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1709 W. FAIRBANK. Improved means or apparatus for generating and reserving steam. Dated June 27, 1866. This invention consists, first, in the employment of a spherical vessel made of wrought or cast iron, or other suitable metal, and which the inventor terms a generator. A feed-pipe, having on its extremity a perforated hollow ball, extends from the top of the generator to the centre of the same, and is placed in communication with the feed pump of the engine. The usual and ordinary fittings of steam boilers are also applied to the generator. Another vessel of cylindrical form, with egg ends made of cast or wrought iron, or other suitable metal, and which he terms a steam reservoir, is placed in conjunction with the generator, a suitable valve opening from the latter into the reservoir for the admission of steam generated. The reservoir is fitted with the usual appurtenances of steam boilers, and both vessels are set in briok work. Heat may be applied to the under surface of the generator by means of an ordinary coal furnace, or, if preferred, by oil lights or other combustible substances. The flues are so constructed that after the action of the heat upon the generator the surplus passes along the sides of the reservoir and into the chimney. The method of using the apparatus is as follows:-Heat is applied to the under surface of the generator until the temperature of the air within (no water being as yet admitted) reaches, say, 350 deg. or 400 deg. Fah. Water is then introduced down the feed-pipe, and emerges in the form of Ane spray through the perforated glo e before named on the end of the feed-pipe; coming in contact with the heated atmosphere within the generator, it is at once converted into steam, and that of a high pressure, so that the inventor terms it superheated steam. The valve connecting the two vessels is now opened by the pressure of steam, and the reservoir becomes filled with steam ready for use when required, and prevented from condensation by the connection with the generator and the heat of the flues. Patent abandoned.

1710 W. R. LAKE. Improvements in the mode of distilling or separating volatile products from oils and other Auids. (A communication.) Dated June 27, 1866. This invention relates to the process of removing products which are volatisable at any given temperature from the substances with which they may be combined. This process consists in forcing or drawing through such substances a continuous stream of air, which, by preference, is heated to the required temperature. Patent abandoned. 1711 T. KENNEDY, jun., and J. BARB. Improvements in pistons and cylinders. Dated June 27, 1866. This invention has for its object to prevent the bending of the piston-rod, which is liable to occur with some constructions of pistons and cylinders from the canting of the Diston; and the improvements are more particularly applieable to such water meters and hydraulic engines as comprise one or more cylinders, with their pistons, whilst they admit of a comparatively small piston-rod being used. Such pistons are sometimes packed by means of a pair of reversed cup leathers, which project somewhat from the body of the piston. The defects thus indicated are overcome by the present invention in one way by making the piston disc and the junk ring both with flanges of an enlarged diameter, very nearly fitting the sides of the cylinder. These fanges of the disc and ring are recessed where the cup leathers are, and sufficient clearance is allowed to ensure the waters getting inside the cup leathers. Patent abandoned.

1712 W. H. FYFE. Improvements in apparatus for making bricks. (A communication.) Dated June 27, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

1713 R. H. OLYDESDALE and J. E. WILSON. Improvements in apparatus for finishing tobacco. Dated June 27, 1866.

In constructing the finishing stove according to the persent invention, appliances are provided for confining the tobacco in a compressed state whilst in the stove. The tobacco is arranged in layers, with metal plates between the layers, and with a strong movable top or cover plate, which is acted on by one or more tapped sockets in a bar of proper form and strength in the roof of the stove chamber, or in the cover plate itself. After the tobacco is introduced it is compressed as much as may be necessary by means of the cover plate and screws. The screws may be actuated by means of ordinary spanners or ratchet levers, or by worm or bevel gearing. A platform or false bottom is, by preference, introduced for the tobacco to lie upon, instead of Iving upon the bottom of the stove chamber. Patest abandoned.

