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Meetings for the Week.

Chemistry of

TUES.-Royal Institution.-" On the (Juvenile Lectures), by Professor

It is stated that Sir Daniel Gooch and Mr. Wat. kin, M.P., have made an offer to take from the Admiralty, at the price of £100,000, the iron ballast with which some of our admirals and captains superintendent have paved Her Majesty's dockyards, and which is now familiarly known under the name of Mr. Seeley's "pigs." The iron is said to be of a very fine cold blast quality.

Gases " Frankland, 3. Institution of Civil Engineers.-Discussion on Mr. Preece's Paper, "Intercommunication iu Trains in Motion," S. It is reported that Admiral Farragut will next WED.-Geological Society.-The following papers will be read:-1,On the Age of the Lower Brick-year visit the Mediterranean, in the steam screw earths of the Thames Valley," by Mr. W. Boyd ship of the lipe "Franklin," of 3,681 tons, the largest Dawkins. 2, "On the Occurrence of Conso-American wooden naval vessel afloat. lidated blocks in the Drift of Suffolk," by Mr. George Maw. 3, On the Jurassic Fauna and Flora of South Africa," by Mr. Ralph Tate, 8.

Nabal, Military, and Gunnery Items. It is said that the French Government will have 450,000 needle muskets ready by the end of May. The average cost of a Prussian soldier, including the pay of officers, &c., is estimated at 200 thalers (£30) a year; of a French soldier, 1,000f. (£40) a

year..

It is stated that at a large military hospital established in Breslau, on the Oder, in Silesia, by orders of the Prussian Government, a circular saw, worked by steam, is to be used for the purpose of amputating such limbs of wounded soldiers as the surgeon shall direct to be taken off!

It is understood that the Russian Government has given an order for 100 cast steel cannon to the great works of Krupp, of Essen. The contract price is £2,800 per cannon. The Bothum Company for the manufacture of cast steel has also received from the Bavarian Government an order for 96 cast-steel E rifled cannon.

The arming of the Austrian army with breechloaders is decided upon. The Lindner rifle has been selected. The modification of the present weapons will extend to 580,000, and cost 3,190,000 florins. The Lindner fires 14 shots in a minute, and by May 1st, 1,350,000 will be in readiness 420,000 in addition will be made on the Remington system, and 200,000 ready by May.

A stupendous specimen of engineering work is in progress in the yard of Messrs Campbell, Johnson, and Co. at Silver-town, facing her Majesty's Dockyard at Woolwich-viz., an enormous wrought iron floating dock, capable of receiving ships of the "Bellerophon" class, for the government service at Bermuda. The plates of iron bolts, &c., used in the construction of the dock will amount to about 8,000 tons weight.

The Board of Trade have instituted an inquiry into the cause of the numerous wrecks which have occurred at Whitburn, it is alleged through false lights. The officials of the Board of Trade, with the local magistrates' are holding an investigation at South Shields into the loss of the "Margaret and Jane" at Wlitburn on the last day in No. vember, through mistaking a light at Whitburn for Tynemouth light.

The entrances of the New York and other har. bours are being lined with tremendous weights of metal in batteries of enormous length of 15-inch and 20-inch guns. Surveys of the lakes are energetically prosecuted.

The Army and Navy Gazette says that we have numerons sailing ships which by no turn of the wheel of fortune can ever be of use to us. They are positively a burthen upon us. We would refer Sir John Pakington and his colleagues to pages 221 to 225 of the official Navy List, and if they do not see their way to realise a handsome sum of money from many of the ships which figure there they are not the good business men which we have hitherto taken

them to be.

The use of a wire tiller-rope is stated to be the principal reason why there was not a terrible loss of life in the recent burning of the steamer "Von Phul," on the lower Mississippi. The usual tillerrope would soon have been burned off, and the boat have become unmanageable.

We see by the Times that the new corvette "Blanche," 4, 1,268 tons, 350-horse power, is to be furnished with an armament of two wrought-iron muzzle-loading rifled 6-ton 7-inch revolving guns, and two C4-pounder side guns, together with two12-pounder and 9-pounder Arinstrong rifled guns for field and boat service, Accommodation is to be provided in her magazines and racks for 100 common and 20 double 7-inch shells, empty, and 110 Of filled shells common 64-pounder, and 240 12-pounder and 9-pounder common empty shells. she is to be furnished with 100 common, 20 double, and 20 shrapnel 7-inch shells; 40 common and 10 shrapnel 64-pounders, and 140 12-inch and 9-inch for the Armstrong guns. The solid shot to be supplied her are 100 chilled Palisser 7-inch and 20 common 7-inch; 10 64-pounder, and 100 12-pounder and 9-pounder shot.

Miscellanea.

At a meeting of the Geological Society of London, held December 19, 1866, Warington W. Smyth., Esq., M.A., F.R.S., president, in the chair. Theodore Cooke, Esq., Mem. Inst. C.E., principal of the Engineering College, Poonah, and John Starkie Gardner, Esq., Park House, St. John's Wood, N.W., were elected fellows.

One of the passes by which the Pacific Railroad is to cross the Rocky Mountains is about 11,000ft. above the level of the sea.

The temperature of the waters flowing from the great artesian wells at Grenell and Passy has increased from 82 deg. to 85 deg. Fah.

The pecuniary loss arising from the cattle plague is estimated at £3,500,000. But it occurs to us that from this there ought to be deducted the sum represented by the loss of cattle which usually occurs when there is no plague to accele rate it, but which seems to be lost sight of in most calculations relating to the cattle plague.

Boston, in Massachuse is, is to have an Art Building which will cost £200,000. Land worth £50,000 has been already donated for the pur

pose.

Professor March, of Yale College, pronounces the fossils recently found at Cohoes, New York, the bones of a female mastodon of full growth, though comparatively young, and says that the ani mal must have existed over 10,000 years ago.

At an inquest recently held on the body of a roper who died suddenly in Newcastle, Dr. Evans, who had made a post mortem examination of the body, said death was the result of inflammation of the lungs and the breaking of a blood vessel. But the most singular fact in connection with the deceased was that the heart was found on the right side instead of the left.

In a recent communication to the Daily News, the correspondent of that paper at the Paris ExThe "pigs" alone which are stowedhibition says:-" The first great machine of which away in the holes of these vessels would form a very I have heard as en route tor the Champ de Mars handsome item in a balar ce-sheet, whether public or private. It is very lamentable to see so much is one that is being conveyed in two ships from capital represented by these once, no doubt, noble ships lying idle; and it is more so when we take into consideration the fact that many of our old meritorious officers are kept in a state bordering upon penury, from the simple circumstance that the Treasury cannot find any available sum wherewith

to relieve their necessities.

The "Waterwitch" went down the river from Wool wich on Monday, on a further trial of speed, after going through a course of alterations and improvements, which it is hoped may increase her rate of steam power. The officers and crew were provided with three days' provisions, in anticipation of a prolonged trip.

On Tuesday last the formal commencement of the great works for the extension of Portsmouth Dockyard was made by the contractors, Messrs. George Smith and Leather. Mr. W. Scamp, C.E., Deputy Director of Engineering and Architectural Works to the Admiralty, is the designer of the plan, with its docks, basins, workshops, &c., for the extension of the dockyard, which will occupy fully four years, and involve a first expenditure of upwards of a million and a half sterling.

St. Nazaire to Havre. It is of 4,000-horse power, and was manufactured at Indret. It will reach the Champ de Mars by, Seine."

Nearly all the presses of the Paris Mint are at present employed in coining small money for the wants of trade, the pieces being 2f., 1f., 50c., and 20c. Several millions are struck off every day. Advices from Moscow announce that telegraphic communications from that city are suspended in consequence of the accumulation of snow on the wires, which, freezing as it fell, has in some places broken them, and in others destroyed their insula. tion.

Mr. James Marsh Read, of Elkston, Gloucester. shire, an eminent agriculturist, died on the 16th ult., at the early age of 40. He was one of the first to adopt Fowler's steam plough on the Cotswold Hills, and his graphically written essay on its use shows the difficulties he surmounted.

