complete the recess for the ramming apparatus and recesses for the parts of the lock, the work is fixed on a holder between centres, as before described, and held in position by the bore and the small hole concentric with the bore. The holder is so made as to receive and hold in this manner between separate centres four different barrels or pieces, and it holds each in a suitable position to be presented to the tools, and these positions are different the one from the other. The several pieces thus held are advanced by means of a slide rest up to four revolving cutters, and so a cut of the required depth is made in each piece; then the slide rest is drawn back, and the pieces are shifted from one pair of centres to another of the holder, except that one piece which has been on all the centres and in which the slots are

all made,is removed from the machine, being so far finished, and another fresh piece is brought to the machine to supply its place; the slide rest is then again advanced to the cutters and so the work goes on, each piece remaining in the machine until the necessary slots to admit the running apparatus and portions of the lock are cut to the exact required dimensions and form. Several operations are in this way performed at the same time in one machine, whereby a great saving of expense in the manufacture is secured, together with great accuracy. The barrel and frame, made as above described, are not attached directly to the wooden stock or handle of the revolver, but to its rear end, a connecting metal frame is attached by screws, and to this the stock is fixed. This connecting metal frame is the breechpiece already mentioned. It is accurately shaped by means of revolving cutters, and contains within it most of the parts of the lock. Patent completed.

1960 W. RICHARDS. Improvements in breechloading firearms. Dated July 28, 1866.

1965 T. and J. BIBBY. Certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for manufacturing paper bags. Dated July 31, 1866.

This invention relates to the manufacture of paper bags having square or flat ends, and consists in the construction and arrangement of certain mechanism for feeding the required quantity of previously prepared paper tube, from which continuous tube the required length is cut, and the end or bottom of the piece thus cut off pasted or closed in. Patent completed.

1972 W. E. GEDGE. Imitating mother-of-pearl upon various surfaces. (A communication.) Dated July 31,

1866.

1966 A. PARAF. The application to medicine, for beve-metals contained in solution by seawater, such as silver,
rages, and for industrial purposes, of a new gaseous water.
(A communication.) Dated July 31, 1866.

This invention consists in the employment, for the pur. poses stated in the title of the invention, of protoxide of nitrogen, called "laughing gas." It is applicable to the treatment of gout, gravel-uric, and similar diseases arising from the formation in the system of uric acid. Patent

abandoned.

1937 T. BULLOUGH and G. OPENSHAW. Improvements in
shuttles used for weaving. Dated July 31, 1866.

Near the front end of the shuttle, between the shuttle
eye and the tip of the peg, the inventors make or fix a tube
with an opening or slit at the top of it the whole of its
length, so that when the cop is placed on the shuttle peg,
the end of the yarn or thread can be passed through the
tube by the said opening or slit, and through the eye in
the usual manner. The object or purpose of this tube is
that, when the cop becomes loose on the peg, it will enter
the tube, and cause the yarn or thread to break, and thus
Patent abandoned.
prevent it running off and becoming entangled in the thread.

1968 J. A. BIRKBECK.
ores, and other minerals.
This invention relates to an improved mode or method of
washing coal ores and other minerals, and consists in, first,
dividing or reducing the materials to be treated into
fragments of various sizes, which are then to be separated,
screened, and assorted, and collected into lots or parcels.
These lots or parcels, each composed of the same size,
assorted as aforesaid, are to be placed upon perforated
plates or false bottoms contained in washing vessels, and
water is then forced up through the perforated plate or false
bottom in an intermittent stream, or by means of jets or
pulsations, and this may be effected by means of a double
action displacer or pump, or by the aid of a head of water
of the minerals or materials operated upon, according to
their several specific gravities, those of the highest specifio
gravity being found at the bottom, and those of the lowest
specific gravity at the upper part of the layer; and these
minerals or materials are also separately deposited in re-
ceptacles, as may be required, by the continued operation
of the machinery. Patent completed.

Improvements in washing coal,
Dated July 31, 1866.

The patentee claims the combining with a lever and slid-
ing block for closing the breech of the barrel, as is de-
scribed in the specification of a former patent (No. 633) of
the year 1858, wedging instruments to set and hold the face
of the block up to the breech end of the barrel, as de-
scribed. He also claims the modification of the above
arrangement, as described. He also claims in constructing
fire-arms in which the breech is closed hy a block, as de-
scribed in the specification of the former patent, the
grooving out the abutment that supports the recoil of the
block to facilitate the introduction of the cartridge, as de-
scribed. He also claims, in constructing fire-arms in which
the breech is closed by a sliding block, as is described in
the specification of the former patent before referred to, the
combining with such block a striker to explode the cart-regulated by cocks or valves. The result is the separation
ridge, such striker moving parallel with the axis of the
barrel, and having upon it at one side a projection which
the hammer strikes, as described. He also claims in cen-
tral fire-arms arranging the strikers flat on the face, and
so that the striker after exploding the cap of the cartridge
rests on a solid abutment, so as to support the cap of the
cartridge, and prevent its fracture, as described. He also
claims constructing the strikers of central fire fire-arms
without springs, and in such manner that, on firing, they
may be driven back by the cap of the cartridge, as de-
scribed. He also claims arranging the strikers of central
fire-arms moving parallel to the axis of the barrel in
such manner as to be acted on by a driver piece struck by
the hammer of the lock, such driver piece passing in an
oblique direction down to the striker. He also claims the
arranging breech-loading fire-arms so that they may be
used either with central fire or pin cartridges, as described.
Patent completed.

