the bracket at bottom prevents the ladder when opened from turning sideways. The fastenings at top are so contrived that, when a person shall have mounted the ladder, he can, after having unscrewed the bolt behind the parapet or other part on which is the bent iron, pull the ladder up after him. The ladder is provided with rings, each of which has at both ends a self-supporting square or otherwise thaped joint or shoulder. Patent completed.

2508 J. S. JOHNSTONE. An improved means for producing motive power, and the machinery or apparatus employed therefor. Dated September 28, 1866.

This invention relates to the application of a certain property belonging to metals as a means for obtaining motive power, and the arrangement of apparatus for rendering such property capable of producing considerable mechanical effect, and consists as follows:-It has long been known that when two bars of metal of different expansive powers are fastened together, so as to produce a compound bar, on raving its temperature raised the bar itself assumes a form more and more curved as the temperature is raised, and regains its original form as soon as the temperature is lowered to the original temperature. This, property, then, is what is employed under this invention as the means for obtaining motive power. Patent completed.

a garment may be correctly ascertained, of such construc-
tion and arrangement that, when applied to the person it
respect and portion, and consists in a sort of jacket made
will adjust itself and perfectly conform thereto iu every
of thin tissue, saeet india-rubber, gutta-percha, or of
any of their elastic compounds, or of any other suit-
able elastic material or materials, in
any proper
manner to correspond in general shape and outline to the
body, which conformator is provided at such portions of
its exterior as correspond to the positions in which the
necessary seams for the making of the dress or other gar-
ment are to run with a series of sharp-pointed projecting
pins or studs, or any other cquivalent device or devices,
so that by laying a thin sheet of paper or other suitable
material over and upon such conformator when on the
person, the direction of the seams for the cutting the dress
shall be accurately indicated by the puncturing of the said
paper by the said pins. Patent completed.

2518 J. GUEUNIER-LAURIAO. Improvements in the process of casting iron cylinders, or any other cast-iron pieces with hard metallic thickness or wrapper, and separately with white and grey iron, so that both kinds of casting are sticking together. Dated September 29, 1866. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. 2509 J H. JOHNSON. Improvements in railway switches. Patent completed. (A communication) Dated September 28, 1866. 2519 P. P. J. MARTIN. Improvements in cotton seed We cannot here give space to the details of this inven-hullers or decorticating machines. tion. Patent abandoned. Dated September 29,

2510 C. Fox. A safety belt or apparatus for use in travelling to prevent injuries from concussions or otherwise. Dated September 28, 1866.

This invention consists in the use of a safety belt which is passed round the wearer acting in connection with a Toller at the back of the seat about on a level with the waist of the wearer, with other subsidiary appliances in order to r vent injury to railway and other passengers, from concussions. Patent abandoned.

2511 S. PRICE. Improvements in apparatus for lifting or assisting to lift and for securing window sashes, shutters, and other like frames and weights. Dated September 28,

1866.

In the specification of former letters patent granted to present patentee, dated November 23, 1864 (No. 2924), he described an apparatus consisting mainly of a spring barrel for lifting or assisting to lift window sashes and other like frames. Now the chief object of the present invention is to enable him where one or more spring barrels are employed to dispense entirely with sash lines, cords, or chains. The present improvements consist in forming round the spring barrel-which is fitted in any convenient part of the frame-a series of cogged teeth, and in fitting in a groove formed in the side of the window sash a rack, the teeth of which gear into the teeth on the spring barrel. As soon as the sash is commenced to be raised, the spring of the barrel comes into play, causing the barrel to rotate, so that the cog teeth, by gearing into the rack, lift or assist in lifting Patent completed.

sash.

2512 W. and J. W. WoOD. Improvements in the manufacture of lozenges and of Pomfret or liquorice cakes and other similar articles of confectionery, and in apparatus for the same. Dated September 28, 1866.

According to this invention the materials when mixed are formed into sheets by being first made into a solid block of any desired shape and size, which is cut up into slices or sheets by one or more knives or cutters, to which, by preference, quick sawing motion is given. doned.

Patent uban

2513 W. CLARK. Improvements in the means of reproducing, signs, characters, and other marks in the transmission of messages and signals by electric telegraph apparatus. (A communication.) Dated September 28, 1866.

This invention has for its object to proluce at the station of the receiving apparatus the telegrams, designs, signs, or characters whatsoever, traced in an insulated matter, or vice versa, on a paper or metallic conductor of electricity, or vice versa, which strip or sheet may serve again as a transmitter to another receiving apparatus at a further station, at which a similar reproduction may take place, and so on until the message, sigus, or characters arrive at the station where they are to be permanently fixed on a suitable strip Or sheet of paper or metal decomposable by the electric current. Patent abandoned.

2514 W. CLARK. Improvements in electric telegraphs. (A communication.) Dated September 28, 1856. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

2515 D. Joy. Improvements in steam engines. Dated September 29, 1866.

1866.

The patentee claims the employment of reversible prismoidal steel knives or cutters, in combination with a scored or furrowed hulling cylinder, running at a great speed within a scored concave one; the mobility of the cutters facilitates repairs, and produces great saving in the work; further, the runner and concave may bз reversed to represent the sharp edges of the cutters when the opposite edges are worn out. Patent completed.