The number of Cornish pumping engines reported for November is 25; these consumed 1,654 tons of coal, and lifted 126 million tons of water ten fathoms high. Average duty 51,600,000lb. lifted one foot high by the consumption of 1121b, of coal. Ten engines exceeded the average duty.

The coal-fields of America cover an area of It is estimated that they 225,000 square miles. will last that country 60,000 years.

On Tuesday morning, at the early hour of four o'clock, the new lines of the Metropolitan Extension of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway, from Brixton to the new railway bridge over the Thames, and so on to the Victoria Station, were opened for public traffic.

The steam ferries of New York are no less than 25 in number, and the steamboats in daily use number 61; carrying an estimated average of 208,000 passengers per day, besides thousands of carriages and heavily-laden carts and trucks. The chief concern is the Union Ferry Company to Brooklyn, running 4 ferries and 13 boats, and doing nearly as much business as all the others combined. It carries 95,000 passengers per day.

To the list of railways already reported as having been seized by the sheriff's officer must now be added the Bishop's Castle, a line running from Craven Arms, on the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway, to Bishop's Castle. This line, though the section already completed lies wholly in Shropshire, forms part of the Welsh system, and, by a projected continuation to Montgomery, is intended to form a junction with the Cambrian.

The

Messrs. Hemans and Hassard, two well-known civil engineers, have read a paper at the Inventors' Institute, on the future water supply of London, which certainly demands attention for the boldness of the scheme, if not for its feasibility. amount of water which the metropolis will require, will it is expected, before long amount to 225 million gallons daily-a quantity for which all ordinary means of supply are inadequate. Messrs. Hemans and Hassard therefore propose to turn the three lakes of Thirlmere, Ullswater, and Haweswater into reservoirs, and to supply London by means of conduits, tunnels, and iron pipes. The total cost of this modest plan is estimated at £12,200,000, which might be defrayed by a rate of 10d. in the pound on the house and other property in London.

An improved double machine-puddling furnace, the invention of Mr. J. Griffiths, of Sheepbridge, near Chesterfield, says the Ironmonger, has just been set to work at the Northfield Ironworks, Rotherham.

The first two heats were made in Charge: 3 hours 10 minutes, with 14 cwt. of coal. Pig-iron, 1 ton 2 cwt., long weight; puddled bar The bars produced were produced, 1 ton 11lbs. considered to be superior to those made by hand with the samne material, being much more fibrous.

The following Christmas fare was delivered at the London station of the Great Eastern Railway, from the 19th to the 25th December, 1866:-826 oxen, 5,454 sheep, 6 calves, 205 pigs, 780 sucking pigs, 17,499 turkeys, 26,100 geese, 6,050 ducks, 2,441 hares and pheasants, 14,893 sacks of flour, 9,700 kilderkins, hogsheads, and barrels of beer; 730 boxes of oranges, 394 barrels and 1,460 boxes of dried fruit, 364 bags of nuts, 2,540 barrels and 38 tons (in bags) of oysters, 9,384 sacks of potatoes, 394 tons (packed in hampers) of m at, 350 tons (packed) of poultry, 576 tons (packed) of fish, and 103,412 quarts of milk.

The New York Times says that a new Atlantic Cable Company is being formed under American auspices, and a bill has been introduced in Congress to grant privileges of landing on the American side.

A new light for photographic purposes has been proposed by Mr. Sayers. It is composed as follows: Nitrate of potash in powder, and well dried, 24 grammes; flour of sulphur, 7 grammes; red sulThese three inphuret of arsenic, 7 grammes. gredients, being well ground together, the mixture, on being ignited, will yield a most powerful photogenic light; but 200 grammes of the compound are necessary to make the light last half a minute. The cost of the mixture is not more than 80 centimes per kilogramme, which would last two minutes and a half, while light from magnesium wire costs about 1s. per minute.

We learn that France, Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland have entered into a monetary convention whereby they bind themselves to adopt a uniform gold and silver currency throughout their States, so that the coins of each country being of equal size, weight, and value, they can pass indiscrimi nately in any of the countries. Naming our coins in lieu of franes, the gold coins are to be of the value of £5, 2 10s., £1, 10s., and 5s.; and the silver coins of the value of 53., 28., 18. 6d, and 3d. Two years are allowed for the withdrawal of the existing circulation, and 15 years for the trial as to how it will work. It is thought it would have been as well if England had joined in this convention.

The English ironmasters are complaining bitterly of the successful Belgian competition which is springing up against them. Two of them have gone to Belgium to inquire into the causes, and they report that the application of "rude labour" to the extraction of iron at very cheap rates,-wages in the best paid districts not exceeding 2s. 8d. a day for men, 1s. 8d. a day for women, and Is.2 d. a day for boys-is one of the main reasons why Belgium can at present undersell England.

There were 14,039 applications for patents in America during the past year, about 3,000 more than in any previous year. Of these, 10,130 were granted, of which 8,716 have been issued.

The electric subterranean battery which communicates from the Bourse to the Grand Hotel was first worked last Sunday week at half-past twelve. There was a considerable gathering of notabilities to judge of the success of the undertaking. The messages transmitted by this new method were delivered instantaneously and as distinctly as by the ordinary telegraph.

Some interesting experiments have lately been made in the canton of Neufchatel with nitroglycerine, in order to detach some large blocks of rock on the right bank of the Areuse, for the purpose of constructing a dam across the river, to prevent the materials occasioned by landslips being carried down by the floods. The first hole was drilled halfway up the side of the mass of rocks facing the river, 21ft. in depth and 2in. in diameter, and was charged with only 6lb. of nitro-glycerine. The block of rock that was detached was about 300 cubic metres. A great part of the debris fell into the river.

In a lecture on Chemical Geology, Dr. Percy ob. serves:-"There is still a question whether flame is ever really seen in volcanic eruptions. I know that, in newspaper reports of eruptions, flame is stated to be seen, but there may not be flame not. withstanding. What is supposed to be so may be merely the vapour of water illuminated by incandescent matter below, and it is not very easy to distinguish between the two. Still, if hydrogen be evolved, which there is no ground for disputing, there is no reason, considering the high temperature, why flame should not be produced."

The melter of the United States' Mint is said to have made a discovery which will save the govern. ment 2,500 dollars out of every million converted from gold dust into coin. The new process will not be made public.

The price of admission to the Exhibition in the Champ de Mars has long been discussed. Suggestions have been offered that one day in the week should be set aside on which 5f. should be charged; others that on Sundays only 25c. should be paid. The Imperial Commission has just put an end to all uncertainty upon the subject by announcing that the price will be rigorously lf. each, without any exception.

An arrangement, rendered necessary from the great width of the streets and open places in Paris, has been borrowed from London, namely, the establishment of refuges for foot passengers at danger. ous crossings; the form adopted is a large paved circle, with a handsome candelabrum of four or five lights arranged in a pyramid in the centre, and so great are some of the spaces formed by the intersection of wide boulevards, that in some instances two and even three refuges have been constructed in one open space.

Patents for Inventions.

ABRIDGED SPECIFICATIONS OF PATENTS. THE Abridged Specifications of Patents given below are classified, according to the subjects to which the respectiv, inventions refer, in the following Table. By the system of classification adopted, the numerical and chronological order of the specifications is preserved, and combined with all the advantages of a division into classes. It should be understood that these abridgements are prepared exclusively for this Magazine from official copies supplied by the Government, and are therefore the property of the Proprietors of this Magazine. Other papers are hereby warned not to produce them without an acknowledge ment:

BOILERS AND FURNACES,-none

actuated.

transverse to or parallel with one of the rails, and to which bed plate is fixed a bearing, a lever being centred thereon for the purpose of giving motion to the signals. The said last-mentioned lever is attached by suitable jointed connections, such as are well known and understood, to a lever above, which last-mentioned lever works at right angles to the lower one and longitudinally to the rails, and so as to he capable of being acted upon by one or more wheels of the engine or of any other carriage of which a passing train consists, such wheel or wheels being provided with a projecting flange for the purpose of acting upon the levers. Upon the train passing over the rails the levers will be simultaneously depressed, and thereby give the necessary action to the signals. This is effected by means of a chain attached to the end of the wire or lower lever, the same working over or under a pulley fixed to the bed-plate. At the end of the wire or chain is a connection, to which is fastened the requisite number of smaller chains or wires or rods, and by means of which the danger signals will be When chains or wires are employed they pass over or under suitable pulleys fixed to and adjacent to the signal posts, additional friction pulleys or carriers being also provided wherever necessary, and in the case of rods being used the same are jointed together for the purpose of transmitting motion, as well understood. The signals are retained in position by suitable catches provided with counter balance weights until the train passes the signal post in advance, when the last danger signal will be released simultaneously with the putting up of another signal at any desired distance. This is accomplished by means of a connection from the bottom lever, which will actuate a chain, wire, or rods from post to post, and release the catch which retains the danger signal in position until the train passes the post in advance. For the purposes of signalling by day the ordinary semaphore signals are apolicable to the purpose of the invention whilst for night signals it can be used in connection with any suitable system of lights. The invention also comprises arrangements for compensating the expansion and contraction of the wires by which the signals are actuated. Patent completed.

