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The patentee claims adapting the articles to be operated apon to the grinding surface or tool by means of a weighted rod spindle or holder, which will press the article against the grinding surface, and at the same time impart so it rotary motion, while the grinding or polishing tool is also rotating and grinding or polishing the article, as set forth. Patent completed

1674 A. V. NEWTON. An improved construction of rotary engine. (A communication.) Dated June 22, 1866

This engine is designed more especially for use as a motor, in which case it may be driven by steam, water, or other fluid, but it may, by having power properly applied to it externally, be used as a pump. The pistons are attached to two parallel shatts geared together so as to rotate in opposite directions at the same velocity, and are of the forms of segments of rings concentric with their respective shafts. Their outer arc-formed surfaces are Atted to and rotate within two parallel laterally-communicating bores in the same cylinder or casing, and their inner are-formed surfaces are fitted to and rotate around two stationary hubs concentric with their respective shafts and bores of the cylinder. The axes of the shafts and their respective bores of the cylinder are situated at such distance apart and the aforesaid fixed hubs are so recessed in a concave are form that the outer arc-formed face or faces of the piston or pistons of one shaft fit the recesses in the fixed bub which surrounds the outer shaft in such manner as to prevent the steam, water, or other fluid from passing between the piston of either cylinder and the hub of the opposite one. The induction and eduction pipes are arranged in opposite positions, where the two bores of the cylinder meet. In the operation of the engine as a motor, the steam or other motive agent acts upon the piston or pistons of each shaft alternately, while the piston or one of the pistons of the other shaft serves as an abutment. In using the engine as a pump, the vacuum is produced for the entrance of the liquid, and the liquid expelled by the piston or pistons of each shaft alternately. Patent completed.

1687 E. G. FITTON. Improvements in machinery for preparing and spinning flam, tow, jute, and other Abrous substances. Dated June 25, 1866 This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

with chains or cams which connect them with two or more signals or switches, so that each movement of the lever shall affect one signal or switch without altering the position of the other signal or switch. Secondly, he makes the levers pass through plates in which are openings, apertures, or perforations with straight, diagonal, or otherwise 1688 C. E. BROOMAN. Improvements in locks or fastenshaped slots, and arranged in such wise that one plate gene-ings. (A communication.) Dated June 25, 1866 rally is acted upon by more than one lever, so as to be caThis invention is not described apart from the drawings. pable of producing more than one combination, whereby, if Patent completed. any one of the levers is moved, all other levers actuating the signals or switches which it would be dangerous to those levers actuating signals or switches the movement of move at the same time will be locked or fastened, and all which would not be dangerous will be liberated. Thirdly, he arranges the apparatus in such manner that the movement of any lever causes the locking plate or plates to slide backwards or forwards, so that the stops which are formed

by the slots cut in the plate or plates shall be presented to or moved across the edge or edges of the other levers, actuating signals or switches which it would be dangerous to move at the same time. He cuts these slots in such form or shape that no signals can be moved until the corresponding points or switches are in proper position, and such signals when lowered or placed at "all right" will fasten the corresponding points or switches, so that they cannot be altered until the signals are returned to the "danger." Patent completed.

1682 W. POUPARD. Improvements in apparatus for screening coale and other materials. Dated June 23, 1866 This invention consists in the employment, instead of the ordinary straight bars, of bars which, while being fitted lengthwise of the screen or shoot, and forming continuous openings in that section of the screen of which they constitute a part, are so formed or shaped that the whole of the coal while sliding down the shoot must necessarily pass alternately over a part of such bars, and over the space or opening between them, whereby the coal is sufficiently screened without the aid of supplementary appliances or means. 1675 G. DAVIES. An improved steam gauge. (A com-vention bars of serpentine or zigzag or similar form, which The patentee prefers to employ for the purpose of the inmunication.) Dated June 23, 1866 will produce the effect above described. Patent completed.

We cannot here give space to the details of this invention. Patent abandoned.

1676 T. DEAKIN. Improvements in overhead railways, and in machinery for moving, turning, and weighing goods, waggons, carriages, and engines for railway and other purposes. Dated June 23, 1866

Hitherto overhead railways have been in parallel lines, and a turntable was required at every intersection of the cross roads to allow the suspended weight to be turned and then run on to the cross road. In case of traversers being fixed on the floors of railway stations or goods warehouses the main lines of the rails have been interfered with, and cross roads are required, the traverser moving only across such lines of railway where the cross roads are fixed. The to dispense entirely with the use or necessity for turntables object of the present improvements in overhead railways is by using a compound carriage, viz., two carriages, one sup porting and carrying with it the other carriage. One is the longitudinal carriage working along the whole length of the main line, and the other is the transverse carriage to which the weight is suspended, and by which it is carried along to any of the intersections (right or left) or cross roads, and then freely run on to it without turning, the traverser being always in position for any line. Patent abandoned

1677 T. DUNN. Improvements in machinery for turning, shaping, and cutting metal. Dated June 23, 1866 This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

1678 H. GARDNER. Improvements in cases for packing and transporting bottled ales and other liquors, and in the method of packing the same. Dated June 23, 1866

This invention relates to cases in which it is usual to pack ales and wine for transport without straw or other stuffing, which cases are also often used to keep the conents while being used up. These cases are usually fitted with diaphragms having a series of round holes in them to hold the bottles steady, and in close proximity to each other, the one diaphragm having larger holes to receive the body of the bottle near the bottom, while the holes in the other receive the necks. As these diaphragms are Axtures in the box, the bottles have to be inserted neck first, which necessitates the lid being at the bottom of the bottles, and renders such cases very unfit for holding bottled ales and wines. According to this invention the inventor inserts in these cases a number of cross bars, so as to pass between each bottle, the bars running lengthwise of the box, being half checked into those disposed across or transversely thereto, and somewhat loosely, in order that they may each move laterally a little, so as to accommodate themselves to any little difference in the sizes of bottles, the meshes or openings between the bars being such as just to receive the bodies thereof. He disposes one series of these bars near the bottom of the bottle, and another just below the shoulder, that the bottles can be lifted out with the neck uppermost, and may always be kept in that position; the cross bars are not fixed at the ends, but rest and are held down by small slips fixed on the sides of the case, which allow of the lateral motion before mentioned. Patent abandoned

1679 P. BARLOW. An improved method of exhibiting the time on the dial plates of clocks and watches. Dated June 23, 1866

The patentee claims exhibiting the time on the dial plates of clocks, watches, and other time-keepers by displaying such figures or signs only at one and the same time for the hours and the minutes as serve to denote the time at which such figures or signs become so displayed, so dispensing with the use of the hour and the minute hands, as well as the stationary figures by which they are encircled, as described. Patent completed.