1714 J. JORDAN. The application of certain spirituous compounds for the production of motive power. Dated June 27, 1866.

This invention consists in the use of certain spirituous compounds for the production of steam or vapour in steam boilers, as a substitute for water as now commonly used, and the inventor prefers to use alcohol, ether, pyroxylic spirit or naphtha, or methylated spirit, having found by actual experience that the best results may be obtained with these spirits, and that they may be used either simply, or in combination, as preferred. The spirit may be evaporated in boilers, and used in engines of the ordinary construction furnished with surface condensers, but to fully realise the economical results of this invention he prefers to evaporate the spirit in a suitably constructed vaporiser, heated by aqueous vapour at a high temperature produced in a boiler having a continuous circulation of the water contained therein, and the spirit vapour is conducted from the vaporiser to an aqueous steam-jacketed cylinder or eylinders through aqueous steam-jacketed pipes, and the spirit vapour on its exit from the engine cylinder is conducted into a suitably constructed surface condenser, where it is condensed into its liquid form, and thence reconducted to the vaporiser, and so on continuously. Patent abandoned.

1715 J. HENSHALL. Certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for cutting files. Dated June 27, 1866.

This invention is designed for the purpose of cutting files by mechanical means, and for turning up or raising the teeth thereof in imitation of the teeth of files which are cut by hand. The improvements consist in the use of a light cutter holder sliding in grooves or channels, which is lifted by means of two spiral springs. The cutter holder is mounted, and slides in two grooves, in which it has a slight clearance or "play," and from a rod projecting from the top of the holder a cross head extends laterally, upon the ends of which the two springs press. The lifting cam is secured on a driving shaft, and lifts the

cutter secured in the holder by acting on a bowl on the holder, and when the cam releases the cutter holder, the springs force it down on to the file blank secured on a movable bed beneath, and from the peculiar combination of the light holder and the double springs the cutter vibrates or shakes slightly in the sliding guides after it has entered the blank, and thus turns up, "raises," or forms a tooth on the top edge of the indentation which it has cut. The progressive motion of the file blanks is effected by means of a face cam on the driving shaft, acting upon a lever in connection with a paul which turns a ratchet wheel, and so moves the bed in which the file blank is secured. Patent completed.

1716 H. W. HART. Improved means of or apparatus for wheels. Dated June 27, 1866. preventing the accumulation of mud or dirt on carriage This invention consists in the adaptation to the wheels of carriages of a brush or scraper which is held in contact with the tyre or felloe of the wheel, so that, as it rotates and picks up mud or dirt from the road, such mud or dirt will be scraped or rubbed off by the brush or scraper. Patent abandoned.

1717 W. E. NEWTON. Improvements in apparatus for raising and forcing water and other liquids applicable to the ejection of bilge water from vessels, the filling of the tanks of locomotive tenders, and other purposes. (A communication.) Dated June 27, 1866.

This invention relates to apparatus for raising and forcing water and other liquids of the injection of a jet of steam or other aeriform fluid at a suitable pressure into a liquid receiving chamber which forms a connection between suction and delivery pipes o: passages. The first of the invention consists in constructing the receiving chamber of such an apparatus with two or more suction inlets, so arranged that the water or other liquid will enter the chamber by such inlets in separate columns, without the columns obstructing each other or being obstructed by the jet pipe, and will then be delivered in one solid column. The second part of this invention consists in furnishing the jet pipe of such an apparatus in its lowest part with an escape valve which is opened inwardly by a spring or other means (when the pressure in the pipe is no greater than that outside) for the purpose of allowing the escape from such pipe of any water resulting from the steam that may condense. By this arrangement the formation of ice in the pipe in cold weather will be prevented. The third part of the invention consists in attaching the whole of such an apparatus (18 herein above mentioned) to a revolving head on the top of a hollow supporting pillar or column, so that, by turning such head, the whole apparatus may be turned in any direction required. The object of this arrangement is to adapt the apparatus more especially for filling locomotive tenders at the water stations of railways by the direct agency of steam taken from the locomotive boiler. This feature of the invention, and that which constitutes the second part, are applicable when the receiving chamber and inlets are constructed and arranged according to the first part of the invention; or when they are constructed and arranged in any other manner. The fourth part of the invention consists in the employment of such an apparatus as is above mentioned composed of a liquid-receiving chamber inlet and delivery pipes or passage and jet pipe, with suitable connections, as a means of filling the tanks of locomotives with water by the direct agency of steam from the boiler of the locomotive. Patent completed.

1718 J. BAKER. Improvements in thermo-electric magnetic batteries and engines. Dated June 27, 1866.

The patentee claims the application of thermo-electric currents to magnetic engines for the production of motive power, and also the application of the thermo-electric battery to the production of effects analogous to those of a galvanic battery. Patent completed.