1541 E. P. H. VAUGHAN, Improvements in the construction of reflectors. (A communication.) Dated June 2,

1866

This invention consists in the employment of mica instead of glass in the construction of reflectors, either coated with a metallic surface (as glass is) or as a covering for rePatent abandoned. flectors already made.

1542 A. A. Bors. Improvements in machinery for draw ing and twisting cotton, wool, flax, hemp, silk, and other fibrous substances. Dated June 2, 1866

The essential features of this machinery in addition to the combination of parts are, first, the employment of two compressing cylinders or rollers between which the sliver or thread led from the upper part is pressed. Second, a special arrangement of double driving mechanism for effecting simultaneously and with uniform speed the twist ing and drawing of the material being operated upon. Third, the employment of fixed gearing and of movable gearing for obtaining a differential motion producing the twist. invention cannot be described in detail without reference to the drawings. Patent abandoned.

The

1543 J. LECOQ. Improved machinery for combing hemp, flux, and other fibrous materials. Dated June 2, 1866 This invention consists of an improved combination or

up ends of the web into the tenons or slots of the skewbacks, or secures them together by such other means as may appear best suited to the particular occasion. The arch or arches is then connected within the span or space or between the abutments, and built up clear of the top of the web, which is never subject to vertical pressure, but the weight or pressure is firmly supported or carried by the arches on either side. In order to obtain the necessary length of the web where the spans are of considerable length, as will frequently be the case in bridge building, the web will be formed by one or more plates or pieces of iron, steel, or other materials placed together, bolted and screwed together in the usual way, or connected in some other manner. Patent completed.

Dated June 4, 1866 1545 J. B. FENBY. Improvements in locks and latches.

These improvements in locks consist, firstly, in substituting an oscillating tail for the prolongation of the bolt called the lath. The said oscillating tail is secured to the bolt by a pin, on which it turns, and is so shaped that the key on being turned acts upon it so as to shoot or withdraw the bolt. This oscillating tail either passes under a bridge

with which in the shot or withdrawn position of the bolt it engages, or is gated to a stump attached to the case of the lock, thus acting as a lever as well as the bolt tail. More than one of these oscillating tails may be employed, in which case one only may be so shaped on its under side as to be acted on by the key, so as to shoot or withdraw the bolt, or more than one, or all the said tails may be so shaped. Any of the oscillating tails which are not shaped for the key to act on to shoot or withdraw the bolt are shaped to a curve to be acted on as ordinary levers. The improvements in locks consist, secondly, in the employment of the cranked paul for carrying a stump with which the gatings in the oscillating tails engage, so that any presture brought to bear on the stump by the levers or oscillating tails shall throw the longer arm of the said cranked paul into a recess in the bolt, transferring the strain from the stump to the strong pin upon which the paul turns. The patentee employs one spring to act both on the oscillating tail and on the paul, from which it results that there is not sufficient binding between the oscillating tail or lever and the stump to serve for picking the lock by presThe cranked paul may be maintained in its position by friction alone without the action of a spring. In this case the bolt is provided with projections to bring the paul to its normal position whenever the lock is fully locked. The improvements in latches consist in hanging latch bolts by the springs which throw them forward; the said spring being made to perform the combined office of spring and link rod. The lower end of the spring is riveted or screwed or otherwise fixed to the rear end of the bolt, and on the sliding of the said bolt the said rear end of the bolt describes a curve having the spring for a radius. The slight curvilinear motion of the rear end of the bolt produces no sensible deviation from rectilinear motion in the free end of the bolt. Patent completed.

sure.

apparatus for manufacturing artificial teeth. (A communication.) Dated June 4, 1866

1546 M. C. ROGERS. Improvements in the method of and

The patentee claims, first, the employment and construction of plates described, that is to say, in so far as regards the use of screws with long conical heads in producing such plates, whereby the plate is so placed up as to retain the teeth in position. Second, the process of fitting teeth described, according to which casts or fac similes of the mineral artificial teeth are produced in a plastic or soft substance on which the proper fitting surfaces are pro duced or obtained, and these surfaces are exactly copied and tested on the mineral artificial teeth. Third, the general arrangement and combination of parts constituting the im proved apparatus used when fitting teeth, substantially as described. the employment Patent completed.

arrangement of machinery characterised chiefly, by, first, the arrangement of the working parts and the means of transmitting the motion, as described, more especially a reversing lever, two endless chains carrying combs, two fluted cylinders, a drum carrying cards provided with pins or points, a flat saw, toothed or notched iron strip, a travelling apron, and a brush, all as described with reference to the drawings. Second,

1547 J. SAINTY. Improvements in the construction of horseshoes. Dated June 4, 1866

This invention relates to a novel construction of shoe, which will expand with the hoof of the horse, and will adhere to the hoof without the application of nails or other like attachments. The shoe is formed of angle or L-shaped

of what the inventor terms a reversing box, as described, of
which the particular arrangement of gearing permits of the
movement in either direction according as it is required to
produce the combing of the hemp or other material, or to
carry it back in order to recommence the operation on the
other end, or upon another bundle with an accelerated
movement. Third, the employment of a lever for effect-steel, bent so as to embrace and clip the hoof tightly. The
ing the change of motion of the apron in order to carry for-
ward or withdraw the hemp or other material. The inven-
tion cannot be descr.bed without reference to the drawings,
Patent completed..

1544 C. HENDERSON, Improvements in girders manufactured in iron, steel, or otherwise combined with timber. Dated June 4, 1866

BUILDINGS AND BUILDING MATERIALS,-1545, 1552, 1570
CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOGRAPHY-None
OULTIVATION OF THE SOIL, including agricultural imple
ments and machines,-1550, 1551, 1557
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS.-1569
FIBROUS FABRICS, including machinery for treating fibres, The abutments or skewbacks herein mentioned are either
pulp, paper, &c.,-1542, 1543, 1553, 1558, 1564
FOOD AND BEVERAGES, includin. apparatus for preparin
food for men and animals,-1559, 1560
FURNITURE AND APPAREL, including household utensils,
time-keepers, jewellery, musical instruments, &c.,--
1546, 1561, 1562

GENERAL MACHINERY,-1549, 1554, 1556, 1568
JAGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING,-1541, 1563
METALS, including apparatus for their manufacture,-
1544

