two
valves worked simultaneously, and so arranged that there
shall be the least possible lap or lead, in order that this
steam may have the least possible expansion in the small
The object of
cylinder, and have the utmost freedom in discharge from
both on completion of the piston's stroke.
this arrangement is to work up as thoroughly as possible in
mechanical effect the heat contained in the vapour, which
vapour pasess from the first or small cylinder, throufh the
second valve to the second cylinder, in which it expands
The steam on leaving
through the entire stroke.
the engine is conveyed to a second vessel, on which
is a slightly loaded valve covered by a pipe, through
which valve and pipe the steam further passes on

The patentee claims, first, the manufacture of alkaloids derived from aniline or from its homologues by the reaction of hydroclorate of aniline or the hydro-bromate, or of the hydriodate or of corresponding salts of its homologue, or of a mixture of these salts upon a methylic alcohol or other alcohol, the action being aided by heat and pressure, as described. Second, the manufacture of alkaloids derived from aniline or from its homologues by the reaction upon aniline or its homologues, or upon a mixture of aniline with one or more of its homologues, of a methylic alcohol, employed conjointly with the chlorides or the bromides or the iodides of ammonium or of aluminium, or of calcium or of magnesium, or of iron, or of zinc, or of other metal, the action being aided by heat and pres Third, the manufacture of alkaloids sure, as described. derived from aniline or from its homologues by the reaction upon aniline or its homologues, or aniline mixed with one or more of its homologues, of a methylic or other alcoholic nitrate or chloride, in the manner described. Fourth, the manufacture of other alkaloids by employing either of the three processes above set forth to cause to react on alcohol radical alkaloids derived from aniline (or from its homologue, or from a mixture of aniline with one or more of its homologues), the same alcohol or alcohols which served to produce them, the alkaloid being substituted in the process for aniline itself. Fifth, the transformation as described of methylic or methyl, ethylic or methylamylic alkaloids, or the other alkaloids set forth, into violet colouring matter suitable for dyeing and printing, by treat. ing these alkaloids by the process described, employing th substances mentioned, the anhydrous bichlorides of tiu; or the bin-iodide of mercury, alone or mixed with a chlorate; or the cyanide of iodine or the bi-chloride of mercury conjointly with a chlorate; or the chloride or iodine or the bromine of iodine, or bromine or iodine, these two last conjointly with a chlorate or an acid, conjointly with a chlorate, either hydriodic acid, or hydro-bromic acid, or sulphuric acid, or an iodiate or a bromate, or iodic acid or bromic acid. Patent completed.

1913 G. T. BOUSFIELD. Improvements in producing and superheating steam. (A communication.) Dated July 23, 1866.

The object of this invention is to provide a continuous supply of super-heated steam at a given temperature by distinct means, each being in no degree dependent upon the other. The inventor describes the invention thus:-He provides a two-inch pipe, say 20ft. long, and inside this pipa he places (say) seven stops or divisions, about 2ft. apart, each of these divisions having orifices so as to connect the different compartments together. He places this At the pipe inside a flue from a reverberatory furnace. end nearest the fire he introduces cold water from a suit. As it enters the first compartment, it able supply pipe. will be heated to a certain extent, and as it continues its increase its heat until it becomes steam, the mean temperajourney through the other compartments, it will gradually ture of each compartment increasing as it travels along and go on increasing until it attains to a cemperature of Here he proposes to place underneath (say) 400 deg. Fab. and inside the heating pipe a thermostat, which is connected to a spindle passing through a stuffing box, aud which spindle is connected with the water supply pipe, so that, if the temperature should rise above the required height, a greater body of water would be injected into the

forging metals, and in the machinery or apparatus employed training a greater pressure than that to which the said heating pipe, and the temperature thus reduced, and on the

therein. Dated July 21, 1866.