80

close to the surface of the platform, and sweep the cut crop therefrom; as the rakes return on the other side of the axis they are raised. The exact details of the arrangement may be varied, but the main feature of this part of the inven tion is the method of governing rakes mounted in this manner, as they are carried rouad by their upright axis. The patentees make the rake arms tubular, aud they connect together the two arms on opposite sides of the centre by two clip pieces, which, at their ends, are made tɔ embrace the tubular rake arms, and at the centre receive the pivots oa which the rakes rock. Scraw bolts are passedthrough the clip pieces, and also through the rake arms be tween them. Another part of the invention relates to the position of the axis of the rake arms. According to this part of the invention the patentees place the axis of the rake arms at a distance in front of the points of the fingers several times greater than this distance has ever heretofore been, even in the most favourable cases-say not less than 6in., even in a narrow machine; and in a machine of ordinary width they prefer that it should be more than 1ft. in front of this line. According to another part of the invention, in order that the rake teeth may clear the platform with greater certainty, they form grooves in the platform corresponding with the tracks of the rake teeth. The teeth enter into these grooves below the general surface of the tion of the platform, and prevent any porcrop on the platform escaping them, Another arrangement which they employ acccrling to this invention for delivering the cut crop in sheaves at the side of the machine is a tipping grating or platform hinged to the back of the finger bar. Another part ing machines. In order that the crank which gives motion of the invention relates to the crank of reaping and mowto the knife of reaping and mowing machines may not be liable to lap the cut crop or weeds around it, they arrange the parts in the following manner:-At the end of the crankshaft is a disc, and a circular recess is formed in it; 2520 W. LA PENOTIERE. Certain improvements in fire in the centre of this hollow is fixed the crank pin, which arms. Dated September 29, 1866. has a spherical head, and is embraced by a cup on the con. This invention has for its object improved arrangements necting rod; the rim of the cup enters the recess in the in the construction of certain parts of firearms, and relates disc, and the crank pin is thus protected and kept from conmore particularly to improvements in the rifle, for which tact with the cut crop and weeds. According to another the present patentee obtained letters patent bearing date part of the invention, in order to carry the cutters at a regu July 20, 1865 (No. 1894), such novel and improved arrange-lated distance from the land, they employ a small wheel ments relating to the constructing and converting the said connected with the inner end of the finger bar, and they rifle into a needle gun. Instead of securing the movable adjust the height of this wheel by making the end of the chamber by means of the spring bolt placed as set forth arm which carries it as a disc with radia! teeth on its face in the specification of the letters patent aforesaid, the and this fits against a corresponding disc on a projection, patentee bolts or secures the same at the part fitting into from the finger bar; when the two discs are in contact the backing part of the trough which receives the chamber with the wheel at its proper height, a screw bolt passed when it reposes in its horizontal position, the said bolt or through the disc, securely fixes the arm and wheel. Patent bolts passing through the backing piece into a hole or completed. holes in the end of the chamber; these bolts are withdrawn by pulling the hammer to half or full cock, when the chamber flies open, being pressed upwards by two springs. The patentee constructs a movable metal case or box for the in the rifle of 1865 just alluded to was used for the reception of needle, which he inserts in the opening of the chamber, which the cartridge case. This case or box is pressed forward by means of one or more springs, so that, when the chamber one end of the needle box enters into the bore of the barrel is lowered into the trough, and is in a horizontal position, at its rear, and the other end of the needle box is pressed backwards against the packing piece; or he finds the action of the needle box when the chambers is being pressed horizontally down adjusts itself as required. Patent completed.

2521 W. CLARK. Improvements in apparatus for steer-
1866.
ing vessels. (A communication.) Dated September 29,

This invention consists in the use of a small auxiliary
screw placed in a line with the keel of the vessel, above or
below the screw propeller shaft, in a space between it and
the sternpost. The diameter of this auxiliary screw varies
according to the size of the vessel, and may be geared with
to make from 200 to 300 revolations per minute, in order to
a shaft in connection with that of the propeller, so as
keep up the speed of the vessel, and not retard its progress
if it is desired to add its effect to that of the propeller. The
propulsive power will thus be greatly increased. Patent
completed.

2522 J. WHITWORTH, Improvements in casting iron and
steel, and in apparatus employed for this purpose. Dated
September 29, 1866.

In casting certain articles, such as hoops or other hollow
forms or shells, when using rams (usually actuated by
hydraulic power) arranged to give pressure to the melted
metal in the mould, the patentee, after for a time applying
the pressure, and when the mass has become solidified,
ment to allow of the contraction of the metal in cooling.
withdraws at the proper time the internal resisting instru-
In forming some articles, such as those of considerable
prefers to be hydraulic, to the outer surfaces of the mould,
length, as well as others, he applies pressure, which he
which he makes in parts or sections, and he introduces
dried or baked loam or sand between the parts or sections,
by which the escape of air is facilitated, and yet, when
pressure is applied to the sections or parts of which the
mould is constructed, the said sections or parts are able to
come nearer together, and thus admit of the requisite pres-
sure being applied over a greater extent of surface of the
applied. Patent completed.
fluid metal in the mould than when plungers only are

This invention relates to that class of engines usually designated as "high and low pressure engines," and consists, first, in running the pistons of the two cylinders or sets of cylinders at speeds proportionate to their pressures, that is to say, the inventor runs the high-pressure cylinders at a high speed such as is due to high-pressure steam, and the low-pressure cylinders at a low speed due to the pressure therein used; and he either couples the two sets by suitable gearing or he drives a screw or twin screws with the one and paddle with the other, or screws variously pitched and speeded or paddles of diff rent diameters, always arranging that each piston or set of pistons shall have a speed suitable to the pressure it is worked at; or he gives the difference of the speeds by giving the high-pressure cylinders a length of stroke, as compared with the low-pressure cylinders, to suit the pressures relatively; and he carries on expansion in either set of cylinders, or in both combined, but he prefers it to be entirely effected in the high-pressure cylinders. Second, he arranges his low-pres-Irises the following:-In order to lay the standing crop up sure cylinder or cylinders as is ordinarily done with condensers, air pumps, and the other fittings, or in other ways. Paent abandoned.

2516 D: 1мHOг. Improvements in the machinery of chimes, applicable also to organs. Dated September 29,

1866.

2523 R. HORNSBY and J. E. PHILLIPS. Improvements in reaping and mowing machines. Dated September 29,

1866.

This invention, among a variety of other features, comtowards the cutters, and afterwards, when it is cut, to remove it from the platform of the machine, the patentees employ revolving arms with rakes at their ends, and these Fixed to the frame of the machine is a bar, and on the arms are carried and actuated in the following manner :lower part of this bar, which is upright, a tubular axis turns freely; this tubular axis is driven in any convenient manner, and receives on its exterior a ring, to which the plane. As the tubular axis rotates it carries round the rake arms are jointed, so that they can rock in a vertical ring upon it with the rake arms jointed thereto, and as joints which connect them to the ring by linking them to a these revolve they are governed or caused to rock on the collar upon the upper end of the fixed bar on which the tubular axis turns. The upper ead of the bar is bent towards the platform, so that the collar is not vertically over the tubular axis which carries the rake arms round; thus the raves as they come round are depressed, so as first to dip into the standing crop and then their teeth pass

2524 J. CHALMERS. Improvements in bolts and washers. Dated October 1, 1866.

This invention relates chiefly to bolts and washers to be this invention is effected by making the area of the cross used in fastening the armour-plates of ships of war and fortifications. The chief object sought to be obtained by section of the body of the bolt about equal to the area of the section at the thread, and thereby preventing it snapstr.tching range in the shank of the bolt itself and the ping under a sudden concussion, by obtaining a certain advantages of this method are, that this object; obtained economically, and that the bolt being parallel or of an equal size from the head to the screw, can be made to com pletely fill the hole. Patent completed.