[blocks in formation]

or

These improvements relate to constructing girders on the principle described in the specification of a former patent granted to the present patentee dated 7th of February, 1865 (No. 335), consist in the employment of a web or webs (with or without flanges) and abutments or skewbacks used in conjunction with an arch or arches of brick, stone, tile, timber, or other material, the arch or arches being formed between the abutments or skewbacks forming part of the girder. The webs of the girders are generally constructed of metal, cast or otherwise manufactured, but in some cases the webs may be in part formed of iron bands or rods and timber or other suitable materials combined. cast or otherwise manufactured in metal; in some instances, however, the abutments may be formed of timber or of timber and metal together, and may be solid or hollow. The inner side of the abutments skewbacks are formed to the particular angle to suit the radius of the intended arch or arches that are constructed within the span or space between the two abutments, and in the centre, or sometimes in other parts of the said skewbacks or abutments, he forms a tenon or slot to receive the ends of the webs, as hereinbefore mentioned. In some instances he forms the abutment, in east or otherwise manufactured metal in the shape of a shoe or plate, the lower side being horizontal to the wall or foundation, and the inner side is made to incline to an angle suitable to the arch or arches which abut on to the face of this shoe. The web of the girder may be of rolled or cast metal and may sometimes be made in timber in conjunction with hoop iron bands, or otherwise strengthened by braces running parallel therewith, but in common the web will be of metal, the form thereof usually being that of a longitudinal flitch or plank, and the ends thereof are either dovetailed or turned up to fit the tenons or slots in the before-mentioned abutments or skewbacks, or they are formod to suit such other mode of fixing as the occasion may require. He then places the skewbacks or other abutments in position, and securely fixes the web to the skewbacks by dropping or placing the dovetailed or turned

sole or under part of the shoe is slit at several parts in the line of the curve of the shoe, and also laterally from about the middle of those slits to the edge of the sole, in order to destroy the rigidity of the shoe and impart elasticity thereto, and to the sole. The inventor rivets studs or plates so as not to interfere with the elastic action of the shoe, leaving the toe without either studs or plates, in order to relieve the horse of the strain now put on the muscies of the instep by reason of the flat tread of the shoe exterling the tread of the hinder part of the shoe, allows of the free from toe to heel. This arrangement, by virtually elevating natural rocking action of the foot on the ground. Patent abandoned.

1548 A. MONCRIEFF. Improvements in the mounting and working of ordnance. Dated June 4, 1866

The object of this invention is to afford protection to guns in batteries, and to the men serving them. The invention consists in mounting guns on a carriage which is itself supported on a moving fulcrum, and in the application thereto of a counter weight (or spring of equivalent power) which balances the gun, so that, when the gun is fired, it recoils below the level of the parapet, and the force of the recoil is met and its energy stored by the counter weight or spring of equivalent power in such a manner that the gun will again rise into the firing position when required. This the patentee effects by mounting the gun on a carriage which is supported by two wheels, curved rollers, or segment blocks, which he chooses to call "elevators;" these elevators have a rolling motion on the rails which support them, and are connected together by a transverse axle near their periphery on which the gun carriage rests. To the opposite ends of these elevators (or those ends which are lowest when the gun is in the firing position) he attaches a counter weight or spring of equivalent power as a balance to the gun, the point of contact between the elevators and the rails which support them being the moving fulcrum above referred to. When the gun is fired, the transverse axle which supports the gun (and which the patentee chooses to call the gun axle) descends in a cycloidal curve until the action of the counter weight or spring of equivalent power exhausts the energy of the recoil by putting a strain on the opposite ends of the elevators to those on which the gun is supported. When the recoil is ended, the gun axle will be at its lowest posi. tion, and the gun which that axle supports will be in the loading position. In that position it is held by a check, and when that check is removed, the action of the counter

weight or spring of equivalent power will tend to bring the
gun back to the firing position, by causing the elevators
to roll forward by the strain thus brought upon them.
Patent completed.
1549 C. M'FARLAND, Improvements in machinery for
cutting corks and bungs. (A communication.) Dated June
4, 1866
This invention consists, first, in the mechanism for raising
the table of the machine at the proper time to meet the
cutters as they descend to their work. Second, in the mode
of connecting the cutting tools to the revolving spindle of
the machine, whereby the said cutters, while being pressed
firmly down to their work, can yet be made, by means of
suitable opening devices, to adapt themselves to cut corks
or bangs, either parallel or to taper to any required angle.
Third, in the means for guiding the said cutting tools to
cut the corks and bungs either parallel or taper, as re-
quired. Fourth, in the means for holding the bungs or
corks on the table of the machine while they are being cut,
and for releasing them from. the cutters when the operation
is finished. Fifth, in the means for starting and stopping
the mechanism which depresses the cutting tools. Sixth,
in the general arrangement and combination of parts to per-
form the several operations required for cutting the various
shaped corks. Patent completed.

1550 N. BRAND. Making hoes, trowels, and other similar instruments. Dated June 5, 1866

This invention relates to a machine for plating hoes, trowels, and other similar articles (having a shank or tang) by a new process, that is, by rolling the metal in different directions to form or plate it, instead of hammering. Patent completed.

1551 E. FARMAR. Improvements in apparatus to be used in training or growing hops. Dated June 5, 1866

In constructing or arranging apparatus according to this invention for the training or growing of hops, the patentee erects at each end of each row of hops a strong pole, somewhat similar to the ordinary telegraph poles, which said poles are supported firmly by stays. At the top of each pole is a horizontal crosspiece. From the ends of the crosspiece of the other pole two horizontal wires, situated parallel and in the same horizontal plane, are stretched and secured, and near the bottom of each pole is a third stretched wire extending from pole to pole. To these three horizontal wires other and nearly vertical wires are joined, the lower end of each vertical wire being joined to the lower horizontal wire and the upper ends of the said vertical wires. The wires thus stretched and fixed are well suited to train or grow hops upon. Patent completed. 1552 D. A. DUMUIS, E. J. F. FLICOTEAUX, E. W. NIBLETT, and M. L. J. LAVATER. Improvements in waterclosets, urinals, lavatories, and other receivers, and also in taps for supplying liquids to the same. Dated June 5,

1866

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

1553 J. M. TANKARD and J. COCKCROFT. Improvements in or applicable to machinery or apparatus for spinning worsted or other fibrous substances, known as cop frames. Dated June 5, 1866

This invention consists in applying a glass washer betwixt the tube and the lifter plate on each cap, spindle, or stud, instead of the wood or metal washers heretofore em

ployed. Also the patentees form these glass washers (by preference) concave on the upper surface to facilitate the lubrication of the said spindles or studs, and the tubes sliding thereon. By means of this invention friction is diminished, and, consequently, wear and tear of the machinery also, a more regular twist is given to the yarn, and a saving is effected in the driving bands and lubricating oil. Patent completed.

1554 J. H. JOHNSON. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for making envelopes and paper bags. (A communication.) Dated June 5, 1866

This invention relates to a peculiar combination and arrangement of machinery or apparatus for making envelopes and paper bags from a continuous sheet or roll of paper, the mechanism being such that the paper is delivered to the machine at a proper speed, guided laterally, cut, creased, pasted, folded, and converted into envelopes or paper bags, the flaps of which if required to be gummed are properly gammed and dried in an accurate and expeditions manner. The envelope made by this machine consists of two main rectangular portions creased across and folded together, the portion forming the front or main body of the envelope having the usual flap formed thereon, as well as two small lateral flaps which are fitted inwards, and are pasted on their upper surfaces, so as to enable them to be cemented to the other half forming the back of the envelope, which is also pasted at its edge where it comes in contact with the lateral pasted flaps. An obtuse-angled cut is made in the edge of the back half of the envelope, and this cut coincides with the projecting portion of the closing or gummed flap of the adjoining envelope in the continuous sheet. The invention cannot be fully described without reference to the drawings. Patent completed.

1555 C. A. M'Evoy. Improvements in shells, and in fuses used with shells. Dated June 5, 1866

In constructing shells, whether the external case be cylindrical or of a spherical or of other form, there is constructed in the interior of such case an angular and, by preference, a rectangular chamber, into which the passage which receives the plug or bushing opens or communicates. This chamber is to receive the charge of powder, but it also

of an elastic bed composed of india-rubber or other suit-
able material to be placed under the pile of blanks on the
table, whereby the operation of gumming, and particularly
that of printing the blanks, is greatly facilitated. Third, in
combining with gumming mechanism, a type case secured
to the same, or to a different arm with the gummers, and
suitable ink rollers, so that simultaneously or nearly so
with the descent of the gummers upon the pile of blanks
the faces of the types are brought down upon the upper-
most blank in the pile, and the operation of printing is
Fourth, in
effected without loss of time or extra labour.
the arrangement of an endless apron to which an inter-
mittent feed motion is imparted, in combination with a re-
ciprocating carrier, and with the gumming mechanism, so
that one blank after the other is first taken up by the gum-
mer, and then deposited on the carrier, and by the carrier
it is brought on the apron, where the blanks arrange them-
selves in the proper order to allow the gum to dry without
sticking to each other. Fifth, in the arrangement of one
or more rising and falling fingers in combination with suit-
the blanks after they have been gummed and printed, so
able pulleys, and with the apron which serves to carry off
that by the action of the finger or fingers, and of the rollers
the blanks are securely held on the apron, and as soon as
the apron begins to move, the fingers rise and the blanks
are compelled to move with the apron, thereby causing
them to arrange themselves in such a position in relation to
each other that the gummed surface of each biank projects
beyond the edge of the succeeding blanks, leaving the gum
free to dry, and preventing the blanks from sticking to-
gether. Patent completed.