1961 J. J. WHEELER. Tipping walking sticks, and the sticks and ribs of sunshades, parasols, and umbrellas, with glass. Dated July 30, 1866.

In carrying this invention into practice, glass, plain or coloured, is formed into tubes which may be silvered or gilded and cemented to the article to be tipped or ornamented. Patent abandoned.

1962 J. PICKERING. Improvements in hot blast for smelting and other furnaces. Dated July 30, 1836. According to this invention the blast is driven from the engine in the usual way through a tube, to which a pipe is connected, this pipe being divided into two branches; the one branch is directed to the lower part of a fire enclosed in an oven, in order to supply oxygen for combustion, and the other branch is directed to a flame, thereby driving a current of heated air similar to that produced by an oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, and so conducted to the blast furnace through a flue. The heating furnace or oven is provided with a tire door; valves are also fixed in the said branch pipes to shut when fuel is required. The application of this hot blast may be used in any description of furnace where intense heat is required. Patent abandoned.

1963 J. M'KENZIE, T. CLUNES, and W. HOLLAND. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for actuating and regulating railway points and signals. Dated July 30,

1866.

The ap

The object of this invention is to effect a simultaneous adjustment of points and signals agreeing together, and preventing the possibility of accident by collision at railway junctions, and to ensure the efficient working of the points and signals in combination or otherwise, paratus consists of a series of vertical hand levers, placed side by side, and set on horizontal fulcrum shafts passing from end to end of the apparatus, and fixed in suitable bearings in the framework. The signal levers are provided with a paul, actuated by a rod and spring lever; on the handle of the signal lever this paul or catch traverses during the passage of the lever the surface of an arc having teeth cut therein, so that the position or distance of the lever may be maintained by the paul and teeth. The lower part of the lever works on the shaft first mentioned, and carries an arm to which chains, wires, or rods to actuate the signals are attached, so that by the motion of the signal lever the rods or chains are pulled and the signal moved. Patent completed.

1866.

1964 T. GREENWOOD and W. KEATS. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for the manufacture of boots and shoes and other coverings for the feet. Dated July 30, The patentees claim, first, communicating motion to the working parts of the sewing machine by means of a pulley or wheel on an intermediate shaft mounted in bearings in a framing, which is capable of rocking or moving so that the periphery of the pulley or wheel may, when required, be brought into contact with a wheel on the main shaft of the sewing machine, as and for the purposes set forth. Second, the mode set forth of arranging and operating the parts whereby the thread is supplied to and lapped round the hook of the awl. Lastly, the mode shown and described of constructing jointed lasts for boots and shoes. Patent completed.

1969 F. C. HILLS. Improvements in the manufacture of oxalic acid. Dated July 31, 1866.

"

This invention consists in forcing atmospheric air into what is technically termed "oxalic acid mother liquor during the time the nitric acid is being added to it, and the treacle or other substance used to make the oxalic acid in the usual way. Patent abandoned.

1970 J. J. BODMER. Improvements in the manufacture of cements, concretes, and artificial stone. Dated July 31,

1866.

This invention relates, firstly, to and consists in the use of slag, cinder, or scoria from blast furnaces, copper smelting and other furnaces, for the manufacture of a certain class of cements, by mixing, amalgamating, and incorporating such slag, cinder, or scoria with lime, and without subjecting the mixed slag and lime to heat in kilns or furnaces. The invention consists, secondly, in producing a cement which the patentee calls "concrete cement," and which is made of the same materials as the cement above described, with this difference, that the lime is used in its caustic state. The manipulation in preparing the cement is precisely as above described. This class of cement is principally intended for forming concrete. The invention consists, thirdly, in the manufacture and use of an artificial slag to be mixed and incorporated with lime, as above named, instead of or as a substitute for slag, cinder, or scoria. The invention consists, fourthly, in the manufac ture of a cement by adding to slag, cinder, or scoria as it flows from a furnace (as for instance from a blast furnace), li ne or calcareous matter, with or without alumina, in certain proportions, as the nature of the slag, cinder, or scoria may require. The invention consists, fifthly, in certain processes for treating the slag, cinder, or scoria, whereby the silica and other component parts therein become liberated from their bases and free to enter into new combinations. Patent completed.

1971 G. T. BOUSFIELD. Improvements in the manufacture of fuel from peat and such liks vegetable matter. (A communication.) Dated July 31, 1866.

The patentee claims the process of changing the character of peat or other partially decomposed vegetable material by treating it with steam, substantially as set forth, the steam being injected into the material. Also the process of applying to peat or other partially decomposed vegetable material the requisite amount of beat and moisture to change its character, by first drying the material and then steaming it, substantially as set forth. Also the process of solidifying peat or other partially decomposed vegetable material by the application of heat and mechanical pressure while it is in a moist state (containing from 15 per cent, to 40 per cent. of water), substantially as set forth. Also the process of transforming peat or other partially decomposed vegetable material into fractitious coal, by the application of steam and mechanical pressure, substantially as set forth. Also the combination in a machine of the following implements, viz., the agitator or worker, heating chamber, and steam pipe, all operating in combination, substantially as set forth. Also the comhination in a machine of the following implements, viz., the agitator or worker, chamber, and piston press, all operating in combination, substantially as set forth. Also the combination in a machine of the following implements, viz., the agitator or worker, heating chamber, piston press, and steam delivery pipe, all operating in combination, substantially as set forth. Also the combination of the piston and piston chamber of the press with a discharge passage fitted with an adjutage, whose interior is tapering, all operating in combination, substantially as set forth. Also the combination of the piston and piston chamber of the press with a discharge passage, which is widened out, or increases progressively in diameter, all operating in combination, substantially as set forth. Patent completed,