2525 P. R. HODGE. Certain improvements in apparatus for the filtration of fluids. Dated October 1, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

2526 A. M. Dix. Improvements in refrigerators. Dated October 1, 1866.

The patentee claim", first, fitting in the bottom of refrigerators a bed or seat of india-rubber or other suitable soft material, upon which the lower edge of the transverse boxes rests, substantially as and for the purposes described. Second, constructing refrigerators in such manner that the whole of the refrigerating boxes are free to be raised from their seating for cleaning or otherwise, the spaces between them when raised being open top and bottom, substantially as described.

Third, constructing refrigerators in which the transverse boxes are fed or supplied from the top, substantially as described and represented in the drawings. Fourth, arranging transverse boxes which are fed from the top, substantially as described and represented in the drawings. Patent completed.

metals and other matters.
2527 W. CLARK. Improvements in furnaces for treating
(A communication.) Dated

October 1, 1866.
This invention relates to improvements in furnaces for
the treatment of metals and for other purposes. The fur-
nace, which is arranged somewhat on the principle of a
mo7able, and which act with a constant or uniform flow.
glass furnace, serves for the melting, mixing, and refin
ing of ores or glass, the crucibles being either fixed or
The implements consist, first, of the parts for closing the
arches, which are constructed in such manner that the flame
and products of combustion from the furnace are forced to
pass round them in their passage to the flues, and thus
communicating the same amount of heat to the spouts as
is received by the crucible. Secondly, the improvements
relate to the method of running off the melted matters.
The invention cannot be described in detail without refer-
ence to the drawings. Patent abandoned.

2528 P. A. BATCHELOR. Improvements in the construc tion and arrangement of retorts and settings in combination with machinery or apparatus for the manufacture of coal or other gases. Dated October 1, 1866.

This invention relates to the employment and adaptation of one or more retorts of cylindrical or other form, composed of suitable material, calculated to bear a high degree of heat, and made to revolve or rotate at any desired speed. By the constant revolution of the retorts the charge contained therein will be continually agitated or turned over, and thoroughly and effectively exposed to the action of the heat from the furnace, which is permitted to circulata freely around the exterior of the retorts. Patent aban doned.

apparatus for spinning cotton, silk, and other fibrous sub2529 W. REDMAN. Improvements in machinery or

stances. Dated October 2, 1866.

This invention relates to the self-acting cleaners employed in machinery for cleaning the "top rollers," and which, in consequence of the large diameters they have hitherto been made (generally about 2in, in diameter), frequently fall off the rollers on which they should continuously rest or re

Among the features of this invention are the following: The inventor makes a communication with two insulated 2535 M. P. ROBERTSON. A certain tie to be used in lieu wires attached to each carriage forming part of a train. of rope in tieing and fastening the bagging of bules of cotton These wires are joined between each carriage by means of and of all merchandises to be packed up and pressed and tied wire bars, pieces of m.til, cable, or connecting rods, sufinto bales. (A communication.) Dated October 3, 1865. ficiently strong to supply the place of the present coupling This invention is not described apart from the drawings. chains, so that the act of coupling up the carriages makes Patent completed. the electrical connections, such bars being brazed, galvan2536 C. F. BROOMAN. The production and applicationized, or plated at the points of contact. For additional of an imponderable fluid, together with the apparatus or means of contact, if necessary, he uses side springs at each means employed therein. (A communication.) Dated 03. joint. He can also make these connections by means of tober 3, 1866. a half ball of brass, so fit.ed to the end of each buffer with The patentee claim, first, the production and applica-springs that, upon pressure, they push in to avoid damage, tion of an imponderable fluid, termed the vital or organic and upon being released from pressure, project, and form a fluid, such fluid being capable of acting upon the organism insulated wire ruas through the buffer rod, which rod he constant connection between the buffers. The connecting of living beings, anima! or vegetable. Second, the production of this imponderable fluid by putting in contact proposes should be hollow. The apparatus to be fixed in azote and carbon, whether an azoted body and a carbonated each compartment of the carriages over the side windows body, or a body strongly azoted and a body only feebly consists of a handle in connection with an iron rod, at the azoted, or by causing an acid or an alkali to act on an or end of which outside the carriage is fixed a thin metal ganic matter, or by making an acid or an alkali to react on plate painted red, and perforated with the number and a hydro-carburet or on carbon. Third, the apparatus or letter of the carriage compartment; this metal plate is means substantially as described for producing the impon- placed, when in its normal position, edgeways to the line of derable fluid. Patent completed. sight; on the handle before mentioned being turned, electrical conaection is formed by springs connected to the earth ringing the bells, and turning the metal plate so as to face the guard, so that he from his brake ca. see which compartment rang. Palent abandoned.

This invention relates to gas burners, and consists of an improved nipple and flame augmenter, which latter may be added to the ordinary burners. In carrying out the said invention the patentee prefers to make the said nipple and flame augmenter together, so that they may take the place This inveution consists in placing a flap or ledge imof ordinary burners by simply unscrewing the latter and medi tely over the knives and slightly raised above them. screwing in the improved nipples and flame augmenters in This flap or ledge extends the whole width of the machine, the place of the former. The flame augmenters, however, and projects partly over the knives and pardly over the can be so formed that they may be added to the ordinary front edge of the delivery board or platform, part of which burners. The improved nipple is formed with a hollow latter is removed so as to leave a space between it and the back enlargement near the top of the flame augmenter, which of the finger bar. The backward edge of the flap or ledge fits consists of a small arch, arc, or crown chamber on the out-in a groove in the delivery board or platform, and its two side thereof, and passes over and at a short distance above the ends are provided with pivots working in hole or slots in the orifice or orifices from which the gas or inflammable vapour side framings or cheeks of the machine, so that it can be issues; the wire is so placed that the flame impinges raised or lowered so as to suit its position to the nature of against it, and the light is thereby increased very con- the crop to be cut. The grain as it is cut by the knives siderably without increasing the consumption of gas. When falls direct upon this flap or ledge, instead of upon the it is desired to apply the light augmenter to an crdinaty knives, and is thereby conveyed to the delivery board or

906 J. Grundy, Wolstenholme Hall, Lancashire. Certain improvements in Brebars to be employed in furnaces.

908 C. D. Abel, Southampton buildings, Chancery-lane. A new or improved optical telegraph. (A communication,) 910 F. N. Taylor and J. Lodge, Huddersfield, manufacturers. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for doubling or twisting yarns.