1680 A. LEE. Improvements in preparing wool or other animal fibrous substance, yarns, and woollen fabrics for dyeing. Dated June 23, 1866

The patentee claims the subjecting of such substances to the action of steam in an enclosed vessel at a pressure of from one to six pounds on the square inch. Leted. Patent com

1866

1681 H. HILL. Improvements in the working, governing, or locking of railway signals and switches. Dated June 23, In performing this invention the patentee arranges levers in a frame in such manner as to admit of certain of them having two different movements, a forward and a backward Movement. He provides such levers with slotted rods, or

1689 C. E. BROOMAN. An improvement in wood screws. (A communication.) Dated June 25, 1866

This invention consists in so forming the bevelled under

side of the head of the screw that it shall act as a countersink, whereby the screw may be used even in hard woods. Patent completed.

1690 J., S. A., G. E., and F. F. READING. Certain improvements in fastenings for articles of dress. Dated June 25, 1866

This invention relates to a modification or arrangement of a bolt or bolts actuated by a helical spring or springs or other equivalent means, in connection with a projecting part or parts, for forming a catch or catches that may be attached with their constituent parts, eitherby sewing or the use of metal eyelets, loops, or other equivalent means, to a band, belt, chain, cord, or other suitable material or parts of or appendages to dress for completing a band or belt, so as to form the connection of such or other parts or appendages of dress for uniting or connecting the parts. Patent completed.

PROVISIONAL PROTECTIONS.

Dated November 3, 1866. 2863 J. S. Gisborne, Liverpool, electrical engineer. Improvements in mariners' and other compasses. Dated November 10, 1866. 2935 H. Hitchins, Grosvenor-street West, Eaton-square, and W. Wood, New Weston-street, Bermondsey. Improve1683 T. 8. HUDSON. Certain new and useful improvements in machinery for cutting or dressing stone for buildrevenue or other stamps. Dated June 23, 1866 ments in machinery for printing surfaces or cancelling ing purposes, and for moulding and turning same for architectural purposes. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Dated November 13, 1866. Patent completed.

1684 W. WELBOURNE.

in

Certain improvements canisters for containing tea or other substances, Dated June 25, 1866

therein.

2971 C. E. Brooman, Fleet-street, patent agent. An improved method of and arrangement of engine for towing or engine is also applicable for other tractive purposes. (A hauling barges and other vessels, which arrangement of communication.)

Dated November 20, 1866. 3051 J. H. A. Gruson, engineer, Westminster Palace Hotel. Improvements in the manufacture of guns or heavy ordnance of cast metal.

Dated November 26, 1866.

3105 W. R. M. Thomson, Glasgow, engineer. Improvements in the modes of cutting metal tubes or pipes, and in the machinery or tools employed for these and other analogous purposes. (Partly a communication.) in the treatment and spinning of jute, hemp, flax, and other 3109 W. Taylor, Temple Mills, Dundee. Improvements fibrous substances, and in the machinery or apparatus employed therein, Dated November 29, 1866.

This invention is designed for the purpose of preventing the accumulation of tea dust or similar deposits at the bottom of canisters containing tea or other substances, and also for enabling the attendant to take tea from the cansubdividing a canister, box, or receptacle inte several veristers without touching it with the hand, or removing the canister from the shelf, and the improvements consist in tical compartments transversely from side to side, the said divisions extending from the top of the canister to a slanting platform placed inside the canister a slight distance conveniently large to allow a small scoop to be inserted from the bottom thereof, this distance or space being left portion of the canister to admit the scoop. The middle A swing or sliding door is placed in the lower compartment of the canister is provided with a door which, when closed, divides the said compartment in two, the back 3145 W. Brookes, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Imone having a clear open passage through the diagonal plat-wheels called "disc wheels," formed from one piece or mass provements in the construction and manufacture of railway form into the space in the bottom of the canister, and the bottom or diagonal platform of the two outer or side comof iron or steel. (A communication.) partments are provided with a sliding door which, when withdrawn or opened, also allows an open thoroughfare from the said side compartments into the aforesaid space in the bottom of the canister. Thus, when the canister is filled with tea (for example), the density thereof in the middle compartment prevents the swing or divisional door from opening until the whole of the tea in the back compartment has been discharged, at which time the weight of tea in the front compartment forces open the said door so as to effect a communication for discharge through the said passage into the bottom; so soon as the centre compartment is empty, the slide in one of the said compartments is withdrawn, thereby allowing the tea contained therein to be discharged, and so on in like manner with the opposite compartment, the discharge of the tea from the several compartments in the lower space of the canister, as described, being regulated according to the quantity withdrawn from such space by the scoop. Patent completed.

1685 E. HEMINGWAY. Improvements in looms for weaving Dutch carpets by power, and in the manufacture of such fabrics. Dated June 25, 1806

This invention consists, firstly, in constructing and arranging looms to be driven by power for weaving Dutch carpets, in such manner that two beats up or two strokes of the lathe or batten will be given at each pick of weft. This is effected by having the gear wheels (by which motion is communicated from the crank shaft to the tappet shaft, or the shaft which gives motion to the picking arms) made in the proportion of one to four, or so that for one revolution of the tappet shaft there will be four revolutions of the crank shaft; therefore, for each pick of the shuttle from each end of the loom respectively, there will be two beats up or strokes of the lathe or batten. Secondly, by means of the first part of the invention, and the employment of wide looms, the inventor is enabled to weare such carpets in wider widths and of better quality than has heretofore been produced; also to facilitate the production and avoid the joining together of narrow fabrics, thereby improving the manufacture and reducing the costs thereof. abandoned.

Patent

1686 E. G. BREWER. A new or improved coupling for railway carriages, trucks, and waggons. (A communication.) Dated June 25, 1866

coupling, and, at the same time, to shorten the distance The object of this invention is to provide an efficient heretofore generally existing between railway carriages, trucks, and waggons after being coupled up. The invention consists in the employment of two links, one link being somewhat longer than the other, one link, for example, are united by a lever wherein there is, by preference, but not being-say, 14in. long, and the other 18in. These links necessarily, a slot, and in which one link is free to travel. are hooked to the drawhooks of the earriage, truck, or This lever is provided with an arm which, after the links links over one another, and reducing the distance between waggon, is drawn back or reversed, thus bringing the two the carriages by lft. or 18in. Patent abandoned.

Dated December 1, 1866. 3161 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Improvements in rolls of spinning, drawing, and other machines. (A communication.)

Dated December 5, 1866. 3195 C. E. Brooman, Fleet-street, patent agent. Improvements in the manufacture of colouring matters. (A coinmunication.) Dated December 6, 1866. 3220 F. W. Turner, Linslade Works, Linslade, Bucking hamshire, engineer. Improvements in reaping and mowing machines. Dated December 7, 1866. improved receptacle for tobacco. 3229 W. A. Richards, Holloway, commercial clerk. An 3233 O. E. Samuelson, Hamburg. Improvements in apparatus for propelling vessels. (A communication.) Dated December 13, 1866. 3269 I. Baggs, High Holoorn, practical chemist. Imchloric and nitric acids. provements in the manufacture and treatment of hydro

Improvements in the construction of vehicles to be used on 3271 J. Murphy, Newport, Monmouthshire, civil engineer. railways.

