usual manner. These bailes accessible for examination and rep different working parts are of the construction, and very few in numbe formed that these boilers can be pr for work at a very moderate cost, ber other descriptions of tubulous gest the extremely effective character of t surface enables a very considerable a effected in the length and weight d and consequently also in the cost of The lightness of each of the combined with their simple constrain ease with which they may be pa almost any situation, are imperant which render this boiler peculiarly e transportation and erection in it would be impossible to employ ordinary construction. Another pi of the Field safety boiler is, that it en readily enlarged by connecting adim of tubes in cases where it is desired the effective power of the boiler. T of tubulous boilers is now attracting attention, and the conviction is stand ground that it is the true system nomy and safety. The manifold embodied in the one we have beer de point to a success which we think i to achieve. ROFESSOR TILMAN, on taking at a recent meeting of the p read a number of scientific item we learn that, according to Sir C have been found in the artesian vel Sahara. They were brought from 175ft., and had perfect eyes. Arip opinion offered by Mr. Balfour Sent lecture before the Royal Institution, L hspots on the sun's surface are produs dward currents of the surrounding the depth of which had been estimaal of than 72,000 miles. A downward rat oatmosphere occasioned an exposure d hof the sun, and produced sa apas d dark spot; an upward rush of the eproduced the bright fecule that dark spots, and are seen more on d the borders of the sun's dise. As dis said to be produced by animal r to be a vegetable organism, orig rapidity of the progress of the diseas Dr. Van der Weyde stated that of of opinion that the sun is a molten sp ing imperceptibly, and that the spot rin its side similar to those we se nmolten metal. He gave some interi of observations which were made firm tat Washington under the direction de of Professor Bache, by which the ex of solar spots was drawn. By these d it was discovered that the spots are angular than they appear even thr scope. Referring to the statement is produced by animalcule, he believed possible that it might be so. He is diseases produced by insects, ris the microscope. He showed also th cule entirely distinct from vegetat sprung up with amazing rapidity, produced the so-called phosphores e which is, in reality, the effect of a discharge from these animals. Dr. Rowell, gave an account of the interior of China to a distante d e performed entirely by water, whi the Celestial Empire, the most co of locomotion. In place of cl Chinese use mud slides, up which rdrawn by bamboo ropes. Professor Tillman stated that strength of lead-encased block f o most satisfactory evidence was p strength. A conversation fullove very strong opinions were offered nbers as to the danger of drinking sby lead piping. d The receipts at the Exhibition d 8 of May have realised an averaged without reckoning the payments fr Numerous purchases for their re are being made by Prussia, Au nother countries, and many of the neful objects have bee コー after great successes, and ledge of the depressed m which made that forward only occasion, he says, port supersedes army' when the country conce possession of an army, Sebastopol; but even the supplies had to be conve by animal transport or of course animal transpor dispensable for a forwa could not have been avoi not evacuated Sebastop templated) from the Cr operations had been tra Georgia. No general in disputing with an enemy ing the amount of anima has the assistance, whic rail, any more than he also purely partial, of sea intendent of stores at W port. Captain H. W. G his evidence before the not send a 9-ton gun to though the railway come permanent way, he belie strong, and there is no t THE important again been quoted mons by Colonel Sykes, President of the Board of and what action had storm warnings, conseque of members of Parliament Board of Trade. President of the Board o cated with General Sabin Meteorological Committe been written asking whe the committee could mee felt to have soms warning from storms, which had General Sabine expressed their desire as far as pra mittee had now under method of doing it. The Royal Society, at the r scientific gentlemen who ment, as most competent quiries. They gave th talents to the public grat responsible for the resul which was sanctioned by fore it must be for them be done and what could out the practical applica teorological science. W will lose no time in decidi warnings; the question h The anxiety expressed by are served by the signals is the best evidence of th the public wish should be RAILWAYS IN TIME OF WAR. HE Army Transport Committee, over which Lord Strathnairn presided, had to consider the subject of railway transport, and in their report, dated in