912 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in saddle stirrups. (A communication.)

914 W. Wood, Monkhill, ne r Pontefract, Yorkshire. Improvements in engines and machines for washing, beating, grinding, or reducing rags and other fibrous substances into paper pulp, and into fibres for yarns or cloth.

916 N. Thompson, Abbey Gardens, St. John's Wood. Improvements in the construction of bottles and other vessels, and in apparatus for closing the same.

918 J. Howard, agricultural engineer, and E. T. Busfield, engineer, Bedford. Improvements in machinery for cutting and spreading grasses.

920 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancery. lane, consulting engineer, An improved mode of and machicery for obtaining the extracts of bark for tanning and other purposes. (A communication.)

Dated March 29, 1867.

922 E. H. Aydon, Wandsworth, civil engineer, and E. Field, Chandos Chambers, Adelphi, consulting engineer. Improvements in the smelting and treatment of iron and other ores, in the fuel and other materials made use of in such treatment, and in a paratus for supplying the same to blast, puddling, and any other furnaces and fires in or by which great heat is required to be generated, parts of which improvements are applicable also to other purposes. 926 J. A. Simpson, Liverpool, hat manufacturer. Improvements in the construction of umbrellas and parasols. 928 E. Canton, La Rochelle, France. A counting and controlling cock for liquids.

930 A. Baff, Junior Athenæum Club, and J. Kidd, Great Newpo:t-street, engineer. Improvements in utilising the hea ing properties of petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons and oils, and in apparatus employed therefor.

932 G. Davies, Serle-street, Lincoln's Inn, civil engineer. Improvements in the decoration or ornamentation of metals. (A communication.)

934 W. Wood, Monkhill, near Pontefract, Yorkshire. Improvements in the preparation of fibre from rags, or other semi-waste substances wholly or partly of wool or animal fibre for the manpfacture of yarns.

936 E. W. Ball, Birmingham, manufacturer. Improvoments in gas fireplaces and gas stoves, and in apparatus for heating conservatories and other rooms.

Dated April 1, 1867.

965 C. D. Abel. Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane. Improvements in compositions for treating fluids employed fot illuminating purposes. (A communication.)

966 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, consulting engineer. An improved mode of and means for olosing and fastening the port lights of ships and other vessels. (A communication.)

967 J. Harker, Great Driffield, Yorkshire, engineer. Improvements in apparatus for expressing oils and fatty matters, and for forming and marking the cake produced in the manufacture.

Dated April 2, 1867.

974 H. A. Bonneville, Porchester-terrace, Bayswater. A new and improved means of readily igniting fuel and lighting fires. (A communication.)

977 J. J. and A. Meyer, Avenue de Neuilly, Paris, civil engineers. An improved system of tank locomotive engines. 978 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancerylane, consulting engineer. An improved apparatus for manufacturing boxes from shres of paper, metal, and other material. (A communication.)

980 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Inprovements in centrifugal sugar machines. (A communication.)

981 T. B. Robinson, Islington, merchant's clerk. Inprovements in the mauufacture of artificial flowers and foliage.

982 J. Shanks, Arbroath, Forfarshire. Improvements in cutting the hair off horses or other animals, and in the machinery or apparatus employed therefor.

986 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engsneer. Improvements in means and apparatus for reproducing or copying letters and manuscripts. (A communication.)

987 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements
in looms for weaving figured fabrics. (A communication.)
988 W. Clark, Chancery-iane, engineer. Improvement:

in applying and fitting the tubes of multitubular boilers,
condensers, and other like capacities, and in apparatus for
the same. (A communication.)

989 J. F. Reeves, Cambridge-terrace, Notting Hill. Im-
provements in the preparation of explosive compounds, and
in making up cartridges or charges therewith.

Dated April 3, 1867.

991 J. Whitehurst, Manchester, mechanic, and T. Walsh,
Salford, Lancashire, overlooker. Improvements in looms
for weaving.

992 E. H. Waldenström, Manchester, mechanical engi-
neer. Certain improvements in miners' safety lamps.
993 J. Musgrave, Belfast. Improvements in fittings for

938 W. Bywater, Sweet-treet Foundry, Holbeck, near
Leeds. Improvements in apparatus for effecting the draw-stables, harness rooms, and cowhouses.
ing, spinning, twisting, and laying of hemp, flax, tow,
worsted, wool, silk, cotton, China grass, or other fibrous
material for the manufacture of yata, thread, twine, cord,
or rope, which improvements are also applicable to the
manufacture of cod or rope from iron or other metal
ire.

943 B. Farmer and T. Balmforth, Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire. Improvements in the manufacture of steel bells, and in mouniing the same.

Dated March 30, 1867.

911 R. Canham, Clerkenwell, and F. W. Kreut, Guildford street, Farringdon road. Improvements in means or apparatus employed in the cure of smoky chimneys, and in ventilating buildings and other places.

912 J. E. Ward, Bredbury, Cheshire, hat manufacturer. Improvements in machinery for the manufacture of bats and other coverings for the head.

913 E. S. Jones, Liverpool. An improved mode of and apparatus for rowing boats in water.

944 T. Prideaux, Sheffield. Improvements in blast furnaces or cupolas.

915 J. Macnee, Edinburgh, carriage builder. Improvements in movable hoods for carriages and other vehicles.

916 S. M. Grover, Lancashire, cotton spinner. Improvements in machinery or apparatus to be employed in doubling or twisting cotton, wool, or other fibrous sub

stances.

947 W. B. Woodbury, Rusholme, Lancashire, and R. II. Ashton, Ashton-upon-Mersey, Cheshire. Improved means of producing designs upon paper.