The object of this invention is to imitate the surfaces of mother-of-pearl on solid bodies generally, but, principally, on paper, wood, leather, woven fabrics, and plaster. The inventor has arrived at the conclusion that the shot and rainbow-coloured reflections presented by mother-of-pearl are not always a simple effect of interference resulting from the structure of its surface, but very often a deposit of the iron, and lead, which, by reason of their extreme tenuity, have hitherto escaped analysis. The oyster contains within it sulphuretted hydrogen; the hydrogen carries off the oxygen from the oxides, and reduces these oxides to a metallic state, at the same time the sulphur of the sulphuretted hydrogen combines with the metals thus regenerated, and converts them into sulphites which give the metallic colours. In fact, a mixture of calcareous matters in their water of crystallisation, and applied in a thin coatof isinglass or gelatine and of salts dissolved in water, or ing or layer on any surface which will lend itself to such application, gives in a current of sulphydric acid the structure of mother-of-pearl with prismatic colours, which may be modified by the aid of a current of chromhydric, isobydric, and similar acids. Without the aid of these gases mother-of-pearl surfaces may be obtained in the open air, either white or tinted, by transparence, a coloured foundation or ground being used. The structure of the mother-ofpearl surfaces may be regulated at the first of the arrangement of the molecules, so as to obtain the most varied forms. For this purpose pointed instruments may be momentarily applied, or typographical frames or plates arranged ad hoc. One salt ouly, or several salts, may be used mixed in variable proportions without the addition of other ingredients than gelatinous or resinous matters; acetates and sulphates are to be preferred. It will be understood that the choice of the gelatinous and resinous matters depends upon the acid of the salt. The coating or layer may be applied on the surfaces of an object by brushes, spatulas, rollers, or by cold or hot immersion. Very beautiful effects are obtained on articles in plastic by reason of the diversified reflection of the light. Patent completed.

1973 W. E. GEDGE. An improved fastening intended to replace the ordinary screws and nuts in bedsteads and articles of furniture generally. (A communication.) Dated July 31, 1866

By means of the fastening, the subject of this invention, the setting up and taking to pieces of furniture becomes very easy. The fastening is composed, firstly, of a spindle carrying a square and a circular part, the whole moving round an eccentric rod fixed to one of the pieces which are to be fastened together. Secondly, of a catch or hook, which, by means of the spindle when set in motion by the aid of a key or lever, receives a come and go motion, fixing it to, or withdrawing it from a bolt or pin fixed in the other part to be joined. The spindle moves in the space left in the hook or catch, so that it is only necessary to exert a pressure on the key or lever to take down or set up the bedstead or other article of furniture, such as a wardrobe or bookcase. Patent abandoned.

1974 W. E. GEDGE. An improved spade or digging implement. (A communication.) Dated July 31, 1866.

The agricultural implement which forms the object of this invention is of an entirely novel arrangement. It has the shape of a lengthened spade; it is divided into two parts, the one full or solid, the other hollowed out; the full or solid part which commences at the bottom of the socket may be more or less spread, and the hollowed out part presents the shape of a trident. The instrument, therefore, commences in a sort of fork and finishes by a spade. Patent abandoned.

1975 J. POOLE. Improvements in manufacturing metallic hoops for casks, or other wooden vessels or utensils, and in machinery therefor. Dated August 1, 1866.

This invention consists, first, in making the said hoops without joint or weld, and in the required coned, tapering, or splayed form. Secondly, in forming hoop iron with one side flat and the other concave or convex, or with one edge thicker than the other, and in rolling hoop iron having any of the transverse sections above described, or with the ordinary section in curve, so that when jointed and riveted up it will form a cone-shaped or splayed hoop; and, lastly, of a machine having fixed and adjustable rollers having their axles inclined one to the other for giving the necessary splay to a plain cylindrical hoop, and also casing and expanding the weldless hoops above mentioned for or by the cooper. Patent abandoned.

1976 W. STOKES and C. FAULKNER. Improvements in breechloading firearms, and in cartridges for breechloading firearms. Dated August 1, 1866.

This invention relates to such breech-loading firearms as are opened and closed by a sliding bolt or closer, through a hole in which a needle or striker is driven to discharge the cartridge. In constructing a breech-loading gun according to this part of the invention, the inventors construct and arrange the parts in the following manner: They cut away the upper part of the barrel near the breech, so as to form an opening sufficiently large for the introduction of the cartridge. In this part of the barrel the bolt or closer slides, the handle by which the said closer is moved engaging by a rotary motion in a cross slot in the front end of the opening to secure the closer during discharge. Opposite the handle a projection is made on the closer, which works in a longitudinal groove in the barrel during the sliding motion of the closer, and in a transverse groove on the rotation of the closer. The handle of the closer is secured in its place during discharge by a spring catch fastening. The closer is hollow, and in its interior the needle by which the gun is discharged works. This needle is enclosed in a tube, and urged forward by a coiled spring. The rear end of the tube has a shoulder with which, when the tube is drawn back, a sear engages. The action of the parts is as follows:-After discharge, the handle of the closer is raised out of the transverse slot, thereby giving a partial rotation to the closer. The said closer is thereby liberated, and is drawn back by its handle. The cartridge is introduced at the opening in the barrel, and the closer again advanced and fixed by depressing its handle. On the drawing back of the closer the tube carrying the needle or striker is pressed back, and its shoulder engages with the sear described; the closer, on being advanced to close the breech, leaving the said tube and needle or striker behind. By pressing the trigger with the finger, the sear is disengaged from the shoulder on the tube carrying the needle or striker, which tube is urged for I ward by the coiled spring. The needle or striker is thereby

flat, and the stem or leg drawn out to the required length. Glasses thus formed will be found invariably to contain the exact measure required, owing to the fact that the bowl or This invention has for its object an increased regularity body of the glass is of exact size internally when leaving the and effectiveness in these several operations. For this pur-mould, and the workman has only to finish the leg and pose the machinery consists in the combination of a cylin- foot, a slight inaccuracy in which is of very little conse der for tearing and opening the cotton or other fibrous sub-quence. Patent completed.