1557 T. W. WEDLAKE. Improvements in the construc-
tion of irrigators. Dated June 5, 1866

This invention has reference to a former patent dated 8th March, 1866 (No. 710), and the chief object of the present improvements is to simplify the construction of the irrigator. To this end the inventor uses the hollow axle which carries the hose drum as the axle for the running wheels, instead of mounting them on independent axles, and he is thus enabled to give the apparatus more compactness by bringing the drum which coils up and uncoils the hose nearer the ground than heretofore. In order to connect and disconnect the drum and running wheels, so that the former may revolve with the wheels when the apparatus is required to act, and remain quiescent when the implement is travelling on its wheels from place to place, he keys on to the hollow axle outside the running wheel a spur wheel, into opposite sides of which take spur pinions carried by studs projecting from the running wheel. These pinions are cast with smaller pinions which take into a spur wheel of larger diameter loose on the hollow axle and carrying at its boss a locking plate, into the notches of which a pin projecting from the framing is intended to take. When this pin is inserted in a notch, serves to lock the loose spur wheel. The consequence of this locking is that as the running wheel carries round its pinion in gear with the spur wheels, the fixed wheel will cause the pinions to revolve and divide the spur wheel first mentioned, which being keyed to the drum axle will give rotary motion to the drum, and wind up or unwind the hose, according to the direction given to the apparatus. When, however, the locking pin is withdrawn, there will be no axial motion of the drum, but the pinions will merely run round instead of drawing the keyed wheel. At one extremity of the hollow axle is fitted the pierced delivery pipe, in such manner that it may be readily detached therefrom or moved out of line when required. Stay rods are employed for steadying the pipe and preventing it from swaying. The hose which supplies water to the delivery pipe is connected at one end to the source of supply, and at the other with the hollow axle as heretofore. Patent abandoned.

it

1558 J. HOPWOOD. Certain improvements in looms for weaving. Dated June 6, 1866

This invention relates particularly to that portion of the loom for weaving termed the temple," that is, the apparatus employed to distend the cloth between the selvages as it is manufactured, and the improvements consist in allowing such temple to be loose, and to vibrate easily on the temple rod with the movement of the cloth, in contradistinction to making it a fixture upon such rod as hitherto. In order to effect this object, the arms of the ordinary temple are arranged to fit loosely upon the temple rod, thereby allowing the temple to move freely with the cloth, its position for keeping the cloth distended being effected by means of a sliding finger or temple holder which bears against the inner side of the temple, a stud upon such temple holder being provided so as to form the bearing or frictional surface for the same. This sliding finger or holder is capable of being adjusted and secured upon the temple rod, so as to retain the temples at any desired distance apart according to the width of cloth under manufacture; a rod capable of being elongated extends from temple to temple across the cloth, thereby causing a better face or cover to be given to the same during manufacture. Patent completed.

This improved manufacture of worts comprises the drawing, forcing, or passing off the contents of the mash tun, that is to say, "goods" and mashing liquor or wort, through one or a series of tubes or chambers, which admit of the wort or extract being strained off or separated from the goods in comparatively small portions or quantities, instead of, as heretofore, in bulk; and when a rinsing liquor is to be applied, it further comprises the passing or forcing the said liquor through the said tubes or chambers in an opposite or cross direction, or some other, or in the same direction as that in which the goods are being drawn off, forced, or passed away, the motion of goods and The rinsing liquor being continuous or intermittent. manufacture may be carried on either entirely according to this finvention, or only partly so, that is to say, the invention may be used for completing the process after one or more worts have been drawn off from the mash tun in the ordinary manner. The wort produced may probably require refining or filtering, which may be effected by an approved process. Patent completed.

6, 1866
1561 L. MORRIS. Improvements in muffs. Dated June

This invention consists in so constructing muffs that they are capable of being readily reversed. For this purpose the inventor constructs a muff with the inner and outer surfaces covered with the same or different descriptions of furs or other material, and provided with a joint so formed that it may be readily disconnected, and the muff be opened out and reversed, after which the joint may be locked or secured in any suitable manner. Patent abandoned.

1562 J. LOADER. Improvements in apparatus for raising and lowering weights. Dated June 6, 1866

This invention relates to the application of the differential motion of toothed gearing to operate the chain, band, or rope whereby the weights are to be lifted. The patentee mounts two toothed wheels in juxtaposition loose on the same axis, and he communicates between the one wheel and the other by means of a toothed pinion gearing with both. Two of these pinions may be employed and placed in gear with the wheels diametrically opposite to each other, or two pinions may be mounted on a shaft, one pinion gearing with each wheel, and so effecting a connection between them. The one wheel he makes with a greater number of teeth than the other, so that while the one performs a revolution, the other with the greater number of teeth performs rather less than one revolution. He fixes to or forms of a piece with the said wheels, chain, rope, or band pulleys, by preference in such way that the chain, rope, or band cannot slip thereon. These pulleys are both of the same diameter. He passes two hights of an endless chain, rope, or band over these two pulleys and which depend therefrom in two bights, of a length according to the hoisting purpose required. A pulley is disposed in one of the depending bights with a frame and hook adapted for securing the weight to be hoisted or lowered. In the other depending bight a second pulley may be disposed, with a hook to carry a counter-balancing weight if necessary. Patent completed 1563 P. RIGHETTI. Improvements in kilns or apparatus for generating heat. Dated June 6, 1866

For the purposes of this invention a vertical tapering chamber is constructed of a rectangular or other transverse section. The larger end of the chamber is upwards, and is arched over, leaving an opening in the centre which is carried up above the arched top. At the top of the chamber, and below the arched covering, are lateral passages, by which the heat is conveyed away for use, whether to heat boilers or vessels, or for the burning of bricks, or for other purposes. It is preferred that this kiln brick or apparatus should be constructed of work, and lined with firebrick, but other materials may be employed in its construction, so long as the materials are such as to resist the heat to which the lining and other parts will be subjected. Patent completed.

1564 A. PARKES. Improvements in the manufacture of compounds in the nature of kamptulicon. Dated June 6,

1866

The patentee claims combining the materials obtained by acting on castor and other oil with chloride of sulphur, Patent comwith cork dust, and fibres, as described. pleted.