March last, they state the chief arrangements which should be made for the organisrtion of this branch of the service. They consider that the introduction of railway conveyance need not complicate the question of ordinary military transport. Railway transport, says the Times, requires an organisation of its own. While the railway affords facilities, it greatly adds to the casualties and risks attend. ing the supply of troops, not only from the chance HE mineral wealth of of interruption and damage to the permanent is represented at th way by the enemy, but also from the difficulty of specimens of ruby silv keeping up transport communication between black sulphurets, of gr the railway line and the forces to be supplied. value. The Mining Jou Lieutenant-Colonel Reilly, R.H.A., in a memo- the past year many ton randum on Prussian transport, remarks that it shipped from Ruby City requires little to stop a railway or disarrange Francisco, producing an the traffic if the enemy is enterprising and the cent. in bullion. Oro population hostile; in the late German cam District, Owyhee County paign the Landwehr had to supply strong guards silver ore, the most noted along the line and at the principal stations, and Morning Star, Rising S at each of the principal stations a staff officer which this ore was taken was in charge. With all their advantages the under the management commissariat did not succeed in feeding the New York, yielded in 180 soldiers as we should require it to. do, and sterling in bullion, and th Lieutenant-Colonel Reilly was informed by a Star are stated to have p surgeon that the men of his division were many amount. The official rep days without animal food, and from the day the United States Inspect before until the day after Koniggratz the whole for the ten months of Ja army was without rations; but this partial was for duties upon failure was owing to the parsimony of the Go- 1,073,256 78 dollars from vernment inducing the people to drive their tion has rapidly lessened herds into the woods. Lord Strathnairn ob- supplies; and many the serves that though the Prussian armies moved other labourers are no to within sight of Vienna mainly by railroad, Central Pacific Railroad, and without a great proportion of army trans- that a direct communicat port, it must be recollected that this was done will be effected within th MESSRS. MAUDSLAY, SONS, AND FIELD'S IMPROVED STEAM ENGINE AND SUPERHEATER ALARM WHISTLE. Joap box edu vo cylinders. The piston F of each small cylinder space around it. After expanding in this annular is connected to the piston D of the correspond-space the steam passes into the other two cylin ing large cylinder by a rod G passing through a ders A and C, where the expansion is carried on to steam-tight joint H. a still greater extent. In this arrangement the steam may be expanded from 15 to 20 times according to its initial pressure. For the purpose of readily starting these engines, a passage is provided from the slide jacket G of the highpressure cylinder into the passages leading to the other cylinders A and C, and with shut-off and safety valves, so as to let steam direct into the two expanding cylinders. Mr. Field's invention consists, in the second place, of an improved arrangement of three of Maudslay, Sons, and Field, of Lambeth, cylinder engines for working with a great amount engineers, has just patented some important of expansion. For this purpose three cylinders improvements in connection with steam engines. are placed side by side with a three-throw crank His invention consists, first, iu an improved shaft immediately in front of them, the crank method of adapting a high-pressure cylinder on throws being placed at an angle of 120 deg. with Woolf's system to the ordinary double piston rod each other. Steam is admitted direct from the or other arrangement of steam engine. In the boiler into only one of these cylinders-the cenimproved arrangements the small or high-pres- tral one-where it may be shut off at about half sure cylinder, instead of being placed altogether the stroke of the piston, or later if desired. After at the end of and outside the large or low-pres- expanding in this cylinder for the remainder of sure cylinder, as heretofore, is to a great extent the stroke, the steam passes through suitable recessed into it, only projecting outside of it valves or passages into the other two cylinders, sufficiently to enable its valve or valves to be where the expansion is carried on to a much readily got at. By this means a considerable greater extent. When desirable the high-pressure saving of space is effected. Mr. Field prefers to of central cylinder may have a shorter stroke recess the small cylinder into the front of the than the two other cylinders, so as to reduce its large one, or at the end next the crank shaft, so capacity and allow for a greater degree of exas to allow the covers of both cylinders to be pansion. Fig. 2 