This invention consists, primarily, of a perch carried by
three wheels, viz., two leading wheels and one driving
wheel, the latter beiag actuated by means of treadles and
cranks. The rearward portion of the perch is divided
or forked, and the driving wheel is mounted within the
forked part by means of an axle or shaft, which is carried
in suitable bearings attached to the perch, and is provided
with a crank at each end outside the bearings, the cranks
being so arranged as to alternate in motion with each
other. Each of these cranks is connected by a link or This invention relates to a new and improved method of
connecting rod to the rear end of a treadle, the forward insulating the wire, and in the arrangement of machinery
end of which is hinged or jointed to the forward end of the and process and material used, whereby a leaden or other
perch, which is made to curve downwards for that purpose. metallic tubing may be formed over and upon an insulated
The forward end of the perch is supported by an axle wire or wires, that is to say, a leaden tubing is formed, and
having two leading wheels, one at each end thereof. This while in course of formation is made to enclose one or more
axle is so mounted as to be capable of swivelling on a verti-insulated wires without injury to the insulating medium,
cal pin by means of a cross handle or lever in front of the by the use and application of a material known as "paraffin
operator, who can thus guide or direct the velocipede wax,' or other suitable insulating liquid or substance
as occasion may require. Patent abandoned.
reduced to a liquid state, which is introduced in and around

For these purposes, when constructing apparatus for raising aeriform fluids, for ventilating or withdrawing air 1989 W. A. MARSHALL. A new and improved method from rooms, buildings, vessels, carriages, chimney and for insulating and protecting electric telegraph wires for other shafts, an instrument is used which at one end, is submarine, subterranean, and other lines, with improve-cylindrical, and at the other end conical, the smaller end of ments in the machinery and in the process and material. the conical part of the instrument corresponding in diame Dated August 2, 1866. ter with, and being fixed to, the cylindrical part. Through one side of the larger or conical end of this instrument is fixed a tube, corresponding in diameter with the upper end of the outlet shaft or pipe; this tube is bent forward or formed with an elbow bend, which enters the cylindrical part of the instrument above explained, and occupies part of its lower capacity. This apparatus is mounted on the it may turn freely, and in order that the larger conical end upper end of the outlet pipe or shaft in such manner that of the instrument may be constantly turned to the wind, a vane or arrow is applied to the instrument. The effect of

and fastening it to another spring hook, or to the hook, or
to the belt itself. Patent completed.

1866.

ing piston of all pressure at its dead point, and correspondingly augmenting pressure at a useful point of its next stroke, while at the same time diminishing resistance on the exhausted side during its stroke. Patent completed.

this arrangement is, that the wind entering the cone in engine, to extensify the pressure within it, to supersede the passing forward through the cylinder, produces an exhausnecessity of an air pump. Fifth, the use of a peculiarly tion or up draft in the outlet pipe or shaft, the wind passing 2005 T. CAMPBELL and H. COFFEY. Improvements in sudden transference of air under pressure by heat from one in at the larger conical end of the instrument being pre-machinery or apparatus for staining or coating the surfaces vessel into air constringed by cold in another vessel at the vented from passing into the outlet pipe or shaft by the of paper with colour or other material. Dated August 3, end of each stroke of the working piston, by means of a elbow bend, the back of which is presented to the wind. balanced rotary slide valve, called an equation valve. When constructing apparatus for raising water and other This invention is not described apart from the drawings. gained by this transfer has the effect of relieving the workThe equilibrium of pressure, independent of temperature, fluids, a suction pipe is used which is closed at its upper Patent completed. end, whilst at its lower end it is formed of a conical shape, the larger end of the cone being downwards. Across this cone, and near the bottom thereof, is a horizontal partition having an opening through it with a valve opening inwards. Kearthe top of this pipe, which should be less than 30ft. long, is an outlet pipe which inclines downwards, and a blast pipe smaller than the outlet is introduced air and fluid tight through the suction pipe, and its outer end rests within the outlet pipe near where it joins the suction pipe. Air or steam passed through the blast pipe causes exhaustion in the suction pipe, and the water or other fluid uses therein and flows off by the outlet pipe. Patent abandoned.

1998 G. T. BOUSFIELD. Improvements in carding engines. (A communication.) Dated August 2, 1866. According to this invention a revolving drum or cylinder covered with card clothing is used in combination with workers and strippers, but these, in place of being arranged as heretofore, are so situated that the material is first operated upon by the workers and strippers while it is upon the lower half of the circumference of the main cylinder, and as the machine is unenclosed upon its under side, all seeds, dust, and foreign particles fall to the ground, instead of lodging upon the surface of the card as they would do to a great extent if the material was subjected to the carding process only while passing over the upper half of the oylinder. A further advantage in placing workers and strippers on the under side of the main drum as well as on the upper, is that a larger number of workers can in this way be applied to a drum of a given diameter, and so it is obvious that the extent to which the carding process is earried must be much greater in machines made according to this invention than it can be upon other machines. Stationary top slat cards may be used in addition to the workers and strippers. Putent abandoned.