948 R. H. Collyer, Seafield Works, Dundee. Improvements in the treatment of flax, hemp, jute, China grass, and other fibrous materials.

949 J. Fleming, Glasgow, engineer. Improvements in bending and circling metallic plates, and in machinery or apparatus employed therefor.

950 S. Lilley, Birmingham, fog signal manufacturer. Improvements in the manufacture and construction of fog or alarm signals for use on railways, and in apparatus for placing such signals on the rail.

951 J. J. M'Comb, Liverpool. An improved mode of coupling telegraph and other wire. (A communication.) 953 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. An improved hydraulic engine for obtaining motive power. (A communication.)

951 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in apparatus for the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and other articles of plastic material. (A communication.)

955 G. Higginson, Preston, artist. Improvemen ́s in producing opalline pictures into cnina, glass, porcelain, or any other enamelled surface.

958 H. A. Bonneville, Porchester-terrace, Bayswater. An improved mode of making brooms. (A communication.)

959 J. Randall and C. Adams, Kilburn. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for actuating fog or detonating signals on railways.

960 F. Hahn, Tavistock-street, Bedford-square. Improvements in the manufacture of gunpowder.

96 F. Haha, Tavistock street, Bedford-square. Improvements in breechloading needle guns, and in cartridges to be used therewith.

994 A. S. Hallidie. Salisbury-street, Strand, civil engineer. Improvements in the construction of suspension bridges. 997 P. Spence, Newton Heath, Lancashire, manufacturing chemist. Improvements in separating zinc from certain ores or minerals, and in recovering other substances found therewith.

999 J. W. Scott, Worcester, manufacturer. Improvements in needles and other similar articles.

1001 A. G. Hills, Craven-street, Strand. An improved safety bridle for horses.

1003 W. Stafford and W. P. M'Callum, Blackburn, Lancashire, engineers. Improvements in apparatus for heating the fecd water of steam boilers.

1007 W. R Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancerylane, consulting engineer. Improvements in revolving breechloading firearms. (A communication.)

Dated April 4, 1867.

1003 J. Ladley, Leeds, woollen manufacturer. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for spinning wool or other fibrous substances.

1011 F. Pilling, manufacturer, and J. Harper, weaver, Lancashire, manufacturer. Improvements in looms for weaving.

1013 J. Petrie, jun., Rochdale, Lancashire, machine maker. Improvements in machines for washing wool and other fibrous materials.

1015 J. M. Kilner, Saltney-road, Cheshire, clerk. Improvements in apparatus to be used for towing ships or vessels, and in apparatus for laying submarine telegraph cables.

Dated April 5, 1867.

1017 D. Ellison, Manchester, merchant. Impro:ements in looms for weaving.

1021 J. G. Tatters, Plymouth. An improved method of and apparatus for communicating between the several parts of railway trains.

1023 W. A. Gilbee, South-street, Finsbury. Improve-
ments in breechloading firearms, and in cartrigess for the
same. (A communication.)

1027 W. Adair, Liverpool. Improvements in pumps.
Dated April 6, 1867.

1029 II. Wilson, Stockton-on-Tees. Improvemen's in
cocks or valves for discharging water, oil, and other fluids

or gase".

1031 R. Neild and J. Yates, cotton manufacturers, and T. Smith, overlooker, Leigh, Lancashire. Certain improvements in looms for weaving.

1033 W. Dennis, Aldermanbury, merchant. Improveinents in the construction of bottles intended to contain malt liquers and other liquids, and in the mode of stoppering, unstoppering, and drawing off the contents the roof, the said stoppers being also applicable to bottles of the crdinary kind, and other vessels employed to contain liquida, quids, and gases, either separately or in combination.

1037 G. Stuart, Sheffield. Improvements in tabs and valves used for regulating or restraining the flow of water or other liquids, scam, or gaser.

1039 W. W. Hughes, Queen's Gate, Hy lo Park. Improvements in apparatus for propelling vessels.

1041 J. Drew, Great Warner-street, Clerkenwell, military barrack furniture maker, E. Southwell, Regent-street, and H. White, Covent Garden. Improvements in travelling bags.

962 F. J. Manceaux, Paris, gun manufacturer. Improvements in firearms, and in apparatus for charging the same. 1043 W. R. Lake, Southampton-building3, Chancery963 J. Whitworth, Manchester. Improvements in breech-lane, corsulting engineer. An improved combined water loading firearms and cartridges. meter and force pump. (A communication.) Dated April 8, 1867.

964 J. G. Jones, Blaina Ironworks, near Newport, Monm uthshire. Improvements in machinery employed in getting coal and other minerals, and in rail or tramways to be used therewith.

1047 G. F. James, Salford, Lancashire. Certain improvements in apparatus for covering woollen or fibrous yarns with an cuter thread or yarn.

1053 G. Little, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Improvements in apparatus for regulating and transmitting electric currents, more especially designed for use in connection with telegraphic recording instru meats for long submarine lines.

Dated April 9, 1867.

1055 D. J. Fleetwood, Birmingham, manufacturer. Improvements in the manufacture of spoons, forks, and other similar articles, and in apparatus or machinery to be cmployed therein, parts of which said apparatus or machinery are applicable to other manufactures.

1057 W. N. Wilson, Cheapside, sewing machine manufacturer. Improvements in sewing machines.

1059 H. Forbes, Euston-road, St. Pancras. Improre. ments in machinery or apparatus for maintaining and aug menting motive power.

LIST OF SEALED PATENTS,
Sealed April 18, 1867.

2729 R. T. Williams
2732 A. Field
2742 E. Mignot

2745 H. D. Plimsoll. J. B.
Davies, and W. R
Dawson

2746 C. E. Brooman
2747 E. F. Piers

2748 H. S. Coleman and A G. E. Morton

2749 J. C. Stevenson 2750 F. Taylor

2823 W. Clark

2909 G. Shaw

1938 J. Harding 981 E. Walton

1078 W. R. Lake. Bricks. (A communication.) The full titles of the patents in the above list can be ascertained by referring back to their numbers in the list of provisional protections previously published.

Opposition can be entered to the granting of a patent to any of the parties in the above list who have given note of their intention to proceed, within twenty-one days from the date of the Gazette in which the notice appears, by leaving at the Commissioners' office particularsin writing of the objection to the application.