is a front elevation, partly in readily removed, but when more desirable it may section, representing Mr. Field's arrangement be recessed into the back of the large cylinder. of three-cylinder engine; A B C are the three The piston and cylinder covers of the large cylinders, and D is a three-throw crank immecylinder will have corresponding recesses in diately in front of them, the crank throws being them; the piston of the small cylinder is con- placed at an angle of 120 deg. with each other. nected to the large piston by a rod passing The steam from the boiler is admitted directly through a steam-tight joint in the back of the into the middle cylinder B, where it is shut off at small cylinder in the ordinary way. For ordinary about half the stroke of the piston; after exworking Mr. Field prefers to shut off the steam panding in the cylinder B for the remainder of in the small cylinder at about half the stroke of the stroke the steam passes through valves and the piston. Fig. 1 of the accompanying engrav- passages E into the other two cylinders A C, ing is a plan partly in section of a steam in which the expansion is carried on to a still engine constructed according to the first part of greater extent. Mr. Field's invention. A A are the two large or In cases where steam of very high preslow-pressure cylinders of the engine with double sure is used (say from 80lb. to 150lb. per piston rods BB; CC are two high-pressure square inch), Mr. Field provides for a still cylinders on Woolf's system, which, instead of greater amountof expansion by making being placed at the end of and outside the the central cylinder what is generally cylinders AA, are, as seen in the engraving, denominated annular, with a small cylinder in its recessed into them at their front ends, only sufficient of the cylinders C C projecting as will enable the valves to be readily got at. The pistons D and covers E of the large cylinders A A are recessed as shown to receive the small centre, as represented in fig. 3, in which F is a We now come to the third part of Mr. Field's invention, which consists of an apparatus for preventing the evil consequences which often arise where superheated steam is used in steam engines, when it becomes superheated to too high a degree. It frequently happens in conse quence of the gases taking fire in the chimney uptake in the neighbourhood of the superheater, that the steam becomes much too highly super. heated, and great damage is done to the valves, pistons, and cylinders of the engine, and this action takes place generally without the know. ledge of the engineer. To prevent this evil an alarm whistle or bell is placed in some convenient position on the steam pipe or near to the engine, which whistle or bell may be released and set in action by a pyrometer placed in the current of the steam as it comes to the engine, so that if the temperature of the steam should rise at any time too high (say above 340 deg.), the alarm whistle or bell will immediately give notice to the engineer. By the same means a throttle valve placed at the junction of the pipe leading from the superheater with the main steam pipe is actuated so as to shut off the superheated steam and open the communication direct from the boiler. This part of Mr. Field's invention will be fully understood on reference to figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7. Figs. 4 and 5 show the simple form of apparatus as applied to an alarm whistle. A is a steam whistle of the ordinary construction mounted on a long hollow stem with a shut-off cock at B; this whistle is shown as placed on the top of the steam pipe, with which it communicates through the hollow stem and cock B; C is the lever of ed 7 ND SUPERHEATER ALARM THE B .7. FIG.3. FIG.6. FIC.A. JUNE 14, 1867. THE MECHANICS MAGAZINE. the cook, with a projecting pin fixed in its end Fig. 7 shows another form of apparatus, which 373 SWITCH AND SIGNAL LOCKING GEAR. SWITCH AND SIGNAL LOCKING GEAR. end of the releasing lever I is drawn down by the action of the heat on the iron and copper rods, the other end will be raised so as to release the valve lever L and allow the throttle valve K to fall down so as to shut off the communication with the superheated steam, and open the communication with the common steam. space around it. After expanding in This part of Mr. Field's inventive w ROUGHING HORSES. NEW system of roughing for horseshoes parts A B C, of which the parts A and B are FIG. 2. works, preventing it from being moved, and effectually locking the switch-lever to the "allright" position, whilst the signal-levers remain "all right." To get the levers back into their former position, the movements are reversed, the signal-levers are first put to danger, the lockingbar is moved in front of the signal levers and locks them, leaving the switch free to move as before. By this it will be seen that it is impossible to move the switch-lever until the