3273 C. E. Brooman, Fleet-street, patent agent. Im litharge. (A communication.) provements in the treatment of lead and argentiferous

3275 J. T. Kent, Norden Corfe Castle, Dorsetshire. Improvements in taps or cocks for drawing off liquids. 3277 W. and J. W. Wood, Monkhill, near Pontefract, Yorkshire. Improvements in the manufactura of Abrous yarns or threade

Barker, Bowling, near Bradford. 3279 H. W. Ripley, Lightcliffe, near Halifax, and T. boilers, and in applying heat thereto. Improvements in steam 3281 C. C. Adley, Dublin, civil engineer. Improvements in the construction of telegraph standards and insulators.

Dated December 14, 1866. 3285 F. B. Baker and L. Lindley, lace dyers and dressers. Sherwood-street, Nottingham. Improvements in stretching or tentering and in dressing or finishing lace or other fabrics, and in machinery or apparatus employed therein. 3289 A. V. Newton, Chancery-lane, mechanical drafts. communication.) An improved construction of steam motors. (A

man.

Dated December 15, 1866. 3293 F. W. Reeves, Cambridge-terrace, Notting Hill, civil engineer, and J. B. Muschamp, Pembroke-road. An improved explosive substance.

apparatus for propelling vessels. 3295 C. Randolph, Glasgow, engineer. Improvements in

3297 S. Chatwood, Bolton, Lancashire, safe and lock consulting engineer. Improvements in hammers and in engineer, and J. Sturgeon, Burley, near Leeds, Yorkshire, mechanism used therewith.

3298 J. P. Gillard, Paris, civil engineer. Improvements in apparatus for attracting, exciting, and distributing in

various directions rapid successions of electric currents derived from the voltaic pile or other electric apparatus. 3299 G. Bertram, Edinburgh, engineer. Improvements in machinery or apparatus to be used for the manufacture of paper.

3301 A. Rollason, Commercial-road East, Limehouse, chemist. Improvements in the manufacture of blasting cartridges and fusees.

3302 D. Kirkwood, Birmingham, gun action filer. Improvements in breechloading firearms.

3303 J.W. Swan, Gateshead, Durham, chemist. Improvements in the treatment of gelatinous tissues of gelatine and gum, and of compounds containing such substances.

3304 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Improvements in welding steel to malleable iron, and tempering the steel by one and the same operation, and in tempering steel after it has been welded to iron. (A communication.)

3306 J. Symm, Newton Stocksfield-on-Tyne, engineer. Improvements in sheep and cattle racks.

3307 C. E. Brooman, Fleet-street, patent agent. Improvements in the preparation and, application of certain fatty bodies. (A communication.)

3308 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in carburetters. (A communication.)

Dated December 15, 1866.

3309 J. Hauworth, Todmorden, Lancashire, manager. Improvements in steam boiler and other furnaces.

3310 G. A. Neumeyer, De Keyser's Hotel, Bridge-street, Blackfriars. Improvements in gunpowder for mining purposes.

2311 H. Hall, Stacksteads, near Manchester. Certain improvements in the preparation of size, and in apparatus connected therewith.

3312 C. Mole, Farringdon-road, boot and shoe manufac turer. An apparatas for the more expeditious and effectual attachment of skates to boots or shoes.

3313 E. Howell and T. Hardy, Poole, Dorsetshire. Improvements in the construction of horse-rakes.

3314 A. V. Newton, Chancery-lane, mechanical draftsAn improved construction of elevator. (A commu

man.

nication.)

3315 G. Nimmo, Jersey, U.S. An improvement in the mode of constructing shovels and spades.

3316 M. Weber, Cheapside, surgical instrument maker. Improvements in the construction of firearms.

3317 W. S. Mappin, Birmingham, manufacturer. Improvements in breechloading firearms, and in cartridge case extractors for breechloading firearms, and in cartridges for breechloading firearms.

3318 W. Wood, Birmingham, machinist. Improvements in breechloading firearms.

3319 J. Baker, Lieut.-Col., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall, and J. Imray, Westminster Bridge-road, engineer. Improvements in cable stoppers.

3320 F. N. Meixner, Manchester, engineer. ments in turbines.

Dated December 18, 1866.

Improve

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3332 S. Buxton, Hunslet, Yorkshire, contractor. An improved stench trap.

3333 J. Goodfellow, Blackburn, Lancashire, engineer. An improved apparatus for moulding the moulds of wheels, pulleys, and circular and segmental works in green sand without patterns.

3334 R. Bodmer, Newport, Monmouthshire, engineer. Ap improved method of securing the nuts of bolts.

3335 S. Wilson, Manchester, engineer. An improved fastening for baling bands.

3336 M. Henry, Fleet-street. Improvements in centrifugal pumps, and in the joints or junctions of pipes and tubes. (A communication.)

3337 S. and J. J. Perry, Red Lion-square. Improvements in inkstands or vessels used for containing and supplying ink.

3338 M. H. Simpson, Milk-street, Boston, U.S. Improvements in apparatus for the prevention of sea sick

ness.

3339 F. Hayman, civil engineer, Lille, France. Improvements in breechloading firearms. (A communication.)

Dated December 20, 1866.

3342 G. B. Finch, New-square, Lincoln's Inn. An improvement in the feeding apparatus in cotton gins. (A communication.)

3344 W. E. Gedge, Wellington-street, Strand. Improved locomotive machinery or apparatus working without the aid of steam. (A communication.)

3348 T. and T. F. Walker, Oxford-street, Birmingham, engineers. Improvements in apparatus for taking soundings.

3348 S. Parry, Thackeray-street, Liverpool, master mariner. An improved composition for the coating of the bottoms of ships and other vessels.

3350 S. Belfield, Pepper-street, Hyson Green, Nottingham, draftsman, Improvements in the manufacture of

elastic and ribbed fabrics.

3352 T. Whitby, Wellesley-road. Improvements in the construction of vessels of war, and other structures requiring to be rendered shot-proof.

3354 W. E. Newton, Chancery-lane, civil engineer. Improvements in effecting the combustion of substances in a pulverulent state. (A communication.)

3356 R. L. Martin, Fleet-street, engineer. Improvements in breechloading firearms. (A communication.)

3358 T. Huckvale, Emerson-terrace, Forest Hill. Improvements in apparatus for cleaning knives.

3360 W. R. Lake, Southampton-buildings, Chancerylane, consulting engineer. An improved coupling for railway carriages. (A communication.)

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3368 J. Howard. Reaping machines. (A communica tion.)

3452 G. T. Bousfield. Cut-off in steam engine. (A com munication.)

The full titles of the patents in the above list can be ascertained by referring back to their numbers in the list of provisional protections previously published.