1999 H. J. BATCHELDER. A new and useful invention having reference to the manufacture of horseshoes or various other articles. Dated August 2, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

2000 J. G. AVERY. Improvements in churns. (A communication.) Dated August 2, 1866.

This invention consists, chiefly, in the peculiar arrangement of a series of beaters or dashers upon a central shaft or axis enclosed in a box or case, which is provided with a movable cover formed partly of glass, through which the contents of the box can be observed during the process of churning, the cover having apertures formed therein for the admission of air into the box. Patent abandoned. 2001 S. T. ARMSTRONG. Improvements in machinery for sutting dove-tail joints. (A communication.) Dated August

2, 1866.

This invention consists, chiefly, in the employment of spiral saw blades or cutters attached to rotary cutting heads, caused by suitable gearing to work together in the required direction and at the required angle to produce the dovetailed mortises and tenons in wood, metal, or other material, which is supported upon an adjustable platform or table, and brought into the required contact with the said cutters by an adjustable sliding gauge. The said invention further consists in the employment in combination with the said cutter heads and spiral saws of other saws, which are arranged in relation to the first-named saws at the proper angle to cut the bottoms of the dovetails. Patent completed.

2002 G. W. FAIR. A smoke-consuming heater. Dated August 2, 1866.

This invention consists chiefly in constructing a heating apparatus with an arch of freclay or other similar fireresisting materal, the said arch being provided at the top with an aperture which communicates with a smoke consumer, and having flues or air passages at the sides. The said arch may be formed of fireclay, firebricks, or other substance possessing the necessary fire-resisting properties. The aperture in the top of the said arch extends nearly from end to end of the same, and is by preference provided with a lining of sheet iron or other metal. A fire grate also extends end wise through the arch, and is provided at one end with a doorway and door. An ash pan is fitted under the fire-place in such a manner as to be easily removed and emptied when required. The sides of the fireplace are formed of sheet iron, bent over at the top, and extending downward to form flues between the said sides and the sides of the arch. Other flues are formed by placing an exterior covering of sheet iron around the said arch, which covering extends over the top of the same. The exterior flues communicate with the smoke consumer, which is by preference constructed in the form of a dome, and provided at its apex with an aperture about 3in. or 4in. in diameter. Patent completed..

2003 N. KILVERT. Certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for amalgamating, purifying, cooling, and bleaching lard or other similar materials. Dated August

3, 1866.

The patentee claims, first, a novel construction and employment of a cooling pan or vat, having an outer casing between which and the inner casing an annular space is formed for the purpose of cooling or heating lard, as described. Second, the novel and peculiar arrangement, construction, and adaptation to such cooling vats of reciprocating or revolving arms or beaters, for the purpose of amalgamating and agitating the lard, as described. Patent completed.

2004 J. WHITTAKER. Improvements in ladies' dress suspenders. Dated August 3, 1866.

To a belt or band which is passed around the waist, and afterwards fastened by a spiral buckle or cord, is attached a series of cords or bands extending downwards to a convenient distance above the feet, and having at the bottom spring hooks or other ordinary fasteners for fastening a horizontal elastic or non-elastic cord or band of any requisite length on the outside of the dress, and when the dress is required to be suspended it is raised by the hand, and then allowed to double over the horizontal cord or band and be suspended by it; and for releasing the horizontal cord or band when desired, it is only necessary to unhook it from the spring hooks or fasteners, and the said cord or band can be contracted when required by unhooking ne and turning it back through one of the spring hooks,

2007 J. H. JOHNSON. Improvements in the mode of securing corks and stoppers in the necks or mouths of bottles, jars, and other vessels. (A communication.) Dated August 3, 1866.

This invention consists, firstly, in the employment of
a disc of elastic india-rubber, having its border turned
over and made thicker than the middle portion of the
disc. When the cork or stopper is in its place one of these
discs is stretched across it, and its border is then passed
over the flange or projection at the mouth of the bottle or
jar. The thickened border of the disc will, if a disc of
suitable size has been selected, nip the neck of the vessel
below the flange, and the cork or stopper will thereby be
firmly retained in its place. The stopper may itself be
formed of india-rubber, and if thought desirable the disc
may be cemented by any suitable cement to that stopper.
The disc may be also stretched across the mouth of a vessel
in the absence of a cork or stopper, and will thus form a
invention consists in the employment of an elastic ring of
useful temporary stopper or cover. Another part of this
india-rubber, having one or more strips or bands of the
same material connected with it, and passing from one side
to the opposite side. The ring being slipped over the flange
on the neck of the vessel, as before mentioned, the cross
strips or bands will necessarily pass over the cork or
stopper and retain it in its place. Patent completed.

2008 W. H. K. MACK. Improvements in apparatus to
be used for fishing. (A communication.) Dated August
3, 1866.
This invention relates to catching cod fish in deep water,
and consists in the employment of a net of square form,
being about three hundred fathoms in extent on each side
and strengthened with ropes. The net is intended to lie
at the bottom, except at its edges all round, which are held
setting the net four anchors are put down, at corners of a
up to a height of about six fathoms from the bottom. In
square of about four hundred fathoms, and from each anchor
a cable passes, with but very little slack, to one of four
large buoys, which are thus moored at the surface of the
water. Boats or buoys are provided with suitable tackle
for letting down and hauling up the net. To attract fish
bait is enclosed in net bags floated by means of glass balls,
and anchored inside the net. Light-say, an electric lamp,
may also be employed for attracting fish to the net. Patent
abandoned.