signallevers have been first locked to danger; neither can the signal-levers be moved until the switchprevents the possibility of any accident arising lever is locked to the all-right position. This from a mistake in working the signals. As will be seen this arrangement is possessed of great simplicity in the working parts, and requires no protection from the weather, therefore the special signal-box usually employed at junctions count of simplicity is found in fixing, as any may be dispensed with. An advantage on ac. ordinary platelayer or carpenter is quite capable, of fixing it, the cost of the arrangement being only slightly in excess of the ordinary levers and frames to cover the cost of the few additional parts required, these extra parts required, beyond those of an ordinary lever-frame, being a tail-piece to each lever, and one locking.bar to the set of three levers. IMPROVED SHEEP SHEARS. T has hitherto been the practice to make Hopkinson, of Sheffield, scythe maker, however, has just patented an invention for manufacturing these shears in two halves, each half consisting of one blade, one shank or handle, and half the bow. By means of this improvement the shears have a better spring, and are less liable to be I on thrown out of cut than shears formed with an ordinary bow. It will be seen from the cut, that In the position shown in the engraving the signals in connection with the signal levers are at danger, and locked by the locking-bolt, and the switch in connection with the switch lever is open. The locking bolt is prevented from being moved by the segmental tail-piece of the switch-lever, its tail-piece lying along the frame, and covering the locking-bolt hole, as we just stated. Thus the signals are locked to danger, whilst the switch is free to move as may be the new shears are formed in two pieces, each required, allowing shunting to be carried on piece consisting of one blade a, one shank or without interfering with the signals. If the handle b, and half or part c of the bow. The switch-lever with its tail-piece is now moved over, back end of the bow part c is turned in, the it will leave the slot in which the locking-bar turned in portion of the two parts c being conworks clear, and this can then be moved so as nected at d by rivets, This construction comto at the same time lock the switch lever, and bines the greatest strength with the greatest free the signal-levers. If the signal-levers are now elasticity. The shears are manufactured by speshifted into the position previously occupied by cial machinery, which secures the important the switch-lever, their segmental tail-pieces will advantage of working the steel at a lower heat, in their turn lie along the cast-iron frame, and and dispensing with the uncertain process of will cover the hole in which the locking-bar | welding. D SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTS ON PETROLEUM AS FUEL. URING the last twenty years, as steamers have constantly increased in number, and have been steadily taking the place of sailing vessels on coastwise and other short voyages, and to a great extent for the transportation of passengers and freight to and from Europe, most earnest efforts have been made by engineers and other scientific men to discover the best method of economising fuel. For this purpose, propellers are superseding side-wheels steamers, and the merits of all kinds of boilers have been tested and discussed. To the present Chief of the Bureau of Steam Engineering in the United States Navy, B. F. Isherwood, the commercial world owes much for very valuable information on this point. Quick of apprehension, clear of thought, prompt to act, he has kept a watchful eye upon all matters affecting steam navigation, and has demonstrated by experiment the value or worthlessness of hundreds of claims. That he has made some mistakes, is true, but that he has developed more facts in engineering than almost any other man now living, is also true. But all the researches of talent and experiment have failed to so reduce the amount of fuel required as to enable steamers to make long voyages without frequently coaling, or to make them at all to distant parts of the globe, without first transporting coal by sailing vessels, to various points along the route, where the steamer can call and take it; and thus all commerce around Cape Horn, and the Cape of Good Hope, is practically left to slow sailing vessels. The difficulty is not so much in the expense of coal, although its increasing scarcity and cost cause grave apprehension, as in the great bulk and tonage occupied. In fact, nearly one-half of the carrying capacity of European steamers, and more than that on longer voyages, is taken up by the fuel transported. The high price of all vegetable and animal oils, of course, prevented any efforts to introduce them into use. But soon after the discovery of large amounts of petroleum in this and other countries, attention