Opposition can be entered to the granting of a patent to any of the parties in the above list who have given notice of their intention to proceed, within twenty-one days from the date of the Gazette in which the notice appears, by leaving at the Commissioners' office particularsin writing of the objection to the application.

HAS BEEN PAID.

3382 J.S. Benson, merchant, and J. von der Poppenburg, PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £50 mechanical engineer, Birmingham. Improvements in breechloading firearms.

3384 W. E. Gedge, Welllington-street, Strand. Improved apparatus applied to millstones for grinding wheat and other grain. (A communication.)

Dated December 24, 1866.

3386 H. A. Dufrené, Rue de la Fidélité, Paris, civil enneer. Certain improvements in the manufacture of the extract of madder. (A communication.)

64 J. Coppard

82 W. E. Newton 89 W, Welch

100 W. Denton and J. Whitaker

114 J. Howard, E. T.

Bousfield, and J.
Pinney

139 J. Thompson
142 E. J. Vinot

3388 J. Toussaint, Barnsbury-road, Islington. Improve- PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £100

ments in the manufacture of cement.

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HAS BEEN PAID.

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2875 W. J. Matthews 2931 H. A. Bonneville

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s. d. 41462 0 61463 0 41464 0 4 1465 0 41466 0 41467 0 61468 0

Sealed January 15, 1867.

1870 J. Macintosh and W. Boggett

1877 J, and E. Goad

1881 W. Tongue

1890 H. Trotman 1896 G. Canouil

1897 G. Canouil and F. A. Blanchon

1911 T. Andrews

1437 0 10 1448 1 10 1458 0
1438 0
1439.0
1902 J. Saunders and J. 1440 0
Piper

1912 G. T. Bousfield 1913 G. T. Bousfield 1931 H. Lea and T. Lane 1953 J. Orr 1977 E. I. Billing 2342 J. Williams

2541 T. Forster 2711 T. Restell

NOTICES OF INTENTION TO PROCEED WITH

PATENTS.

From the London Gazette, January 15, 1867.

2284 R. S. M. Vaughan. Polishing boots.

61449 0

6 1459 2

4 1450 1 4 1451 1

1441 0 8

41460 0 4 1461 0

4 1469 1 81470 0 41471 0

s. d. s. d. 814720 81482 0 4

4 1473 0

81474 0

81483 0 4

814840 4

41475 1 214850 4 81476 0 1014860 4 614770 487 0 10 81478 0 1488 0 4 614790 10 14890 8 814800414900 8 814810 (14910 4

NOTE.-Specifications will be forwarded by post from the Great Seal Patent Office (publishing department) on receipt of the amount of price and postage. Sums exceeding 5s. must be remitted by Post Office Order, made payable at the Post Office, High Holborn, to Mr. Bennett Woodcro, 'Great Seal Patent Office, 25, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane.

LIST OF DESIGNS FOR ARTICLES OF UTILITY
REGISTERED.
Names.

18, 4819, C. Bathoe..... 29, 4820, J. B. Fenby and T. W. Jones.....................

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2285 A. V. Newton. Electric clocks. (A communica

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2333 R. A. Hardcastle. Indicating liquid drawn off. 2336 W. E. Gedge. Leather straps. (A communica2340 W. E. Gedge. Indicator. (A communication.) 2346 T. Wheelhouse. Sanitary apparatus. 2351 W. Clark. Ornamentation of pile fabrics. (A communication.)

2358 R. R. Riches and C. J. Watts. Horse hay rakes. (Partly a communication.)

2365 J. H. Johnson. Cutting frets. (A communication.) 2368 J. Bendley. Fish-hooks. 2372 N. Dunn. Water tuyeres.

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30, 4821, J. W. Lewis.........

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4, 4827, H. Develin............ 6, 4828, M. Turnor

8, 4829, J. Gibbs...............

21, 4830, M. Wooding and J. Johnson............ 26, 4831, T. Harris............... 1867.

7, 4832, G. Ireland

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Jan.

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Subjects of Design

Clip or file.

Fastener for straps, &c. Scent portrait

locket. Basket. Printing machi

nery. Bottle stopper. Powder canister. Shaft loop for harness. Show stand. Fountain pen, Fireplece lintel and piece.

Show case. Skates.

Handle for bottles.

PROVISIONAL REGISTRATIONS.

Oct. 13, 1725, T. Walton A breaking bit. 13, 1726, J. T. Morgan and W. H. Staples...... Closet pan. 18, 1727, J. Webb and E. Rydings

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Egg whisk,

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2394 W. E. Gedge. communication.)

Separating grain from straw. (A

18, 1728, J. Webb and E. Rydings

Egg whisk.

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19, 1729, H. Develin............

Show stand.

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20, 1730, S. Perry

Steam cock.

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25, 1731, A. Lorkin

31, 1732, J. F. Hannah

2416 A. B. Walker.

arms.

Brewing.

2417 H. Carter and G. H. Edwards. Breechloading fire2425 W. Clark. Setting types. (A communication.) 2426 W. Clark. Securing teeth in saws. (A communication.) 2432 T. A. Rochussen. Permanent ways of railways. 2470 G. E. Van Derburgh. Artificial stone. 2485 J. H. Johnson. Taps. (A communication.)' 2586 J. Robertson. Fireplaces. 3143 J. Field. Steam engines. 3183 T. Wilson. Cartridges. 3211 L. Cobe. Ironing fabrics. 3215 J. Darling. Penholder.

Nov. 6, 1733, W. Parkinson

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Book marker.

Towel rail, Knife cleaning machine.

Sewing machines.
Skirt.

Clarionet.
Cricket bat.

Watch protector.
Bottle,

Lock for bags. Advertising frame.

The life guard.

Window blind

31

29

12, 1735,

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16, 1737, G. Trimmings

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Dec.

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3222 J. C. M'Donald and J. Calverley. Cutting paper into sheets.

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18, 1742, J. S. Tucker......... 26, 1743, G. Harton............

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3235 T. Chaloner and J. Billington. Tools for graining. 3273 C. E. Brooman. Argentiferous litharge. (A communication.)

3, 1745, W. Chamberlain ...

3, 1746, G. Watson............

pull. Rocking horse.

Plough.

Breech loading

gun.

Show stand.

10, 1748, Wynn and Co. ...... Sardine knife.

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THE

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.

LONDON: FRIDAY, JANUARY 25, 1867.

STEEL MASTS.

HE adoption of iron in ship construction branch of industrial art during the last few years. Attention, however, appears to have been confined principally to the hulls of vessels, to the comparative exclusion of other and equally important parts. It does not seem to have occurred to many minds that masts and spars require improvement just as much as hulls, and that iron is equally well adapted for use in former cases as in the latter. True, iron has been utilised in this direction, but then not in such forms as to secure the maximum strength the metal affords. Iron masts are in use in some of the ships of the Royal navy, but their construction is comparatively simple and primitive. This will at once be seen on reference to fig. 1, which shows a

THE has led to the rapid advancement of this

FIG. 2.