1565 A. and W. Yousa. Improvements in the construc tion of streets, roads, and footways. Dated June 6, 1866 In performing this invention the inventors propose, instead of the present paved, or macadamised, or other similar streets or roads and footways, to form an open cutting of a depth and width in correspondence with the requirements of the locality, and made in such a manner as to be suitable for all purposes to which a subway may be applied, especially when in connection with an overlying street, road, or pathway. They open this cutting with bars or girders of metal or other material placed parallel to and at slight distances from each other, and they are suitably supported at intervals throughout their span. The placing of these bars at certain intervals from each other will allow of any 1559 W. LAWRENCE. Improvements in the manufacture dirt, rain, or snow passing at once through into the cutin a roadway give a foothold to of malt, and in apparatus for drying malt and hops. Dated ting below, and will June 6, 1866 draught animals, This last will be assisted by grooving or This invention is for the purpose of treating the grain ribbing the aforesaid bars. They propose, also, that the or malt hoth as respects growing or germinating and as bars shall be placed singly or in combinations of several, so respects drying. For both of these it comprises and conas to form gratings, but in such manner in both cases as sists of apparatus for slacking or arranging the barley or to allow either the single bars or the gratings to be taken malt in thin vertical or inclined layers, or in series with up separately. When placed singly they propose, in some spaces between them, and so constructed and disposed or cases, to insert pieces of wood or metal to promote lateral arranged as to permit currents of air or gases to pass support. The whole of the above arrangement may be apthrough the spaces, and through or across the substance plied when desirable to the formation of sidewalks in place of the ordinary foot pavements. Patent abandoned. 1566 H. BATEMAN. Improvements in pumps and fir engines. Dated June 6, 1866

receives four or other number of small shells, one in each of the layers, and in certain cases so as that the direction
angle of the chamber; such small shells are passed through of the currents may be changeable or reversible at will;
the passage which receives the bushing or plug. Each of the and for growing" it further comprises and consists of
Bmall shells has its own time fuse, which is ignited when apparatus for sparging or supplying liquor at the top of
the charge in the principal shell is exploded. The charge the layers, or in some cases in the midst of the layers, or
of powder for bursting the principal or large shell is co- otherwise, by means of perforated pipes, or otherwise, and
tained in and occupies the space of the rectangular chamber with or without the passage of currents of air or other fluid,
not occupiedy the small shells. The plug or bushing of either between or through the layers. Another part of
the large or outer shell retains the small shells in their the invention consists in an improved kiln constructed so
positions in the angles of the chamber. Patent completed. that the malt to be dried may be disposed in a hollow,
1556 W. E. NEWTON. Improved machinery for gumming conical, pyramidical, or tapered layer or form projecting
and printing envelopes and wrappers for letters, newspapers,
from or above the floor, and so that the heated air of the
and small parcels. (A communication.) Dated June 5,
kiln may pass through the layer or substance of the malt,
which may be changed as required, either mechanically or
This invention consists, first, in gumming the seal flap by manual feeding, to the top of the cone or pyramid, its
(simultaneously with raising the envelope blank) by a
gravity causing it to fall down to the bottom thereof as
picker or gummer adhering to the seal flap, which picker removed therefrom. Patent completed.
may also serve to hold the envelope blank stationary while
the remainder of the pile is being removed from under the
one envelope blank which is gammed. Second, in the use

1866

1560 W. LAWRENCE. Improvements in the manufacture
6, 1866
of and apparatus for the treatment of worts. Dated June

This invention consists of two dish-shaped circular parts, which are connected together by their flauges, so as to form a water chamber through which passes transversely a horizontal rocking shaft, to which is adapted the working piston or pistons of the pump. The water chamber is divided into two parts by two sets of valve boxes, which extend from the central shaft to the inner periphery of the water chamber. Each of these valve boxes is divided into two chambers, to one of which are adapted,two inlet valves and to the other two outlet valves The piston consists simply of a flat metal plate made to fit the internal diameter of the pump, and is fitted in a slot cut through the central shaft of the pump. The edge of this piston is provided with a proper hempen or other packing, so as to cause it to work tight in the cylinder as is usual with all pumps. It has been stated that the water chamber is divided by the valve boxes into two parts, and these

two divisions are subdivided by the reciprocating piston, which extends from side to side of the cylinder through the central shaft. It will now be understood that as the central shaft rocks in its bearings the piston will vibrate on its centre of motion, and in so doing will force forward the water in two of the subdivisions of the water chamber, and cause it to pass through two of the exit valves. At the same time water will rush into the two other compartments of the water chamber behind the advancing piston, and will fill the same. On the return stroke of the piston the water will be forced out of these second subdivisions through the other two exit valves, water through the supply valves at the same time rushing into the first two subdivisions of the water chamber in order to refill the same. By thus causing the piston to vibrate in the water chamber by means of a handle outside, a continuous stream of water may be kept up, as the pump is double-acting, and may be provided with an air vessel in the ordinary way. Patent abandoned.

1567 H. GREAVES. Improvements in the construction of parts of railways. Dated June 6, 1866

This invention consists, firstly, in constructing cast-iron sleepers to suit loose chairs, so that in the event of either the chair part or the sleeper part being broken the part not broken may still be utilised; and in order the more effectually to distribute the weights of the passing loads over the sleepers the invention consists in making them with hollows or recesses to fit the chairs, so as to take the strain of the bolts or other fastenings, and preserve the gauge, and also to prevent the piece or pieces of wood on which the chair rests from spreading or expanding under the loads. Likewise, in providing two extra wood bearing surfaces for the rail, in addition to the central one or loose chair, so that when the rail deflects under the driving wheels of the engine the rail shall take a bearing on the two outside pieces of wood, or other semi-elastic material, and shall not bear heavily upon them during the passage of light loads, but only on the passage of heavy loads; and, in connection with chairs and sleepers as described, in securing the rail in the chair by an iron key, or wood and iron combined, the seats on which the rail rests being elevated or raised above the top of the sleeper, so as to enable the sleeper to be more effectually covered with ballast. Secondly, in constructing cast-iron sleepers with one or more half jaws formed with the sleeper, and bindng or jambing the rails up to or against the same by means of a cotter passing through the tiebar connecting the two rails, and in the case of intermediate sleepers using a short bar, equivalent to a part of a tiebar, for enabling the rail to be similarly secured to or jambed against the jaw or jaws by means of a cotter, as described. In some cases the patentee makes the cotter used for securing the tiebar answer this purpose; in others he uses an additional cotter. Thirdly, in the use of an iron sleeper in connection with one or more short wood girders to absorb the blow of the wheels, a loose chair resting on such girder or girders, and one or both of the bolts securing the chair to the sleeper, likewise securing the tiebar. When a flat-bottomed or contractor's rail is employed the rail may rest immediately on the girder or girders; in other cases he interposes a piece of hard wood, or a light chair. These girders he places both parallel to the rail, and at right angles to the same. If the holes in the chairs are too large for the bolts employed he fills the same with hard wood or metal cotters, so as to enable them to fit the bolts tightly. Fourthly, in the use of an overhanging jib or platform carrying rails corresponding in gauge with that of the lines in connection with which it is to be used and arranged, so that by means of a transverse line of rails it may be brought opposite to any one of such lines, and when one or more carriages is or are passed on to it it may be placed at an angle so as to tip the carriage or carriages, and discharge its or their contents. Patent completed.

1568 J. C. SELLARS. Improvements in treating coal, cannel, shale, or their compounds, or the residuum thereof from caloination or distillation, and in manufacturing plastic substances, and forms, cements, pigments, colouring matter, and manure therewith. Dated June 7, 1865

Provisional protection has not been allowed for this invention.

1569 J. G. TONGUE. Improvements in electro-magnetic striking attachments for paper ruling machines. (A communication.) Dated June 7, 1866

This invention relates to the application of electro-magnetic striking arrangements to paper-ruling machines, whereby the pens may be made to strike the paper on a head line or head lines at any distance from the head of the page or sheet of paper, for the purpose of ruling down lines of any desired length, and when desired to strike and rise from the page or sheet at any number of points in its length at different distances from the head and tail of the sheet, for the purpose of ruling down lines of corresponding or various lengtos by suitable adjustments without the removal or changing of any parts of the striking attachment, the rising of the pens, as well as the striking movement, being controlled by the action of the paper upon a circuit break, which closes and opens the electric circuit, in which is placed an electro-magnet, by the attraction and the cessation of the attraction of which the pens are caused or permitted to strike and rise. Patent completed.

1570 A. GRIVEL, jun. Improvements in the construction of safes, strong rooms, and other similar depositories, and in the locks thereof. Dated June 7, 1866

to

FICATIONS.