4:2398/1 42309 6 2367 0 10 23840 10/24000 4 2118 0 2455 4 2368 0 10 2385 0 10 24010 10 2420 I 45616 4 2449 0 2369 0 8 2386 0 10 2402 0 4 2421 0 4570 4 2370 0 8'2387 0 8 2404 0 4 2422 0 42441 0 124600 4 2371 0 4 2338 0 82403 0 4 242310 4

NOTE.-Specifications will be forwarded by post from the Great Seal Patent Office (publishing department) on re ceipt of the amount of price and postage. Sums exceerg 5s. must be remitted by Post Office Order, made payable at the Post Office, High Holborn, to Mr. Bennett Woodero Great Seal Pateut Office, 25, Southampton buildings Chancery-lane

THE

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.

LONDON: FRIDAY, MAY 3, 1867.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.
F for no other reason than that of courtesy

chitectural features at least somewhat in ac-
cordance with those in existence there,
whereas it really looks like a large house with
a belfry stuck on top of it.

If it will be readily conceded that to France on other hand, it is generally admitted

is that all these resuscitations and semi-imaginary restorations are little better than records of so much time wasted and labour employed to very little if any purpose. We have no intention of building a city in imitation of Pompeii, or a temple after the fashion of that at Heliopolis. We have a few more observations to make in this "section," and shall then pass on to the next in our classification.

THE INSTITUTION OF NAVAL
ARCHITECTS.

It is questionable whether there is a greater pleasure in looking at a drawing of a design that has been really executed or at one the execution of which is still uncertain. A practical man would undoubtedly prefer the former, as it represents something tangible and upon which he can rely if he is desirous of drawing any practical information from it. belongs a sort of prescriptive right to priority that, in the present age at any rate, the best with respect to this and our future notices of and most beautiful designs never are carried the contents of the Palace du Champ de Mars. out; they are doomed to exist upon paper, and Vice-Admiral George Elliot on the HE "fighting" papers began with one by We shall accordingly commence with her upon paper only. M. Questel exhibits drawings Spécialité and Classification of Ships of contributions to Architecture, which is the belonging to our first category, and they com- War." The chief feature of this paper was to first of the works of art included in the classi- prise the Monastery of Gisors, the Police-point out distinctly the different provinces of fication previously given in our columns. court of Grenoble, and the Asylum for Idiots the Director of Naval Construction and the However much other nations may be behind at Paris-all three excellent specimens of Naval Architect-of the former, to state what in this particular "section," France certainly modern art. In one of the galleries appro-was the kind of ship that he needed, of the bears them company, and by no means affords priated to the fine arts is the only representa- latter to build to this requirement. He very those evidences of national skill and talent tion in the Exhibition of the architecture of the truly remarked, and herein he was supported which are to be found in her other depart- Parisian houses, consisting of a small doorway, by the Chief Constructor of the Navy, that ments relating to construction and public works a mere fragment. One would almost imagine much of the difficulty of the shipbuilders and in general. The absence of all aesthetical that the Parisians were ashamed of their dwell-designers lay in the circumstance that those beauty in the English Architectural sectionings. The design for the Museum at Aix has who called for the designs had failed to state would not surprise us, as we are too well ac- scarcely that extended area which is so specifically and in detail exactly what sort of quainted with the ideas of our countrymen on essential to these public resorts of combined article they wanted; and that the naval that subject to be at all surprised at it; but recreation and instruction; but it must be architect had been charged with very much we expected better things from France, where borne in mind that Aix is comparatively a the buildings have at any rate some preten- small town, and moreover is not likely to be Elliot has taken the trouble to classify the more than mere "building to order." Admiral sions to architectural merit. The truth of the able to afford a British Museum. An asylum qualities which in his opinion ought to dismatter is, that all modern architects have too for the insane by the same architect is more tinguish the different kinds of war vessels, in much to do with the actual construction of the complete; it is intended for the warm climate their order of relative importance for each. edifices they design to be able to carry out in of la Provence, and is specially adapted to the We will not undertake to criticise his arrangetheir entirety the pure principles of their art. building materials which can be readily ment, at least now, because we are anxious to Among the contributions is a design for the procured in that country. M. Huot is the give every prominence to the policy of obtainrestoration of the Appian Way, and an in- author of these two designs, and has proved ing from the naval officers, who have to fight teresting_model of the actual state of the himself a worthy pupil of the eminent archi- the ships, their estimate of the relative values ruins of Trocsinis, situated upon the Lower tect M. Vaudremer, to whom is due the new of the several qualities of their fighting tools. Danube, together with a design for their com- prison of the Quartier St. Jacques and the We think that Admiral Elliot has done excelplete restoration. These latter are the work of Church of St. Peter at Montrouge. We lent service to naval architecture in giving a M. Baudry, who was also charged with the have another restoration in the temples of sample of such an estimate, and if we have decoration of the Roumanian section in the Heliopolis and in that of the porch of St. any fault to find with it, it is that it does not "grande nef" of the Palace, for which his Eustache. Leaving these somewhat sombre travels in that country had well qualified him. and melancholy resuscitations of bygone days have the percentage marks affixed to each go far enough, and that we should like to The Cathedral of M. Boileau is totally out of we find in the grand staircase of M. Pascal quality. We could not seriously expect it proportion; it is simply huge, and the author something to look at and admire. It is sup-from him in a general paper of this kind; but has evidently fallen into the mistake of sup- posed to represent the staircase of a monarch's posing that size is the ne plus ultra of palace, and displays both in its conception and architectural beauty and effect. A greater mis- execution ample evidence of true genius comtake was never made. Majesty is not neces- bined with a practised and well-regulated taste sarily accompanied by gigantic proportions; and a perfect knowledge of refined style. To nor does the difficulty of actual construction erect it would cost, according to the designer, enhance the real merit of a design. The about a million; but this estimate appears exrestoration of Pompeii is another example of cessive. The Emperor of Russia takes away the persistence with which some men exercise all the French artists, but none of the architheir ability upon things of the past, instead tects; possibly he may be tempted by this of those of the present, and the reconstruction magnificent specimen of art to engage the of the city of Tiburtine may be classed, author in his service. Probably the severest in the same category. We are recalled to test that can be made of a man's abilities is to ourselves by the new market of M. Daurville, call upon him to design something out of the in which the employment of iron has caused ordinary routine of his practice, but yet a departure from the general principles govern- within the limits of his professional duties. ing similar constructions. This departure, Such a demand was made upon M. Normand, however, is effectually and economically car who exhibits full plans, sections, and other ried out-two conditions not always easy to drawings of the Roman house constructed by ensure the fulfilment of; and the arrangement him for the Prince Napoleon at Paris in the of the principal halls is deserving of attention, Avenue Montaigne. This, however, must be more especially as the subject of providing looked upon more as the result of the costly suitable market places for large and thickly caprice of a nobleman than that of the genuine populated towns is becoming more important effort of an architect. A more worthy design 1. Sea-going. every day. The style of architecture dis- by the same hand is to be seen in the castle of 2. Turning. played in the designs of M. Hénard, although Liancourt. While looking at the church of 3. Fighting. of alarming proportions, is, nevertheless, en- M. Lameyre one is tempted to ask whether 4. Sailing. dowed with a good deal of vivid imagination, the architect believes in his sober senses that 5. Steaming. and a due regard to artistic conventionalities. such a design could be realised, or whether he 6. Stowage. Both the temple of Ancyrus and the theatre simply puts it forward as an idée. We 7. Draught. of Verona are deficient in effect; they want have again a restoration in that of the port of perspective and the result is dissatisfying to Rochelle, although certainly of a more useful the eye, without affording by way of com- and practical character than those of churches pensation any relief to the mind. There are and heathen temples, but it would have been numerous designs for the restoration of more in accordance with its character to have churches, but they scarcely evince any decided classed it under the maritime works. As to the originality or taste. As intended for a magis city of Orleans as it was in 1428, it is unquesterial edifice, the town-hall of Rheims is a tionably a curious and laborious production, failure; for, although a commercial town, more curious than useful, and besides leaves us yet Rheims is rich in historical associations, utterly in the dark whether the designer antique monuments, and relics of olden times. knows the difference between a modern teeTt: town-hall should consequently possess ar-iron and an ancient chesnut rafter. The truth