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Mr. James Webster, Mr. Joseph Mitchell, &c. from Mr. Deane's system than from the other.
Four trials in all were made upon four spe- Although in the former there is more than 50
cimens of iron and steel masts. The length per cent. excess of metal, we must bear in
of the pieces tried was in each case 9ft., mind that a great deal of it is doing no work
and the distance between the bearings 100in. whatever. The angle-irons, carrying the web-
In each instance the test consisted of plates at their intersection, are in excess of what
a crushing force brought to bear upon the is actually necessary for the work done by them.
mast at a central point between the two bear- This point of the mast corresponds with the
ings. The first specimen tried was that of neutral axis in a girder, and is of course a
the Government construction, and which was point at which nothing more is required than
of the section shown in fig. 1. The mast was that the parts should be held together. The
12in. in diameter, and was made of ĝin. Mill-advantages of the system become more appa-
wall iron, the weight of the piece being 6 cwt. rent when we take masts of larger diameter,
1qr. 13lb., and its sectional area 31.6in. The in which no greater strength or weight of iron
pressure having been put on, the sample de- is required at the centre than in the smallest
flected 1.85in., when it gave way, the break-section. This is a point well worthy consi-
5ing strain being 113,464lb, or a little over deration, and must enter into our estimate of
f tous. With a deflection of 2.86in.
the sample began to tear, and the ultimate
deflection was 4.57in., when the mast was
crippled.

The next experiment was made with the view of determining the relative values of the Government specimen and one constructed upon Mr. Deane's principle. The sample of mast tried was of the latter construction and was made of Millwall iron, its section being shown by fig. 2. The diameter was 12in., being the same as that of the previous specimen; the plates were in. in thickness, and the angle-irons were 2 in. × 24in. x in. The piece weighed 10 cwt. 2qr. 71b., and had a sectional area of 52.5in. The first symptom of weakness occurred when the deflection had reached 1.94in. and the pressure 166,920lb., or just over 74 tons, the top plate cracking across. The next deflection taken was 3.63in., when the bottom plate gave in and the specimen was done for. The third specimen submitted for trial was of the same horizontal section of a Government mast. They pattern and length as the last, but was only consist of three plates of iron bent to the re- 8in. in diameter, and was made of 3-16in. quired curve, and are made with butt-joints, Bessemer steel. It weighed 4 cwt. 1qr. 24lb., and riveted to three T-irons which cover the and had a sectional area of 21.2in. At a joint on the inside. This is, in fact, about as deflection of 1.024in. the first crack occurred, simple and elementary an arrangement as the ultimate strain being_57,3921b., or somecould be devised, and is without any additional what over 25 tons. The second deflecprovision for enabling the mast to assist the tion taken was 1-486in., when two of the strains brought upon it. To improve upon this outer plates cracked; at 2.92in, deflection form of construction has been the endeavour of one of the centre plates cracked and the speciMr. Edward Deane, of No. 1, Arthur-street East, men gave way. The fourth specimen was London Bridge, and in this he has well suc- constructed in every respect in the same manceeded. Having experimented upon the question ner as the last, except with regard to material, for the last two years he has at length produced which in this case was termed " Deane's a form of mast which offers many advantages steel." We are informed that it is specially over those of the ordinary section. This is prepared for Mr. Deane; it is exceedingly true of it when he uses the material-iron-inalleable, and more ductile and workable of which those in ordinary use are made, but than most kinds. The weight of the sample this is not the extent of the improvement, was 4 cwt. 2qr. 171b., or a few pounds more Keeping pace with the masts and requirements of the age, which is fast demanding the substitution of steel for iron, as a few years since it required that of iron for wood, Mr. Deane uses steel in the construction of his masts, which gives them still further and more striking advantages, which cannot fail to be appreciated as they deserve when they become known.

the value of the system. The section of the angle-irons was full heavy in all the samples we saw, and we would suggest that the lightest possible section be used for this purpose. The formation of the joints on the outside of the mast, shown in fig. 2, may in some respects be considered objectionable, but we may here observe that in some sections of large diameter which we inspected Mr. Deane has avoided this by turning the flanges in and giving a smooth surface to the mast. In the other case, however, the spaces can be filled in with wood, if it be wished to give an appearance of finish to the exterior, although without the wood filling the mast presents a lighter appearance.

Taking next the two samples of steel masts, we find them to be of similar make and weight, and about 30 per cent. less in diameter than the previous specimens. Here we obtain a result which, as far as figures go, shows a superior resistance in the Bessemer steel. The power required to break the Bessemer sample was about a quarter of a ton more than that required to break that of the Deane steel. But then there are other considerations to be borne in mind which practical experiments like those we are now discussing alone can determine. One point-and the most importantis the extent to which the element of safety is actually present. In the case before us it was evident to all who witnessed the trials that there was greater absolute safety in the Deane than in the Bessemer steel, as we shall show. In the case of the Bessemer mast the first fracture was accompanied by a loud sharp report which indicated that the mast was absolutely done for. This was confirmed by the subsequent reports, which, as the pressure was put on, became fainter and fainter until they ceased, all the parts in tension having been separated. With the Deane steel the reverse order was noticed; the first crack was indicated by a slight report, whilst as the pressure increased in amount so the noise of the fractures increased in loudness until the last sharp report when all was over. The valuable facts to be gathered from these circumstances— which speak highly for the Deane steel-are, that a mast of Bessemer steel would give way and be destroyed at once, on the breaking strain being reached, whilst a mast of Deane steel would give way gradually, and would from first to last with a fairness and honesty still have an amount of work left in it after the that indicate but the one desire to establish the first fracture, which the Bessemer would not. true value and character of each system. A Of course in all structures there is an ample Government specimen of a given diameter and margin of safety left, and provision is made material was first taken, and against it was for a higher strain than the material will ever pitted a sample of Mr. Deane's mast of the have to bear in its ordinary work. But we same diameter and material, which was Mill-are now taking ultimate results, as from wall iron. Now we know this iron, although these alone can we draw comparisons. most useful, is not a very reliable material, An examination of the two samples after and the fractures in both of the present in- testing showed most clearly the superior testances showed many imperfections. But nacity of the Deane steel. In the Bessemer this iron was taken in each case from the same sample the point at which the pressure was stock, and was that in ordinary use, so that brought on, and which of course was in comwe get a fair basis for our results-no picked pression, was well crumpled up, but it prematerial, nor special work, although in all cases sented several fractures. The material at the the riveting was excellent. The weight was corresponding point in the Deane sample was of course increased in Mr. Deane's from the likewise crumpled up, but it had a ribbonextra amount in the web-plates, angle-irons, like appearance, and there was no fracture, and joints, whilst in the ordinary specimen no separation of the fibre, as in the Bessemer the butt-joint and T-iron effects a great sample. This is a most important fact, and economy of material. As a result, however, one accounting for the gradual destruction of we obtain nearly 50 per cent. more resistance the Deane sample as against the sudden

than that of the Bessemer specimens. The
first deflection was 1.62in., at which point the
strain had reached 56,844lb., or a little more
than 25 tons. At this point one of the upper
plates cracked in the edges, and, the pressure
being continued, at 2.06in. deflection, two of
the centre plates cracked and gave way, but
not until some time after the outer skin gave

out.