Dated December 20, 1866.

ing simple method :-He produces a surface similar to that PATENTS APPLIED FOR WITH COMPLETE SPECIof a file on a plate of hardened steel, with which he lines the inside of a safe; or he may employ a hardened plate having a file surface in the construction of the safe, which may be simply covered with a sheet-iron plate. The application of such a hardened plate with a roughened or file surface suffices to ensure the breakage of any tool employed in drilling a safe. The second part of the invention relates to keyless combination locks for safes and similar purposes, and in the means of rendering the picking of such locks impossible. For this purpose he uses a combination lock throwing four or a greater number of bolts, working either in a circular or rectilinear direction, and either parallel with or at right angles to the sides of the safe. The bolts which work together are set in motion by an eccentric mounted on a pin forming a substitute for the key. This pin or stem carries ratchet discs, which, together with their pauls, serve to produce the combination for locking the safe. The locking bolts are direct acting in opposite directions, or they may move laterally and parallel with the sides of the safe, and take into mortises made in the double inner frame fixed to the safe body. According to another arrangement, in combination with the bolts which shoot into the catches made in the sides of the safe he employs a system of segmental bolts actuated by the combination lock. These bolts are operated by bell-crank levers, which also serve to hold them in position, and prevent their getting out of the catches. Patent completed.

3361 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancery. lane, consulting engineer. An improved machine for digging potatoes, also applicable to digging for other purposes. (A communication.) Dated December 21, 1866.

3371 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in apparatus for producing a draught in furnaces, and for purifying the smoke therefrom. (A communication.)

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3143 J. Field, Lambeth, engineer. Improvements in and connected with steam engines. Dated November 30, 1866. 3149 H. Bateman, Barnes, Surrey, surveyor. ments in pumps and fire engines. 3151 L Turner, Leicester, elastic fabric manufacturer. Improvements in machinery for the manufacture of elastic fabrics.

3153 A. Davy, Park Ironworks, Sheffield, engineer. Improvements in chair supports for the rails of railways. Dated December 1, 1866.

3155 P. M'Gregor, Manchester, machine maker. Improvements in machinery for spinning and doubling. Certain improvements in apparatus to be employed in the 3157 W. Crighton, Manchester, machinist and engineer. preparation and manufacture of cotton, wool, silk, and other fibrous substances.

3159 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Improved machinery for untwisting, opening, and carding all kinds of rope and cordage. (A communication.)

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LIST OF SEALED PATENTS. Sealed December 28, 1866.

1662 T. Godfrey
1749 H. A. Bonneville
1751 H. A. Bonneville
1761 W. Staufeu

1763 G. R. Sheraton
1766 H. Wootton
1767 W. Adolph
1780 W. F. Gedge
1796 A. Clark
1803 W. Baines
1819 W. Hobbs

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2036 W. E. Newton 2056 A. V. Newton 2059 O. F. Cotterill

2192 G. Hunter and W. F. Cooke

2194 W. Clark

2468 W. E. Newton 2566 J. O. Chapman

2590 W. E. Newton

2679 J. Brönner

2714 O. L. Hopson and H.

P. Brookes

2763 J. Storer

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From the London Gazette, January 1, 1867.

Lamps.
Armour-plated ships.
Propelling ships.
Raising liquids.
Hat stretcher.
Locomotive engines.

2147 J. S. Nibbs. 2151 J. M. Hyde. 2157 G. Carter. 2167 E. Rimmel. 2173 W. Bayne. 2174 J. B. Fell. 2181 W. E. Newton. Organs. (A communication.) 2186 C. Richardson. Looms. 2195 J. F. M. Pollock. Pressing bricks. 2210 W. Gould. Reflecting coloured lights upon objects. 2211 L. Delagarde. Binding books. 2214 G. H. Bovill. Rails for railways. 2236 J. M. Mellor. Bleaching vegetable fibres. 2237 W. Clark. Steering vessels. (A communication.) 2266 C. E. Brooman, Bleaching fibres. (A communication.)

2268 W. C. Cambridge. Clodcrushers.

2316 W. Clark. Leather. (A communication.)
2465 A. Steven. Elevating yarns.
2499 T. W. Bunning. Riveting machine.
2503 E. B. Bigelow. Power looms.
2551 J. W. Daniell, Propelling carriages.
2617 J. Warwick, Sewing machines.
2710 E. B. Bigelow. Power looms.
2876 E. H. Bentall. Screw nuts.
2990 W. R. Lake. Looms. (A communication.)
3196 R. and H. Harrild. Printing machines.

3328 W. R. Lake. Nails. (A communication.) 3361 W. R. Lake. Digging potatoes. (A communicstion.)

The full titles of the patents in the above list can be ascertained by referring back to their numbers in the list of provisional protections previously published.

Opposition can be entered to the granting of a patent to any of the parties in the above list who have given notice of their intention to proceed, within twenty-one days from the date of the Gazette in which the notice appears, by leaving at the Commissioners' office particularsin writing of the objection to the application.

3210 R. Duncan, Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, ship- PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £50 iliary power to sailing ships. builder. Improvements in arrangements for applying aux

3212 P. E. de Wissocq, civil engineer, Rue Richepanse, and Count L. Krasinski, Rue de Penthièvre, Paris. Improvements in the treatment of ores of metals of which the sulphates are soluble in water.

3214 J. Williamson, South Shields, alkali manufacturer. Improvements in the manufacture of alkalies.

3216 P. and R. Sanderson, Galashiels, Selkirkshire. Improvements in the manufacture of yarns, and in the machinery or apparatus employed therefor.

3218 R. Ackroyd, Ovenden, near Halifax. commission wool comber, and W. Maud, Halifax, machine maker. Improvements in "screw gill boxes" for preparing wool and other fibrous substances.

3222 J. C. M'Donald, Waddon, near Croydor, and J. Calverley, Albany-road, Camberwell. Improvements in machinery for printing and cutting into sheets rolls of

facture of stereotype printing surfaces. 3224 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in electro-magnetic apparatus for obtaining motive power. (A communication.)

Duted December 7, 1866.

3226 A. C Frazer, Colchester. Improvements in apparatus used in the manufacture of gas. 3228 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. An improved detaching hook. (A communication.)

This invention relates, first, to improvements in the construction of safes, strong rooms, and other similar deposi-paper, and for collecting sheets so cut, also in the manutories for containing valuable articles. Second, to the mode of securing the said safes and others by means of combination discs, enabling them to be opened or closed without a key. Thirdly, to a mode of constructing key combination locks, which a e not only applicable for safes and strong rooms, but also doors and other uses. The first part of the invention is intended to ensure increased security in safes and strong, rooms, first, to prevent one or other of the sides of the door from being bulged open; second, to prevent the safe from being entered by drilling. By means of the following arrangement of the door and frame the opening of the safe at that point is rendered impossible. The patentee provides the inside of the door with auxiliary projecting bolts, taking into catches at right angles to the bolts of the lock. The interior of the safe is further provided with hooks or cramps actuated by the bolts of the lock, and serve as a substitute for the auxiliary bolts above mentioned. Lastly, the door is provided on the inside with projec ing rebates fitting into spaces made in the inside of the safe. In order to prevent a safe from being drilled he employs the follow

3230 J. M'Glashan, Glasgow. An improved cap or cover to be applied for securing and labelling bottles.

Dated December 8, 1856.

3234 H. C. Lucy, Liverpool, merchant. Improvements in connecting or fastening the ends of iron and other metal bands surrounding bales of cotton and other like packages. (A communication.)

3236 W. Robertson and C. J. Waddell, Manchester, en gineers. Improvements in machines driven by human. animal, or other power having a reciprocating motion, as gius, mowing and reaping machines, reciprocating saws, and others of that class.

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which is not practically correct. Aluminium less liable to cracking, takes a higher polish, is one of that class of metals belonging to the and has a smaller range of expansion and conearths proper, the other examples of which traction. To effect the above improvements MECHANICS' MAGAZINE. such as glacinum or beryllium (the chief in ordinary brass and bronze castings, it is not

LONDON: FRIDAY, JANUARY 11, 1867.

BUT

ALUMINIUM ALLOYS.