we would strongly urge upon all persons who employ a naval architect that if they do not intend to call in their constructor as an adviser as well as a designer, they ought to make up their own minds sufficiently to give him, not only the order, but the weights, of the values which they attach to the different possible qualities of a ship. This was actually done by the late Admiral Washington and the other gentlemen who were called upon to adjudicate the Duke of Northumberland's prize for the best lifeboat in 1850. We give Admiral Elliot's classification for ships of war, for the information of our readers, and we annex the lifeboat committee's numerical classification of the qualities of a lifeboat, as an example of the complete way of presenting the “requi

sition" for construction.

Admiral Elliot's classification of ships of war
and qualifications of each class in numerical
order.
LINER.

FRIGATE.

CORVETTE. 1. Sea-going. 1. Sea-going. 2. Steaming. 2. Steaming. 3. Fighting. 3. Stowage. 4. Stowage. 4. Draught. 5. Sailing. 5. Sailing. 6. Turning. 6. Turning. 7. Draught. 7. Fighting. Lifeboat committee's classification of the qualities of a lifeboat, with relative values. Qualities as a rowing-boat in all weathers Qualities as a sailing-boat Qualities as a sea-boat; as stability, safety, buoyancy forward for launching through a surf, &c.

20

18

10 Small internal capacity for water up to the level of the thwarts Means of freeing boat of water readily

88

Protection from injury to the bottom
Ballast, as iron 1, water 2, cork 3
Access to stem or stern

Timber heads, for securing warps to
Fenders, life-lines, &c.

4

3

3

3

yet bring ourselves to regard the wood as knowledge, could be brought against it, was 7 valueless. In the course of the discussion that it could only be used as a repeater, and 6 which ensued, Captain Heath stated that all not as a breech-loader. We some time since ridge and farrow systems and similar "fancy" mentioned that the arm was being altered so plates had an average strength in proportion that it could be used in either capacity. The to their average thickness. We believe that necessary improvements have now been comthis has been fully proved by experiment, pleted, and the Spencer rifle is at once a and, that being the case, their general in- magazine and a breech-loading arm. An in3 convenience is decisive against their adop-teresting trial of this rifle took place on the 3 tion. 26th ult. at Vincennes, where hitherto it had been in bad odour. This arose from an accident which happened to a sergeant who would persist in thrusting the cartridges in wrong end first. But the trial just concluded has completely turned the tables; and the authorities are now convinced of the safety and efficiency of the weapon. The present aspect of political affairs on the continent points to peace, but should war ultimate ensue the Prussians will find the French Chasseurs armed with Spencers to be very different men to deal with from the Austrians with muzzleloaders. Should Napoleon have time to arm and train 100,000 troops with Spencers there will be no more to prevent him marching straight to Berlin than there was to hinder the Prussians from going to Vienna.

that if the gallant Admiral would apply to this the numerical system of marks for qualities, and a further set of marks indicating certainty of result, he would not find this propeller stand quite so high as he seems to estimate it. In the first place, it is not out of reach of shot, although less exposed to it than the paddle. Secondly, if the turbine is built high, as Admiral Elliot suggests, there is bulky machinery also exposed to shot, by being placed above or near the waterline. Thirdly, it has not been proved to be superior to the screw as a propeller. The "Vixen and "Viper are miserable ships for speed, and their lines are by no means identical either with one another, or with the "Waterwitch," although Admiral Elliot is pleased to call them sister ships. No one would be more glad to see the jet-propellor, or any other, established as a real improvement on the screw or paddle; but we must have far better evidence before we can regard this as a fact. It has never yet reached a respectable speed, and there are strong reasons for doubting whether very high velocities are obtainable by it. We are still of opinion that its proved advantage lies in the direction of floating fire-engines, which have necessarily powerful pumping gear for other purposes, rather than in that of vessels of war or merchantmen.