The form of construction adopted by Mr. Such, then, are the results of a series of ex Deane is shown in fig. 2, which shows a hori-periments which were prepared and carried out zontal section of a mast. It consists of an outer skin, formed of four plates, connected through their flanges by rivets. The mast is stiffened by inch plates, held together in the centre by angle-irons riveted on. The outer edges of the stiffening plates are held between the flanges of the outer skin. The practical value of this form of construction, as compared with the ordinary form shown in fig. 1, was made evident last Tuesday by a series of experiments which were instituted by Mr. Deane, and conducted by Mr. Kirkaldy at his testing works, the Grove, Southwark. The experiments were witnessed by a number of gentlemen connected with shipbuilding and engineering, amongst whom we noticed Captain McKillop, R.N.; Mr. John Anderson, machinery department, Woolwich; Mr. Rumble, inspector of machinery afloat; Mr. Baker, chief engineer of Chatham Dockyard; Mr. Philip Thornton, master shipwright, Chatham Dockyard; Mr. Bull, C.E., Mr. Stainton, C.E.,

demolition of the Bessemer mast. It is therefore clear that the Deane steel mast comes out the victor, notwithstanding the breaking strain was less than that of the Bessemer steel. But what was the difference? Only a quarter of a ton upon 25 tons-just one-hundredth of the whole amount, which practically goes for very little, the more so that only one experiment was tried with each. Possibly another sample or two would have given results as much or more the other way. On the whole, then, we certainly consider that Mr. Deane has successfully effected a most important improvement upon the ordinary principle of mast construction. Beyond this he has advanced science another step in the production of a material which certainly embodies a greater amount of absolute safety than any other at present known. We therefore predict for Mr. Deane a full measure of the success to which his labours entitle him. He deserves well of the community, too, for the fair and impartial manner in which he has carried out these important experiments, which afford reliable data whereon to estimate the value of each system.

ing the pattern shop we found the workmen busily employed making models for machinery from drawings and tracings previously prepared. The number of artisans in this department ranges from thirty to two hundred, according to the number and variety of new patterns required. This shop has the following dimensions:-Length, 60ft., width 80ft., and is divided into two bays, each 40ft. span. It possesses such varied machinery that the most delicate and complicated patterns in joiners' work can be performed without the application of hand tools, and the department is completely self-contained. We saw a pattern made entirely by machinery. It was composed of several kinds of wood, and had all the appearance of fine cabinet work. Several engines are employed to work the machinery. Among the machines in action we noticed particularly one of Worssam and Co.'s, of London-viz., a general joiner. It did its work admirably, planing, grooving, moulding to various dies, morticing, boring, and sawing with equal facility, and always with perfect accuracy.

obtained. The whole of the bricks required
have been made on the land from its own
clay. The area is traversed by the high road,
and an unfailing stream of water, which will
amply supply the wants of the establishment,
passes through the plot. The wisdom dis-
played in the selection of this particular piece
of land, and the immense value of the freehold,
will be still more evident when it is stated
that it is intended ultimately to make the
works, as far as practicable, self-contained.
It contains a bed of excellent coal, occupies
the very centre of a district abounding in iron
and coal suitable for the company's purposes,
and is surrounded by factories, whence such
castings and forgings as may be required can
be readily obtained at the minimum cost for
carriage, and without the delay, expense, and
other disadvantages incident to long journeys,
necessary for their direction and superin-
tendence. The outlay to the present time is
estimated, in round numbers, at £200,000, and
may be thus apportioned:-Workshops,
£80,000; machinery, £80,000; gasworks,
workmen's cottages, and land, £40,000. The
workshops and cottages have been built by The brass foundry temporarily occupies part
Messrs. Craven Brothers, of Sheffield, and the of what was originally designed for, and will
gasworks by Messrs. Newton and Chambers, ultimately constitute a portion of, the pattern
of Chapeltown, near Sheffield, and the whole shop. There is nothing special in its arrange-
of the work has been executed in the most ments beyond the fact that there is a cup-
substantial manner last Saturday in the old duly arranged, and also the cores, on suitable
The first locomotive was board-like recess in which the crucibles are
year. It was a massive, powerful, and highly-shelves. This is fitted with iron doors, and
finished engine. The diameter of the cylinder when these are closed all the otherwise waste
(inside measurement) was 16in., length of heat is conserved and the drying of the cores
stroke, 24in., and it had four coupled wheels facilitated. In this department great skill and
each 7ft. in diameter. It is one of the most judgment are exercised in so mixing the
powerful of its class, and was made for the metals that the brass shall be of such density,
express passenger traffic of the Great Northern hardness, and colour as to be the best pos-
Railway Company. As usual, on such occa-sible of its kind for the work for which it is
sions, the event was attended by great éclat. required. The crucibles used are of the best
A triumphal arch was erected, and both it and plumbago, and are supplied by the Plumbago
the engine were decorated with flags and ever- Crucible Company of London.
greens. Having passed under the arch on
the siding to the branch line, it fired a royal
salute, by means of fog signals, in honour of
the skill which had given it birth, and then
started for the Doncaster depôt. The journey
was performed in the most satisfactory manner
at the rate of forty-five miles per hour, and
the state of the bearings, on arriving at its
destination, proved how exactly it had been
fitted and balanced. Large contracts are
held by the company, and as soon as the
present premises are completed it is contem-
plated to extend the works, and it is probable
that, ultimately, at least half a million will
have been expended on their construction
and on the machinery necessary for their effi-
ciency.

THE YORKSHIRE ENGINE COMPANY.
HERE is a railway line six miles in length
connecting Sheffield with Rotherham,
This the original proprietary leased to the
Midland Railway Company for a guaranteed
rental of 6 per cent. upon the capital. The
result has been more profitable to the Midland,
and more beneficial to Sheffield, than the most
sanguine or far-seeing man could have even
suspected. By means of the junction at
Masborough, Sheffield was brought into rail-
way communication with every part of the
country, and during the last quarter of a cen-
tury has more than doubled its population,
and greatly extended the number of its manu-
factures, so that cutlery, once its staple product,
now furnishes employment for only a com-
paratively insignificant portion of its artisans.
The distance between the Sheffield terminus
and Masborough junction is five miles, and
already both sides of the line for more than
half that distance are nearly covered by
gigantic works, most of them engaged in the
manufacture of iron, steel, heavy castings,
massive forgings, and machinery of the most
ponderous and costly character. Land that
a few years ago would have been thought dear
at £50 or £60, now readily commands more
than ten times that amount per acre. From
Rotherham and Masborough, towards Sheffield,
there is a correspondingly steady growth of
works along this line of rail, and it is very The block of workshops at present com-
probable that the present generation will wit-pleted measures 833ft. in length and 130ft.
ness one continuous chain of formidable fac-in breadth, the walls being 18in. in thickness,
tories throughout the entire route.