2009 C. RITCHIE. Improvements in ships' furniture.
Dated August 3, 1866.

2012 W. HARTCLIFFE, jun., and T. H. LEE. Improve ments in the manufacture of flat-linked chains, and in the machinery employed in riveting and swaging the same and other articles. Dated August 4, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings.
Patent completed.
2013 J. BOYD.
Dated August 4, 1866.
This invention is not described apart from the drawings.
Patent completed.

Improvements in winding apparatus.

2014 W.JACKSON. A new soufflating accumulating pump ́ or hydraulic engine. Dated August 4, 1866.

the inventor prefers forming inlet and outlet ways, arranged

This invention consists in the construction of, by preference an angular frame, which may be made of any suitable material, such as wood, or cast iron, in which frame for receiving suitable valves and connecting tubes for conducting the water to and from the inlet and outlet ways. The internal form of this frame may be about one-fourth the width at one end that it is at the other, and in length about three times the extent of its widest end, more or less, as may be preferred, according to use, or position, or local circumstances, where such engine may be required to be put to work. On the outside of the widest end of this frame lugs are formed for receiving axes (hereafter referred to), and at this end, he, by preference, arranges the outlet way; the other or narrow end is fitted with carriage and glands for receiving a shaft, by which the engine is to be actuated. On the sides and ends of the frame he provides flanges, or other equivalent means for securing top and bottom covers made of strong fabric, or other suitable air and watertight material, which may be held conveniently by metallic or other strips, together with screw pins, or other like suitable means. These fabrics cover the top and bottom or both sides of the frame, and are permitted to be loose and full from the broad end to the narrow end, that they may be capable of expansion and compression, similar to the action of a common bellows. On the outsides of these elastic covers he applies, by preference, metal plates, provided on their broad ends with corresponding lugs for receiving pins or axes to work in, or through the corresponding lugs of the frame before referred to, which lugs and pins form a common hinge joint or fulcrum on which these plates work, so that by the flexible material being attached to them they For the purposes of this invention in constructing ships' furniture and fittings, such as beds, tables, couches, and will, in reality, be levers, or, as it were, the top and bottom others, where it is desirable to retain the surfaces in a hori- resembles. The narrow ends of these plates are provided of the common bellows, which the apparatus so much zontal position, notwithstanding the pitching or rolling of the ship, the patentee employs a hollow vessel which is open rods by which they are united to two eccentrics or cranks with an extended strap or lug for receiving connecting at the top, and of a rectangular or other form, according to formed on the shaft before referred to, and by putting this the form of the surface of the article which is to be kept in shaft in motion by any suitable driving gear, and with, by a horizontal position during the rolling or pitching of the ship, as well as when the ship is on an even keel; this vessel preference, the aid of a fly wheel, the two lever plates workhas within it a movable partition, which is arranged to floating on the joint also before referred to, will be made to advance and retire from each other at the narrow end just in on water or liquid contained in the vessel. The movable proportion to the amount of eccentricity given to partition is connected to the sides and ends of the vessel by the eccentrics central or cranks from the line of flexible water-tight fabric or material. The partition will float on the water or liquid, and although the vessel itself cal to the action of a common bellows, and as the flexible the shaft. A continuation of this action will be identiwill move with the ship the partition will retain its horimaterial is connected to the frame in such a way as to make zontal position. This partition forms the platform or base it positively airtight, it is evident that as the top and botof the bed, couch, or table, or other articles of ships' furnitom plates are forced asunder from the axis on which they ture; it may either be formed together with the bed, couch, work to the throw of the cranks or eccentrics, so a vacuum or table, or as a separate base, from which the bed, couch, or will be produced in the interior, and into which the water table may be removed at pleasure. Patent completed. will rush through the inlet way before referred to, when the 2010 P. MURRAY. Improvements in machinery for form- inlet valve will close, and as the plates are brought ing the teeth of bevel wheels. Dated August 3, 1866. together so the water will be pressed out and driven The wheel to be operated on is fastened on to the chuck through the outlet way, the valve of which will immeof an ordinary turning lathe or wheel cutting machine, so diately close as soon as the eccentrics have passed the cenas to turn on its axis. The apparatus is fastened close to tre, when the inlet valve will again rise for the water its periphery, and consists of a circular revolving cutter, to flow in to fill up the vacuum now being produced by the made to the transverse form of the tooth required to be rising of the eccentrics, and so on as the operation is conproduced (at its largest part or that point of the tooth at tinued, the shaft being kept revolving by a handle, pulthe extreme diameter of the wheel), and attached to a ley, gear, or power of the wind, or other convenient econo. horizontal spindle carried on bearings fixed to a movable mic means. Patent abandoned. circular slide (this slide forms a segment of a circle), having its centre in that point of the cutter which coincides with the pitch line of the teeth of the wheel. Underneath, and concentric with the movable part of the circular slide, is fixed a toothed segment, gearing into a cor responding segment moving on a stud fixed into the bed of the circular slide, and having a projecting arm which is guided by an adjustable fixed oscillating socket, which is adjusted on the arm of the segment nearer to or further from its centre, according to the breadth and angle of the teeth of the wheel to be cut. The circular slide carrying spindle and cutter and toothed segment above described surmounts and travels along the bed of a straight slide, which is set parallel to the plane of the tooth to be cut, The circular cutter which is set to coincide with the axis of the wheel, and which is made smaller in diameter than the space between two adjacent teeth, so as to operate only on one side of a tooth at one time, is brought into contact and caused to pass across the breadth of the teeth actuated by the straight slide, which is worked by a self-acting feed apparatus when cutting iron. The proper varying form of the tooth is obtained by gradually angling the cutter as it advances over the breadth of the tooth, turning on the pitch line as a centre, this being effected by the action of the toothed segment in turning the circular slide simultaneously with the movement of the straight slide, the arm of the stud toothed segment being held a fixture by the oscillating socket. Patent completed.