Mr. Lancaster's "Caponière" system is in 2 reality a turret within a partial turret; the 1 outer one a cylindrical projection in the armoured side of the ship, with a horizontal 100 slot in it, along which the muzzle of the gun Classification is the chief feature of Admiral ranges; the slot being entirely closed by the Elliot's paper; the secondary point is a recom-shield of the inner turret, except at the actual Several mendation of the water-jet propeller, founded port. of these half-turrets or on the trials of the "Waterwitch." We think Caponières" are placed in each broadside, and the advantage claimed for them is full training with a very small port. We think it is rather a cumbrous method of obtaining it, and that Captain Symons's plan of recessing the ordinary port is a much more satisfactory way of obtaining an almost equal result. Some interesting points presented themselves in the discussion on this paper. It had been claimed for turret ships that the concentration of But to return to the trial of the Spencer weight would render them less liable to roll rifle. At the request of the French War Dethan armour-plated ships. Reason was given partment Messrs. Greenwood and Batley, the for believing the contrary to be the case. It European agents of the Spencer Comwas shown that the low centre of weight of pany, had sent over a day or two before one of the the turret ship would make her roll quickly the trial improved rifles and deeply, and that this tendency would be having a stop" to the magazine, so as to assisted by her short radius of gyration, while enable the arm to be used either as a single-fire the high centre of gravity of the armour-breech-loader, or as a repeater; and it was plated broadside ship, and the winging of her with this gun, which has also an improved weights, tended to ease her in a sea-way. cartridge case extracter fitted to it, that the Lord Lauderdale remarked that the Turret trials were made. The members of the French Committee had recommended the building of Ordnance Select Committee were convened a ship on the plan laid before them, which was for the purpose of being present at the trials, that of a low ship, without poop or forecastle, in order immediately to report thereon for the but with very free training. He was of opinion guidance of the Minister of War, and some of that the addition of a poop and forecastle the members fired the gun themselves, and as had taken the ship out of the intention as none of them were previously well disposed well as out of the letter of the recommendation towards it, there can be no doubt that its comof the committee. plete success was solely owing to its merits. Major Palliser read an account of experi- The firing commenced at 200 metres, and was ments on the use of his bolts for armour fasten carried on successively at 400, 600, 700, and ings, as compared with other methods. It ap- finally at 750 metres (equal to nearly 820 peared plainly that the object to be attained yards). The firing was something extraordiwas to get a considerable length for the ex-nary. Bull's-eyes were repeatedly made by tensible portion of the bolt. A sharp discus-officers who had never fired the gun before; sion took place on the relative merits of this and the shooting drew applause even from bolt and the elastic washer; Major Palliser the unwilling lips of the members of the comconsidering that the latter was ineffective, mission. After the practice at 750 metres the while its advocates, admitting the superio.ity party moved up to 200 metres for the purpose of his bolt over the old-fashioned screw or of testing the gun at rapid firing. At this riveted bolt, claimed for the resilience of the point forty-two shots were fired in two minutes, elastic washer an advantage over the per- when the firing was momentarily interrupted manent elongation of the Palliser bolt. The owing to the barrel becoming too hot to be held importance of careful annealing was also men- with the naked hand. A thick glove was put tioned. on, and thirty more shots were fired at the Some other papers on armour-plating and same rate, a result unparalleled up to this time naval ordnance had been announced in the with a military gun. As a single-fire gun programme, but were not actually read. The many shots were fired with equal rapidity to only paper which remains for us to notice, is that obtained with the best single-fire breechMr. Scott Russell's paper on the Technical loader yet before the public. The trial occuEducation of Naval Architects. We propose pied from twelve at noon until five in the next week to devote an article to this subject. evening, and the gun performed perfectly the Many of the points of this paper, and of the whole time. There was no jambing of cartdiscussion which followed it, were again raised ridges, bursting of cartridges, or any liability in another form in the addresses given by to go wrong shown by the gun, and as a comMr. Reed, and Mr. Merrifield, at South bined single-fire and repeater gun nothing Kensington, on Wednesday last, on the occa- has been yet produced to equal the Spencer as sion of the closing of the third session of the now improved. The tremendous effect which School of Naval Architecture. Besides the a few hundreds of these guns in the hands of convenience of obtaining a little extra time cool and steady soldiers would produce can for maturing our own reflections on the sub- hardly be over-estimated, and the fate of a ject, we feel that our present article has at- body of troops charging in the face of such a tained a sufficient length to make a pause perfect hailstorm of bullets as such a quantity acceptable to our readers as well as to our-of Spencers would deliver can be easily imaselves. gined.

Two papers were read on the protection of ships' batteries, one by Captain Heath on the construction of the sides of armour-plated ships; the other by Mr. Lancaster on his "Caponière" system. Captain Heath is an advocate for doing away with timber backing, substituting for it a system of wrought-iron webs between the armour-plating, which he does not attempt to make watertight, and the true skin of the ship. He depends upon the armour-plating for stopping the momentum of the shot, which may penetrate it, but, as he thinks, will not have much residual momentum after the tail of the shot has cleared the armour-plate; and he, therefore, concludes that if the web has a breadth equal to or exceeding the length of the shot, the shot will not wound the inner skin. We really think that there is not enough known on the subject to justify us in pronouncing an opinion upon a plan brought forward by a gentleman whom we consider as one of the best living authorities on the subject. We shall content ourselves with pointing out one effect of wood backing, which Captain Heath seems to us to have overlooked, and that is, that the interposition of timber deadens the sharp vibration which would pass from iron to iron, and we believe that this vibration has very much to do with the fracture of iron plates, whichare seldom so thoroughly annealed as not to be in a state of molecular tension. It is true that soft iron alone is used, both in armour, in webs, and in skin; but softness under pressure, and brittleness under sharp impact or vibration, are not in compatible qualities. A ball of pitch, which will subside into a flat cake if left on a table, will fly into sharp fragments, with a concoidal fracture, exactly like unannealed glass, if thrown violently against a wall. It may be possible to meet this difficulty by a more systematic annealing of all the iron used both in the construction and in the plating; but we cannot

THE SPENCER REPEATING RIFLE.

THIS ants, which our readers are familiar,
THIS arm, with the detail construction and

continues to make steady progress in the
favour of military authorities. The only
drawback hitherto existing in the weapon and
which formed the only objection that, to our

In a recent article on the subject of breechloaders we pointed out the special adaptation of this arm to desultory warfare, and the prosuch a weapon. We have before us important priety of arming the Irish constabulary with

testimony to the efficiency of the arm in this respect, in a letter from Lieutenant J. W. MacMurray, 1st Artillery, U.S.A. It deserves the attention of those responsible for the arm