The iron and steel foundry occupies an area of 80ft. by 130ft. The metal is prepared in two cupolas capable of delivering ten tons at a charge or an aggregate of thirty tons a day. There is an excellent arrangement for facilitating the charging of the cupolas. A stage passes round each cupola at the height of 13ft. from the ground; the materials for charging being raised to this stage by means of machinery are regularly disposed thereon. Each cupola is 5ft. in diameter, and the air blast is communicated by means of a fan worked by steam. The castings for locomotive and ordinary engines vary from ten pounds to two tons, and for marine engines from ten pounds to sixteen tons. All the castings are made in separate boxes, which are so constructed as to leave a narrow space round the margin. This arrangement enables the sand or loam to be very tightly rammed, and thereby secures castings with a sharp edge and smooth surface. Provision is made for ten steam cranes and travellers for the purpose of conveying the metal to any part of the foundry and of removing the castings. Two of these cranes only are at present in operation.

The smithy is divided into three bays of 40ft. span each, the principals being supported on iron columns. There are sixty hearths at work and three steam hammers in each bay.

and carried to the height of 28ft. to the eaves,
the centre of the roof being 40ft. high. The
whole of the shops are well-lighted, and are
as follows:-Pattern shop, brass foundry, iron
and steel foundry, smithy, boiler shop, turn-
ing shop, with its subdivisions, erecting
shop, and tender shop. On separate portions
of the ground are the steam-hammer shop,
gas house, and engine weigh-table. The
painting shop, stores, drawing and general
offices, are not built, portions of the present The boiler shop is contiguous to the smithy,
structures being temporarily employed for and possesses much valuable, complicated, and
these purposes. When these buildings are useful machinery. We may specially notice
erected they will occupy separate and con- the plate-bending machines, which have such
venient sites, and the offices will be unique an arrangement of the rolls that a perfectly
in character. The plans provide for all the cylindrical form is given to the plate by the
exigencies of the general business, and in addi-plate-planing machines, which are capable of
tion, will contain a board-room, dining-room,
kitchen, lavatories, &c.

As stated, half the distance from the Shef-
field end is built upon, and the last works
erected are those of the Yorkshire Engine
Company, which are equidistant from Shef-
field and Rotherham, and named from their
locality Meadow Hall Works. The company
was formed in the summer of 1865, and is
mainly composed of gentlemen intimately and
practically acquainted, not only with the
various and complicated machinery used in
the different arts and manufactures, but also
with that required for railway and marine
purposes. In the autumn of the same year
the land was secured and the works were com-
menced. The site chosen reflects the highest
credit upon the judgment of the gentlemen
entrusted with the selection. It is a triangu-
planing the edges of angle-iron, thus saving
lar piece of ground containing about 25 acres,
the expense of skilled labour for chipping,
and is bounded on each side by a railway--on Contiguous to the pattern shop is the timber while the work is performed with such ex-
the north by the Midland, on the east and store. The timber consists of selected ma- actitude that when the plates are riveted
south by the South Yorkshire, and on the hogany, pine, and Baltic deal, procured from caulking is unnecessary. Punching and shear-
west by a branch line connecting the latter the ports of Liverpool, Hull, and Grimsby. ing machines of every description are at work,
with the former, so that the works are thus The timber trucks are brought up to the store and the whole act on such a system that, what-
brought into connection with the entire rail- by means of a "siding," and the wood re- ever the diameter of the holes required and at
way system of Great Britain. On the land is moved from the trucks is carefully examined, whatever distance from each other, a given
a valuable quarry, from which all the rubble marked, and stacked. All wood used for lo- number of the same
gauge can be defi-
stone, and a great portion of the ashlar neces-comotive patterns must be well seasoned and nitely punched per minute. The boilers are
sary for the various structures, have been have been at least two years in store. Enter-riveted by one of Garforth's (of Dukinfield)

1

1

patent steam riveters, which is capable of securing a boiler 4ft. 2in. by 10ft. 6in. in one hour, and with comparatively little noise. This shop is fitted with traverses, jib cranes, and two travellers. The whole of the machinery in this department is worked by a high-pressure stationary engine-diameter of cylinder, 18in., length of stroke 2ft., diameter of fly-wheel 13ft., and nominal power forty horses. The system of heating the rivets is worthy of special notice. The furnace is heated by means of flues, complete combustion of the fuel is effected by causing heated air to pass over it at a distance of 2in. from the fire, and the supply of heat being regulated by a damper all the rivets are brought to an even and fixed temperature, and, as the power exerted by the riveting machine is constant, all possibility of a seam being unequally made, and consequently requiring to be caulked, is obviated. Every boiler, preparatory to being passed, is submitted by Mr. Alfred Sacré, the managing director, to a hydraulic test, exerting a pressure of 300lb. on the square inch, whereby the slightest flaw is detected and the practically perfect safety of every boiler is guaranteed.

a diameter of 12ft., and six of 21ft. each. By these works. Every locomotive is brought to
this arrangement all heavy substances can be a weigh-table expressly constructed for the
at once conveyed from the main line direct to purpose, and by means of levers is subjected
the shop or store for which they are designed; to the severest test. Should any regulating
and finished engines and locomotives can either be necessary it is of course done. No engine
be lifted on to trucks by means of a vertical is permitted to leave the premises until the
jib-crane, fixed at the shop entrance, or, being managing director is personally satisfied of its
locomotives, can, if required, as was the case being so accurately balanced that, in all posi-
in the first one made at these works, be run out tions, the centre of gravity is maintained.
at once upon the line. As a security against The gas house is a detached building, and is
fire, hydrants are fixed at convenient points, erected at the northern extremity of the plot.
and a good supply of water is constantly kept It contains twelve retorts erected in four
in the tanks.
benches of three each. The gas-holder is 50ft.
in diameter and 25ft. in depth; and so ar-
ranged that the pressure can be regulated
according to the demands of the works, thereby
preventing unnecessary waste. The main
pipes in the buildings described are laid in
cast-iron troughs, covered with lids of similar
material. A very important advantage is
thereby secured, since the mains can at any
time be examined or altered without disturbing
the permanent way or shop flooring.

The boiler shop and brass foundry are now nearly completed, so that the buildings temporarily occupied as such will be forthwith applied to their legitimate objects. The boiler shop is attached to the erecting shop, and consists of two bays, each 40ft. wide by 130ft. long, and the brass foundry which adjoins consists of one bay 40ft. wide by 130ft. in length.