was called to its great calorific power, and constant efforts have been made to utilise it as a heat generator in steam boilers. It is generally agreed that the heating power of petroleum is about four times as great as that of anthracite coal, of equal weight and bulk, if both could be wholly burned, and all the heat utilized. But experiments have shown that the coal, after deducting ashes, cinder, dust and the gasses lost in smoke, only about one-half of the heat therein can be practically used; so that if any expedient can be devised whereby all the heating power of petroleum could be saved, a gain of some eight or ten to one would be effected. With this view, experiments are now being made in the dockyards of England and France, also in the Navy Yard at New York, and by private individuals in various parts of this country. We have watched these experiments with great interest, but have refrained from expressing any opinion, because in all the reports of the trials, both in Europe and here, the results have been unsatisfactory. The fires have been imperfect, have smoked and been dangerous and difficult to manage. The difficulty which has so long troubled merchants and engineers, seems now in a fair way to be solved, and it has been demonstrated almost to a certainty, that another great discovery has been made, which will be of vast importance to the world, and create an entire revolution in the method of heating marine. and locomotive boilers-a discovery which amazed us by its simplicity of action, and the great advantages it possesses over all the methods now in use for safety, economy, volume of heat, and tractability. Last fall, Col. Henry R. Foote, of Tennessee, who commanded a union regiment in the late war, patented an invention for burning petroleum in steam boilers, upon which he has been at work some two years, and on which he has spent all the business arrangements of the concern. Mr. Isherwood at once ordered a board of tender of a locomotive can carry a sufficient supply for three to five hundred miles. There is another advantage of which we cannot now speak at length. On board the "Palos," during the trials with screened anthracite, the highest number of revolutions they were able to give the propeller, with all the coal they could “ burn, was less than forty, while on a preliminary trial with Col. Foote's apparatus, she easily gave over fifty revolutions for several hours, and fully held her steam, thus showing that, with this fire, a boat can run from two to four knots faster than she can with wood or coal, and as the heat is equally distributed along the crown sheet and through the flues, but little if any "foaming" is caused. This must shorten the distance to Europe about two days, and a steamer's time from St. Louis or Cinciunati, to New Orleans and back, from three to six days, and save all wooding up along the route. We predict that the first line on the Mississippi which adopts this fire, will do the largest business, and as oil can float down Oil Creek, the Alleghany, and the Ohio, it will be cheap in the West, and soon all steamers there must use it. Our first question on the "Palos" was, "Is it safe ?" But after examining the apparatus, we were fully convinced that, when properly managed, there is no more danger than from coal. The oil is to be carried in double iron tanks, the outer space of an inch or so filled with water, and stowed in separate iron com3 The apparatus is simple and inexpensive, con- partments in remote parts of the ship, and hav sisting of a small iron box or retort located in the ing small pipes carrying overboard any gases place of the grate bars, and having barners all which may rise, while the oil itself is carried to around it. Its bottom is kept hot by burners the fires by a half-inch pipe. It seems almost beneath. The oil is carried into it by a small impossible that an accident should occur except iron pipe and vaporises as soon as it enters. through gross carelessness. Mr. Stimers, who, "Colonel Steam is then introduced through a coil of iron in a written report to Mr. Allen, says, pipe filled with filings and located over the Foote's process is the most philosophically cor burners, where it is intensely heated and decom-rect one for burning any fuel I have ever known posed, and its gases enter the retort, into which to be tried in a steam boiler," adds "I can see air is at the same time forced, and the whole no difficulty in carrying petroleum safely in forms a gas which escapes from some nine steamers. The only thing to be done is to stow hundred burners, where it burns with a clear it properly. I cannot see that more care need intense blue flame, completely filling the furnace be employed for petroleum than for coal, but it and extending into or through the flues. The must be of a diffierent kind." heat is very great. It emits no smoke, can be The working of this invention has been exincreased or