2011 C. and J. PRATT. Improvements in motive power engines. Dated August 4, 1866.

The object of this invention will be gathered from the following heads:-The improvements have relation to air motive engines, and provide for the use of the following actions: First, the use of the expansion and contraction of air by heat and cold to produce motion. Second, the use of such air in a state of great condensation, that large power may be derived from a small engine. Third, the use of such air in a moist condition, to facilitate its conduction, transmission, aud cession to heat. Fourth, the use of an alternate state of plenum and vacuum existing in parts of the engine, to induce or compel the outer air to enter the

PROVISIONAL

PROTECTIONS.

Dated October 16, 1866.

2675 T. Woodward, Ledbury, Herefordshire. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for raising or elevating sewage water and other liquid matters, also applicable as a means of affording motive power from water.

Dated December 1, 1866.

3160 G. Mansell, Birmingham, cabinet inlayer. Improvements in the manufacture of lettered, numbered, and figured tablets, door and name plates, labels, and signs, show plates, and other similar articles.

Dated December 3, 1866. 3170 H. A. Dufrené, South-street, Finsbury, civil engineer. Improvements in fireplaces. (A communication.) Dated December 5, 1666.

3201 H. F. Swears, Regent-street. Improvements in the means of communication between stations and railway trains in motion, and between passengers, guards, and enginedriver.

Dated December 18, 1866. 3324 G. Speight, Collingwood-street, City-road, patent collar manufacturer. An improvement in certain articles of wearing apparel commonly called shirt fronts or dickeys and chemisette fronts.

Dated December 26, 1866. 3396 A. Mackie, Warrington, Lancashire, newspaper proprietor. Certain improvements in apparatus for distributing type and in apparatus for preparing type for distribution.

Dated December 28, 1866.

3404 T. and T. F. Walker, Oxford-street, Birmingham, engineers. Improvements in apparatus connected with steam boilers for regulating the evaporating power thereof, and to obtain greater safety in their use.

389 E. H. Bernier, Rue Corbeau, Paris, civil engineer. An improved safety apparatus for raising and lowering PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £100

瞩

THE

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.

THE

LONDON: FRIDAY, MARCH 1, 1867.

THE WOOLWICH GUN.

It has been assumed that the ratio between

Fo

CANADA.