The gas arrangements are most effective. The burners required are comparatively few, owing to the regard which has been paid to the laws of optics in their distribution. They are fixed at such a height, and in such posiThe turning shop is built in five bays, each tions, that by the laws of radiation and re400ft. long and 130ft. broad, the three centre flexion the maximum of light is obtained with ones being supported on iron columns. This the minimum consumption of gas. The machine and some other shops are paved with wood. and the light are always in juxtaposition with The blocks are circular in some, and of various the cutting tool. The service laid on to each forms in others. They are composed of larch workman is completely under his own control. or the sawn ends of deal, and are cut into six It comes direct from the adjacent main, and is inch lengths and firmly wedged in a stratum confined in a wooden box, the lid of which is of gravel and cinders, the substratum being fastened by screws. In the event of a leakstiff clay. Arrangements have been provided age, therefore, he has only to take out the four in this shop for the erection of a gallery about screws which secure the lid, when he can turn 17ft. from the floor, on which it is proposed to off his supply at the main without extinguishcarry on the lighter kinds of work. Whenever ing the lights of any other workman in the the erection of this gallery may be deemed ex-shop. pedient it can be done without interfering with the present machinery, or the work that may be going on on the floor. Each bay is set apart for a separate branch of the manufacture. The first bay is devoted to wheel lathes for heavy cuts. The second is used for the turning of crank axles, and the remaining three are occupied by smaller tools for light work, which is classed in divisions or sections. It is noticeable with how little noise the machines work, owing to the very exact manner in which they are geared. The motive power is furnished by two horizontal engines coupled, each having a cylinder of 18in. diameter, and a stroke of 24in. The fly-wheel is 13ft. in diameter, the boilers are worked at a pressure of fifty pounds, and the combined power is eighty horses. In one corner of this shop is a template shop. Fresh templates are made for each design, so as to secure exactitude in the formation of the various parts of a locomotive. Conveniently arranged also in one of the bays the operations of grinding, polishing, and buffing are carried on.

In the steam-hammer shop, which is detached, there are three large hammers, of 10 cwt., 20 cwt., and 50 cwt. respectively. All the forging and stamping required is performed here. Nearly everything is forged in dies, and the work is rapidly, exactly, and cheaply done. The hammers are fitted with boilers over flues so arranged that the heat from the furnace passes through them before entering the stack. Each hammer is provided with a powerful crane and chain accessories for swinging the metal forgings to and from the tups. In the same building are a scrap cleaner, made of wrought iron, and a scrap cutter, the latter worked in eccentrics for cutting the scrap into equal pieces, each 4in. thick and 6in. long.

The tyres are heated in furnaces specially prepared for the purpose, and a machine is provided for stretching the tyres in the event of the expansion not being sufficient or equal. This is done by means of a cone, worked by a screw, and securely fitted with wedges of cast iron of strong section, well-ribbed, placed at equal distances. The tyres are conveyed from the furnace to the stretching-block by a steam crane, which then removes the wheel from the permanent way, inserts it into the heated tyre, where, being properly fitted, it lifts the entire wheel and deposits it in the contracting tank.

Eighty cottages have been built by the company for their workmen. Whatever additional house accommodation may be required will be provided by private speculators, and already much is being done in this direction. Those built by the company are really models of cottage comfort and accommodation, and have been specially pronounced to be such by the district surveyor. They certainly reflect the greatest possible credit upon the generosity of the company, and their marked consideration for the comfort of their workpeople. The sanitary arrangements, particularly those which have reference to light, drainage, and ventilation, are perfect. Some of the cottages contain five, and none less than four rooms each; and they are replete with all that a workman's family can require in a habitation. What is a marked improvement upon the character of such dwellings in Sheffield and its neighbourhood is, that each cottage has a separate enclosure in its rear, with the necessary out-houses. This judicious arrangement will not only prove a great convenience to the tenants, but it will amply repay the liberal proprieters, by indirectly promoting goodwill and harmony among the workmen, since it will preclude the possibility of bickerings which spring up almost invariably among families where their dwellings open upon an enclosure common to several tenants.

When the extensions contemplated are carried out, it is calculated that in addition to marine and other engines this company will be able to turn out at least two hundred locomotives per annum. At present about 600 workmen are employed; but ultimately when the works are in full operation from one to three thousand will be required. It is only right to speak in the highest terms of the substantial character, excellent working, and high finish of the various and complicated machinery in operation. The latest improvements have in every case been adopted, and they have been constructed chiefly by Messrs. Fairbairn, Kennedy, and Naylor, Messrs. M'Lea and March, Messrs. Whitworth and Co., Messrs. Dunn and Co., Messrs. Sharpe, Stewart, and Co., Mr. J. Hulse, and Mr. De Bergue, all of Manchester; and Messrs. Smith, Beacock, and Tannett, and Messrs. Tannett and Walker, of Leeds. We cannot conclude this article without bearing our testimony to the urbanity temperature for nine hours, which suffices to of M. Alfred Sacré, the managing director, give them the desired superfacial hardness. and Mr. W. C. Stephens, the secretary of the Other portions of engines requiring this quality company; and to the readiness with which are similarly treated. It is held that by this these gentlemen furnished every facility for means double the ordinary durability is secured. enabling us thoroughly to examine these imOne most important object in the construc-portant works in their minutest details. tion of a locomotive is to see that the even balancing of the weight and its equal distribution on each separate wheel are secured, as unless these are regulated with the most scrupulous exactitude, the engine is never safe,

The erecting shop covers an area 160ft. in length by 130ft. in breadth, and is divided into four bays, each bay having a span of 40ft., and being laid with a line of rails. It is being fitted with one of Ramsbottoin's rope traversers, the counterpart of the one in the Locomotive Works at Crewe. Taking into In order to give a good wearing surface, account the variations of the space required by and consequently greater durability to the a locomotive in the different stages of erection, journals of the axles, case-hardening is resorted as many as forty may be in progress in this to. For this purpose two of Dodd's patent shop at one time. The manufacture of tenders, furnaces have been erected. The journals are being work of a lighter character, will ulti-here subjected to the action of a graduated mately be carried on in a shop specially constructed for the purpose. It will consist of a single bay having a span of 50ft., and will be fitted with drills and all other necessary machinery. On the outside of the block, and near to the centre, a boiler-house is attached, in which are two very large egg-ended boilers for supplying the coupled engines referred to. Here is also a small engine for pumping water from the stream already mentioned into tanks for the supply of the boilers, and the general

purposes of the establishment. On the east and much of the oscillation complained of by side of the suite of shops there is a railway railway travellers is due to the simple fact of siding, with a turn-table in front of each bay. the engine not being properly balanced. The These tables are sixteen in number; ten have greatest possible attention is paid to this at

STRAINS IN GIRDERS.

BY W. J. MILLAR.

HEN a beam is loaded with a weight disWE posed upon it in any manner, whether uniformly distributed or otherwise, the action upon all the parts of the beam due to this load

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