diminshed in a moment, or be amined by many eminent and practical men who entirely extinguished by turning a stop-cock. have endorsed it in the strongest manner: indeed, The apparatus is very simple, and any part of the whole operation is so remarkably simple and it, if broken, can be repaired or made anew by free from complication, as to require but little any mechanic. No alteration of boilers is re-explanation; and the spectacle which presents quired. It will burn wherever coal will, and the fire can be run by any man of ordinary in. telligence after an hour's instruction. It dispenses with all coal-heavers and requires but one man to every two or three fires, to keep them in perfect order. It is clean and convenient, and saves the time and trouble of taking in coal and disposing of ashes, and, there being no sulphur in the oil, as there always is in coal, the boilers and flues will be more durable, notwithstanding the greater intensity of the fire. But the great value of this invention, in steamers is the gain in spaceiand tonnage. The amount of fuel required is only about one-seventh of the weight and bulk required of anthracite coal, and the inventor is satisfied that after perfecting his apparatus it will take less than one-tenth, leaving all the remaineder for freight or passage room. If this fire succeeds, as we believe it must, it will enable ships to steam from sixty to one hundred days, and to visit ports in all parts of the world from which they are now excluded, while the direct gain will be immense. For instance, the Cunard steamers take 1,200 tons of coal on every passage and burn about 1,000. Now, two hundred tons of petroleum, costing about the same as the coal, will do the work better, saving one thousand tons freight. This at eighteen dollars a ton would amount to thirtysix thousand dollars on each trip, and in the eight trips made in a year to nearly three hundred thousand dollars, to which must be added the extra expense of wages and food, of coal. heavers, wear of machinery and journals by coal dust, wharf room for coal, etc. The enormous itself, of the great furnaces of a steam vessel in full blast, and driving the engines at their fall speed, with only two men sitting quietly on campstools in a clean fire-room, in comparative leisure, and increasing or diminishing heat by simply turning a faucet, with no coal, cinders, ashes, or rubbish about them, is such an unusual one to those who have been accustomed to the dust, noise, and confusion of coal passers and firemen, the continual opening of furnace doors, and consequent deadening of fires, the exhaustive labour and number of men employed, that one sees at once, in this invention, an enormous stride forward in steam navigation. We understand that, after the wharf trials are concluded, a trial at sea is expected to be made, for the purpose of subjecting the invention to the severest test possible. We shall watch the whole experiment with great interest, and will advise our readers of whatever we learn, either for or against it. Should any of them desire to learn inore of the invention than the space of a newspaper article can give, we presume Mr. Allen will promptly answer all inquiries. Our thanks are due to him and to Col. Foote, and the naval officers and engineers on board the "Palos," for courtesies, enabling us to witness all the details of working the machinery, and of the invention, on that ship.-Boston Commercial Bulletin. ANALYSIS OF A FOSSILIFEROUS LIME STONE.* BY J. WALLACE YOUNG. many thousand dollars. Col. Foote associated saving which this method makes in freighting is daily gaining in importance, it may not with him Mr. J. H. Winsor, of Pennsylvania, and they came to Boston, and set up a locomotive boiler in a little building on Chardon street, and for several months ran an engine with this new fire. During this time they made the acquaint. ance of Stillman B. Allen, Esq., of this city, who is well known as having energy and determination, which rarely fail to accomplish whatever he undertakes, and he became a joint owner with them in the invention, and has entire charge of vessels is a consideration of first importance, and S the study of the metamorphism of rocks be uninteresting at the present time to direct attention to an altered coraline limestone of carboniferous age, which was obtained from a quarry near Kircaldy, Fifeshire. The specimen was given me for examination by a geological friend, as he thought it contained something uncommon from the peculiar soapy feeling which it pos * Communicated by the author to the Chemical Nows. tender of a locomotive can carry tsupply for three to five hundred mi There is another advantage of not now speak at length. On board during the trials with screened attra highest number of revolutions they give the propeller, with all teet burn, was less than forty, we c trial with Col. Foote's apparatas, the over fifty revolutions for several hou