UT a very few years ago it was announced that a new alloy was discovered, which, while possessing all the apparent qualities of gold, could be obtained at something less than half the price of the latter metal. As might be expected, a field of almost boundless extent in the ornamental and bijouterie line was predicted to be open to the new comer, and many, undoubtedly, congratulated themselves upon the prospect of possessing, to all ance at least, gold plate at less than the price of real silver. Numerous articles appertaining to personal wear, such as watch chains, pins, pencil-cases, bracelets, and an infinity of

appear

constituent in the emerald), yttrium, zir- necessary to adhere very stringently to the
conium, and some few others are exceedingly proportions mentioned, but a fiftieth part of
rare, and when found in combination with aluminium is required to produce any marked
other earths are obtained pure with consider- advantage, although the half of this produces
able difficulty. For a long time aluminium, a perceptible modification in the original alloy.
like magnesium, sodium, and other alkaline As a rule, if we take an alloy composed of a
metals, was only to be obtained in small certain proportion of copper and zinc, or copper
quantities and by the means of electrolysis. and tin, it is sufficient to substitute a fiftieth
Latterly, however, not only these, but many part of aluminium in the place of the same
other still more refractory minerals, have quantity of zinc or tin to produce a compound
yielded to the powers of science and the skill possessing a great number of the valuable
of the laboratory. Indeed, there are but very qualities of pure aluminium bronze, and capable
few substances which yet dety the ability of of being substituted for it in situations where
our analysts and chemists; and those which all its valuable qualities are not required. Tin
formerly proved so troublesome to obtain in bronze, with a small addition of aluminium,
even minute quantities can now be procured forms an excellent alloy for mechanical pur-
with facility and economy in large ingots and poses, the hardness of which can be regulated
masses. There is one peculiarity to be noticed by duly proportioning the quantity of tin.
respecting the oxide of this metal. It is pre- These compounds are not limited to a threefold
sumed to be a sesquioxide, and to have the nature; they can be composed of the four
composition Al, O, from the fact of it being metals, copper, zinc, tin, and aluminium in
isomorphous with Fez O3, the red oxide of variable proportions, according to the colour
iron, otherwise known as the specular iron ore, or degree of hardness desired.
occurring in the Isle of Elba, and a few other advantages of a mechanical nature these alloys
insular localities. The term isomorphous im- possess the indispensable merit of economy,
plies that alumina and the red oxide of iron since they are much cheaper than the pure
in exactly the same crystalline form; that is, 5 per cent., and generally as much as 10, of the
can be found in the same description of crystal | aluminium bronze, which must contain at least
they are interchangeable, so to speak, in the genuine metal.

same matrix.

Besides other

BREECH-LOADING RIFLES.

others, have been manufactured of the new material, but it has altogether failed to fulfil the sanguine expectations formed of it on its first appearance. The alloy is known by the name of aluminum or aluminium bronze, and is a compound of aluminium and copper. Although strongly resembling gold in appear ance, and possessing the decided advantage over all plated articles of retaining its colour during wear, it does not possess the brilliancy or lustre of the precious metal at any time, the two metals constituting aluminium bronze It must not be imagined that the alloys of except, perhaps, when freshly cast, and, moreTa time like the present, when we are over, requires almost incessant rubbing and cease to be of value when they are not emA polishing to make it shine at all. It cannot ployed for ornamental purposes; far from it. strenuously endeavouring to effect a matebe said exactly to oxidise, but it tarnishes in The homogeneity of the compound, malleability, rial change in the construction of our military a very short time, becoming of a dull lustre-tensile strength, and many other valuable pro- small-arms, it behoves us to look around and less appearance, which is one of the chief perties render it peculiarly adapted for a see what other countries are doing in this direasons that has caused it to fail in being variety of useful applications; and were it not rection. So much has been done in this applied to articles of ornament and jewellery extensively employed than it is. Alumina pect her to do yet more. for its present high price it would be far more matter by America that we may naturally exThe American war Many of our readers have probably seen pocket compasses and drawing instruments being one of the most abundant minerals on developed the quality of rapidity of fire to an made of nearly pure aluminium, and must the face of the earth, all that is required to extraordinary extent, and now in time of have noticed the dull steel tint of the metal, enable the valuable properties of its base to be peace the American Government is using its even when new from the maker's shop and universally recognised and rendered serviceable best efforts to perfect a system which the nepolished to a certain extent. The best is to discover a cheap method of procuring it cessities of war initiated. With this view a of way comparing the peculiar tint of the surface is in large quantities, and we may rest assured board of officers assembled at Washington in by placing it beside a piece of silver, and the that it will not be very long before a result the early part of last year, and examined the somewhat leaden hue of the aluminium will so desirable is duly accomplished. The following questions propounded by the War become at once apparent. The great advan- aluminium bronze is distinguished from other Department:-First, what form and calibre of tage claimed for articles of aluminium is copper and tin alloys of a similar nature, as breech-loading arm should be adopted as a their extreme lightness; and telescope tubes well as from brass, by the readiness with which model for future construction of muskets for have been constructed of this metal solely it can be forged or rolled when hot; but in infantry? Second, what form and calibre on this account, thereby rendering them capa- their integrity, the copper composing it must struction of carbines for cavalry? Third, order that it may preserve these qualities in should be adopted as a model for future conble of being sustained by hand with less be of the best and purest description. More- what form of breech-loading arm should be atigue and greater steadiness. The specific gravity of aluminium is between over, great care must be taken that not a par- adopted as a model for changes of muskets al2.56 and 2.67, while that of silver is 10-47, allied in character to antimony, arsenic, zinc, Each person submitting an arm to the board ticle of any other metal, especially of those ready constructed to breech-loading muskets? and of gold, 19-26. The specific gravity of copper is 8.89. Knowing the specific gravi- or tin, should enter into the mixture. The was required to state the lowest price at which ties of the two constituents of an alloy, it is bad effects of some of these metals upon wrought it would be furnished in the event of its being not difficult to find that of the alloy itself. iron and steel are well known, and it needs no adopted by the Government. The members of The problem is precisely similar to that procomment to point out the analogous action the board met from time to time for investigatpounded more than 2,000 years ago to Archi- they exercise upon the alloy in question. ing these questions, and their researches and medes by Hiero, king of Syracuse, who had While it is manifest that the value of alumi-experiments led them to a series of conclusions reasons best known to himself for suspecting admixture of tin or zinc, it will be seen that been promulgated. nium bronze is reduced to a minimum by any which they embodied in a report that has just that an artificer, to whom he had given an brass and the ordinary bronze are very much first place, that the 45 calibre ball gave The board report, in the order to make him a crown of gold, had cheated him by putting in a larger quantity of improved in quality by mixing a portion of the best results as to accuracy, penetration, alloy than he ought to have done. We may aluminium with them. On this interesting and range. Next, with regard to uniformity apply the method as follows to the particular subject, MM. Morin and Cie. have made seve- of bore, the board recommend that all rifle case in question:-Let be the specific ral valuable experiments, the results of which muskets and single-loading carbines used in gravity of the copper and A that of the alu-have induced them to patent some of the alloys. the military service should, if practicable, be minium; let C' be the weight of the The addition of a fiftieth part of aluminium fitted for the same cartridge. The charge of and A' that of the aluminum; let W equal the considerably improves ordinary brass; the powder is next considered, and here the board weight of piece of bronze so composed, and S surface of the casting on coming out of the conclude that the charge for muskets should its specific gravity, which we require to know. mould is no longer rough and dull-looking, but be from 65 grains to 70 grains of powder and As the volume of a substance is equal to its shining and of a uniform texture; it preserves from 480 grains to 500 grains of lead. With weight divided by its specific gravity, we its malleability and ductility, is more easily regard to the question of conversion the board obtain bored, and takes a higher polish. By reducing recommends the plan of alteration subthe proportion of zinc to about 12 per cent. mitted by Mr. H. Berdan. This gives the and adding 2 per cent. of aluminium, an excel- stable breech-pin, secures the piece against lent compound is obtained, applicable with in- premature discharge, and involves only a creased advantage to all the purposes for which slight change of the present pattern of American ordinary brass is employed. The same favour-arms. The bore of the present barrel (as was able results attend the addition of the same proved by experiments before the board) can proportion of aluminium to a tin bronze; the be reduced to the desired calibre by reaming appearance of the casting is improved, the hard-out the grooves and inserting a tube. A numness and resistance to a blow is increased, it is ber of new designs for breech-loading arms

copper

AC (O'+A") S= AC'+A'C If we suppose equal weights of each metal to be taken, the specific gravity of the alloy will be rather less than one-half that of pure silver. It is assumed in this calculation that no alteration of volume takes place during the mingling of the two metals, an assumption

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