ment, the friction upon a railway has been re- the ton. Comparing the results of these two duced to so low as 7lb. per ton. A clear defi- experiments, we see that the heavier load, nition of the exact meaning of the expression although it runs farther, gives a superior proa friction of so many pounds to the ton may portion between power and resistance than be arrived at by supposing a waggon standing the smaller load. The train was once more upon a road of any description and one end of brought up to the starting point, uncoupled, a chain or cord attached to it, while the other and each waggon allowed to run down singly. extremity passes over a pulley and carries a They each ran for a different distance, and weight. Ifthe waggon be supposed to weigh one gave accordingly different values for the fricton and it takes a weight of 71b. at the end of tion. The longest distance run was 7,450ft., the cord to cause it to move on the road, then and the smallest value of friction rather more THE Ordnance Select Committee having the friction may be stated to be 7lb. to the ton. than 11lb. per ton. The empty waggon, as recommended what they are pleased to Although a ton has been moved upon a rail- may be readily imagined, stopped first, having term the Woolwich system of rifling, i.e., way, as mentioned, by a force of 71b., yet traversed a distance of only 6,200ft., and the three or six grooves cut in the gun with an in practice this proportion is never obtained, value of friction so deduced is 134lb. per ton. increasing spiral beginning at 0 and ending in and 91b. is generally assumed as the force re- It therefore appears that each waggon, when 1 in 39, with corresponding projections or quired to move one ton upon a horizontal line running separately, had an average resistance studs of copper upon the projectile-the War of railway. The old waggons constructed in of 1141b. per ton, but when running together Office gave its sanction, and considerable num- the early days of steam locomotion required a in a train the resistance was only a little over bers of heavy guns, seven, eight, and nine-inch, force from 10lb. to 12lb. to move one ton, and 91b. per ton. This difference must be attrihave been rifled on this plan and supplied to frequently a good deal more. On the Liver-buted to the influence of the atmospheric presvessels of war, and to our fortifications at Hali- pool and Manchester line, when first made, sure, which in the latter instance only exerted fax, Gibraltar, and Malta. At the conclu- the force assumed was 10lb., and the man- its full effect upon the first waggon; and its total sion of the competitive trials of different ner in which that conclusion was arrived at pressure, which is constant, was divided among systems of rifling last year, we drew attention corroborates our first remarks on this subject. the whole six, whereas in the latter case among to the fact, that the Ordnance Select Com- One experiment was made with a new waggon the whole six it acted individually upon every mittee's report was directly in opposition to fresh from the workshop; its wheels were in one of them. To the same cause may be traced the facts supplied by the tables of ranges, perfect order, the axles and other parts had the difference existing between the results of the committee having pronounced the Wool- never received the slightest shock so as to throw the first and second experiments, since the wich gun the best in point of accuracy, whereas them out of square; all the motive parts were pressure of the air was divided among a greater the tables show it stood but third; and for well oiled and the rails carefully swept. With number of tons in the first than in the second. endurance, but fourth or fifth. Our contem- such precautions, utterly at variance with the The practical conclusion to be deduced from porary, the Practical Mechanic's Magazine, ordinary contingencies of practice, it is not to these experiments is that, cæteris paribus, heavy in a talented and exhaustive article, conclu- be wondered at that a much more favourable trains are relatively more economical than sively proved that the only hope of success-result was obtained than could ever possibly light ones on lines where the descending force fully rifling heavy artillery rested with the occur in actually working the line. of gradients is worth taking into consideration. "oval-bored system," and we on our part cordially endorsed that opinion. Again, the the power and the resistance is independent of irresistible logic of facts has proved the accu- the velocity, but this is undoubtedly an erroracy of our prediction. It would appear that neous idea. In connection with the influence a considerable number of projectiles, for the of gradients upon the velocity of a train, it NOR centuries past, and until the International Exhibitions of London in 1851, seven and nine-inch Woolwich guns were for- does not, as is commonly supposed, constantly warded some few months ago to Halifax, at a act as an increasing force, nor is there always and Paris in 1855, men were wont to speak of time when matters had assumed the very a necessity of applying the brake. If a train Canada as a distant and unprofitable waste. gravest appearance in reference to a possible be allowed to run down a stiff gradient without On the occasions of the pageants above rerupture of our friendly relations with the its motion being checked in the slightest ferred to, however, she took her place among United States Government. Will it be be- degree, its velocity will after a time cease to the producing nations of the earth, and aclieved that when these stores arrived at Hali- accelerate. Owing to the resistance of the at- quired the richly descriptive title of "a land fax nearly 80 per cent. of these projectiles mosphere and other causes, the motive force of hope not likely to be disappointed." Said were utterly useless, and could not be there soon becomes uniform, and it has been proved M. Tresca, "active, intelligent, enterprising repaired, owing to the copper studs having experimentally that trains which have started beyond all other distinct nations which equally been completely degraded by the friction down a long incline with an initial velocity of abound in the elements of industrial producduring transit across the Atlantic? Mr. Henry fifty miles an hour have speedily had it reduced tion, Canada claims and demands our attenBaillie, M.P., has moved for the production to forty. When the incline is both steep and tion." And undoubtedly she is receiving that of the necessary documents from the Com- short this uniformity of velocity is not possible, attention on all hands of which she is truly mandant of Halifax, so that these facts will and consequently the action of the brake worthy, and she will excite and receive still as her intercourse with soon be officially before the country. How becomes a necessity. Instead of experiment- further attention We have now apshall we find terms sufficiently strong to ing with one waggon, if a number be coupled foreign countries increases. express the surprise we feel, in common with together the friction will vary very consider-proaching a confederation of the British proall thinking men, that the Ordnance Select ably, as the following experiments, conducted vinces in North America, and the prospect Committee should have made such a recom- some time ago, will fully demonstrate. Five of their extending their commercial relations mendation, and that we have not at the War trucks were selected loaded with bricks, and with each other and with foreign parts. Office men of sufficient decision to correct such a sixth unloaded attached to the end of the view of this, we now give some highly useful erroneous recommendations. We are now, five. The trucks consisted of a simple frame information, which we gather from "The Year for the second time, reconstructing our artil upon four springs, with wheels three feet in Book and Almanac of British North Amelery, and it is certain that we must again go diameter. The total weight of the whole train rica," for the present year, and which has just over the same ground. We may also mention that we Will not the House was thirty-one and a half tons. It was brought reached us. of Commons insist on a definite responsibility up to the starting point, the middle of it received at the same time the fourth numbeing assumed in these matters? As it is, being placed exactly opposite, the brakes were ber of a local newspaper, the Canada Emigrathe most egregious blunders pass unnoticed, raised simultaneonsly at a given signal, and tion Gazette. It is published in Quebec, and and nobody is to blame. Who can, therefore, the whole abandoned to the action of gravity. addresses itself in the main to emigrants, to wonder that four millions of money have been The rain came finally to rest after a run of whom it must prove exceedingly valuable, aluselessly squandered? 9,930ft., having descended a height of 384ft. though it contains a variety of information on in that distance. To find the force in pounds local and general topics. This periodical has moving one ton in this experiment, or the been started in lieu of the pamphlets which value of the friction, we may use the following have hitherto been issued annually by the formula:-Let D the distance run from Canadian Government, and, although a Gostarting to stopping, and H the height de-vernment organ, it confines itself to a plain expressed in feet, then putting F for the friction, and bearing in mind that one ton equals 2,240lb., we have

RESISTANCE ON RAILWAYS.

HE force of gravity being constant on all the horizontal, being proportional to the sine of the angle of inclination, the variable portion of the resistance of any load to be overcome is the friction. This friction comprises not merely the friction between the rails and the wheels, but that of the atmosphere and every other retarding influence, whether due to the various parts of the train itself or not, which cannot be otherwise separately investigated and determined. With well-greased wheels, carriages of the best description, a perfectly even and smooth road, and, in fact, with all the accessories especially prepared for the experi

H X 2240
F =

In

therefrom. Turning to Canada, then, we find that she extends from the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the east, to (according to some authorities) the Rocky Mountains on the west, embracing an area of about 350,000 square miles, or 240,000,000 of acres, independently of her north-western possessions, not yet open for settlement. The River St. Lawrence, and Lakes Ontario, Erie, St. Clair, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting rivers, form a remarkable natural boundary between Canada and the States of the Union, and a means of communication of surprising extent and un