held her steam, thus showing that, i fa boat can run from two to four asta fazer. she can with wood or coal, and art equally distributed along the crow through the flues, but little if any " caused. This must shorten the distri about two days, and a steamer's fine by Louis or Cincinnati, to New Orleans y from three to six days, and save a v falong the route. We predict that their on the Mississippi which adopts this fin the largest business, and as oil can fre Oil Creek, the Alleghany, and the Oth cheap in the West, and soon all must use it. Our first question on the “Palos” va “ The working of this invention ha We understand that, after the mathi concluded, a trial at sea is expected abo for the purpose of subjecting the the severest test possible. We sh whole experiment with great ins advise our readers of whatever reas for or against it. Should any of th learn inore of the invention than newspaper article can give, e Allen will promptly answer a in thanks are due to him and to Cale naval officers and engineers on board for courtesies, enabling us to e details of working the machiney, invention, on that ship-B Bulletin. ANALYSIS OF A FOSSILIFERIG BY J. WALLACE TO As the study of the metama be uninteresting at the present Day B is daily gaining in imperans attention to an altered coraline umesont boniferous age, which was obtained near Kircaldy, Fifeshire. The given me for examination by age as he thought it contained somet the peculiar soapy feling JUNE 14, 1867. THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE, PRINTING FABRICS IN RELIEF. 375 sessed. The limestone, if I may still so call it machines used in quartz mining were-99 crush-was he in the carriage than a faintness came over is as follows: Silicic acid 1. 39.91 Magnesia.... 22.05 Alumina and oxide of iron. 2.42 99.95 2. 60.59 33.47 3.67 2.26 He him, from which he recovered with much difficulty. His family yielded to his wish by taking him to the desired spot, where he arrived in the evening only to die on the following morning at seven. Since the sudden death of his excellent and distinguished wife he pined away, notwithstanding the affectionate attentions paid him by his son and three daughters. He was born at Valonges in the department of the Manche in 1807 and was, at his first outset of life, a simple laboratory student. He became successively Professor at the Polytechnic School, Professor of Sciences, Verifier of the Mint Assays, Member at the French College, Member of the Academy that a practical chemist can aspire to. M. Pelouze died with resignation, and in the faith of a Christian. He was buried at Montmartre Ceme tery, in the family tomb, the corpse being followed by an immense cortege, composed of al ithe elite of society, the principal members of the Academy, six carriages of the Municipal Council, and the National Guard in full uniform. M. Fremy, the distinguished chemist of the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, delivered the usual funeral ora FRANCOIS PETITDIER, of No. 2, M. Rue St. Appoline, Paris, dyer, has recently invented an improved method of printing designs in relief and brilliancy to all kinds of fabrics. By means of a liquid compound he can apply to all fabrics by the printing processes already in use, designs or ornaments in relief, having the brilliancy of the pearl and jet. proceeds in the following manner :-First, he of the Municipal Council of Paris, Director of the St. Gobian Glass Works, and, lastly, President Specific gravity at 15'5 deg. Centigrade 2.670. employs a resinous material-say, copal. Second, of the Commission of the Mint, the highest post the solvents of this resinous material-say, linseed oil and essence of turpentine; the linseed oil is rendered siccative according to the known processes by means of treating it with oxides of lead, of zinc, or of manganese. Third, the colouring material, which necessarily varies with each shade-carbonate or sulphate of lead or oxide of zinc for white; vermillion for red; car. bonate of lead for the yellows; blue, ultamarine, Scheile green, green cobalt, and other colours, according to those desired to be obtained; for melted with great care; when this resinous black, ivory black. 61b. of hard copal are material is well melted, add to it 3lb. of linseed 318 deg. Fah., then add to it from 81b. to 101b. oil, which has been previously heated to about of essence of turpentine, which must be cold, and stir and mix it carefully in order to thoroughly incorporate the parts. The above proportions vary, with the different qualities of materials employed, and even according to the variations of the temperature at the time of manufacture. They are only given as an example, and each operation requires great attention to obtain a good result. No. 1 is the mineral as a whole. No 2 is the steatite. Dilute acetic acid removed carbonate SOME short of that in 1864. GOLD MINING IN VICTORIA. tion. Meetings for the Week. MON.-Royal United Service Institution.-"The Dress Correspondence. SUPPLY OF WATER TO LONDON. The product described, being obtained, is filtered through a sieve made of cloth and brass; and then allowed to cool, and is enclosed in a jar well stoppered. When the material is TO THE EDITOR OF THE "MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.” parts of this varnish, add to it twenty-five parts Vartry Water Works, causing great damage and required to be used for printing, take seventy-five SIR,-The accident occurring at the source of the of ivory black, the proportions, however, varying expense, as well as a cessation of the water supply according to the different materials treated to the inhabitants of Dublin proves the necessity fabrics, felt, or paper. The whole is well mixed of not been dependent upon only one supply of Instead of so that the parts are thoroughly incorporated, water for a want of such magnitude. leaving no granular parts whatever. It is then tapping a Scotch, Cumberland, or Westmoreland or filtered again, and a product is obtained which Welsh lake, and carrying its contents to London, a gives a brilliant impression, chiefly intended to distance of a great many miles, through a diversity imitate the pearl and jet. give some relief to the impression, pour on a If it is desired to of hill and dale, and a numerous amount of proprietorships, all claiming large remuneration for colour frame sufficient material to be able to take method of great economy and utility, to sink a way leave and damaged property, I propose, as a from it sufficient to allow for what is expressed number of Artesian wells in suitable situations in and to produce an impression. If, on the the immediate vicinity of the several railways contrary, it is only wished to make it brilliant communicating with London, and on their level without caring for relief, pour only a very small road convey the water pipes from these several quantity of the material on the frame so as to Artesian wells, paying way leave to the railway be only able to take from it that which is companies over whose lines the aqueduct pipes are necessary to impress without giving relief. For laid. It would be a more simple and a cheaper the purpose of this invention Mr. Petitdier also plan to enter into an agreement for right of way employs gelatinous gums or glues already used leave for water pipes with these railway companies tban with the innumerable legion of landowners as varnishes for giving the brilliancy either on between the great lakes and London. It would be fabrics or paper. But to obtain the same results, profitable to the shareholders in these companies in care must be taken to regulate the printing proportionate payment for way leave. As the deboards so that the liquid which is expresed at mand for water increased more Artesian wèlis could the end of each part composing the design may be sunk. Any person who has acquired any inIn formation on the subject of sinking or boring for touch the fabrics without being flattened. order that the product may have sufficient consistence to give a good impression so as to well imitate the pearl, care must be taken to sufficiently concentrate it so that it may only become fluid at a certain degree of heat, and this constantly necessitates the frame containing the colour to be placed in a water bath. The impressions may be sprinkled with a metallic dust in order to give the appearance of gold, silver, steel, or other appearances considered desirable. Obituary. WE have to announce the death of one of the coal, must be aware that when the borer taps the different strata containing springs, that an enormous amount of water is liberated, and rushes to the surface in vast continuous quantity, creating in the endeavour to control it the greatest difficulty and expense in mining operations. It is from this immense supply of subterranean water in diverse localities that I propose to carry on railway level water to London. In Essex Artesian wells have been bored with the greatest facility and at small expense at Braintree, Wallasea, Mersea, and in the district of Bullpharufen, 7 miles from Brentwood. These wells yield a large supply of water and have proved of the greatutility. Formerly in some seasons the ditches became dry, the cattle suffered and died; but by the aid of Artesian wells the ditches are now kept full of fresh sweet water all the year. An Artesian well is a well that is always overflowing, either from its natural source or from an artificial tube, and when the overflowing ceases it is no longer an Near Shiffnal, in Shropshire, an Artesian well. Artesian well, diminishing from 12in. to 7in. in diameter, and at a total depth of 260ft. yields a continuous supply of 210,000 gallons daily. At Greuelle (Paris) an Artesian well has, for many years, given out a jet of 3,000 cubic metros of water every hour, being a sufficient supply for that district of Paris. |