1719 W. WYATT. Improvements in screens for screening grain and other substances. Dated June 27, 1866. This invention relates to a peculiar construction, arrangement, and combination of apparatus for screening corn or other substances, whereby the screen or apparatus may be readily adjusted so as to screen or lift the said substances to any size which may be desirable, and the invention consists in the employment of short bars having, by preference, a triangular section, and fastened at their ends by rivets or otherwise to longer bars, the smaller bars having regular and parallel spaces between each other (through which spaces the screened substances pass), and being so fastened to the longer bars as to allow them to move on the rivets or other fastenings at their ends, so that, by moving the longer bars in a longitudinal direction, the parallel spaces between the shorter ones may be opened or closed to any desired width. Any number of parts, as above, may be arranged so as to form a hollow drum or polygon, provided with a screw or any other suitable mechanical arrangement, for giving motion to the said bars in the required direction. A rotary motion is given to the said combination by means of a shaft passing through the longitudinal axis of the polygonal prism, which is to be set at such an inclination that the corn or other substance being fed in at the higher end may pass through it, and in so doing be submitted to the screening or sifting action of the herein before described adjustable bars. Patent completed. 1720 B. F. WEATHERDON. Improvements in apparatus for preventing incrustation in steam boilers. (A communication.) Dated June 27, 1866.

This invention consists in the employment of an upright cylindrical vessel 18ft. higb by 6ft. in diameter, divided horizontally into two compartments, the upper one furnished with vertical copper tubes surrounded with water to the depth of 12ft., whilst the lower one supplied with steam from the waste pipe causes the said water to boil and pass off in its heated state through the inedium of a tube into a trough composed of intervening gutters, depositing on its passage through the same the carbonates, sulphates, and other salts of lime, magnesia, mud, or other solids, incrustating sediments of firs, and finally passing direct to the boiler tank. The flow or supply of water to the apparatus is maintained through the medium of a pump from a well or other source, and is delivered by the above mentioned process in a pure state to the boiler. Patent completed. 1721 H. D. PLIMSOLL. The application of a new material to the purpose of rendering gunpowder non-explosive. Dated June 28, 1866.

This new material the inventor states to be titaniferous iron sand reduced to powder. This material is easily separated by magnetic attraction. Patent abandoned. 1722 W. E. GEDGE. Improvements in the manufacture of metal boxes, tine, or cases. (A communication.) Dated June 28, 1866.

The patentee claims, first, a new method of jointing or clasping, differing from all the methods hitherto used, inasmuch that it is not continuous-that is to say, that it does not exist on the same side in the entire height of the box; thus it is interior from the top of the box to within a short distance of the bottom, and then becomes exterior to the bottom to permit the insertion of the bottom of the box without any hindrance. Second, a new arrangement given to the bottom of the boxes, forming what may be termed a sunken or re-entered bottom. When this bottom is to be so far entered into the body of the box that the volume of this latter is greater than its real volume, a stamped or beaten-out bottom is made exactly like a lid, and the concavity of this lid or cover being turned downwards, it is passed into the body of the box until the edges of the bottom and those of the box are level; the box is then passed to the soldering table. Patent completed.

1723 D. and D. DAWSON and T. BROADBENT. Improved means of extinguishing fire in steam ships, mills, manufactories, and other buildings. Dated June 28, 1866.

This invention consists in the application of the gases, or the gaseous products of combustion, proceeding from the furnaces of steam boilers, and other furnaces, for the purpose of extinguishing fires. Patent completed.

1724 J. H. JOHNSON. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for cleaning and decorticating pulse, grain, and seed. (A communication.) Dated June 28, 1866.

This invention has reference to a previous patent granted (No. 3214), and the specification comprises much detail, to the present patentee on the 24th December, 1861 which we cannot give space to here. Patent completed.

1725 F. T. HUBERT and H. D. G. TRUSCOTT. Improvements in the construction of general electric telegraphic machines, and in the mode of working them. Dated Jane 28, 1866.

This invention has reference to the general electric telegraphic machines, termed by the inventors the "Typoomnitelegraphic" divided as they are hereinafter described; and relates, first, to a novel arrangement of mechanism for conducting and transmitting whatever may be by currents of electricity which mechanism depends on its accurate operation, by there being a perfect accordance between the two connected principal instruments, although placed at distant stations, the circuits between the stations being made, changed, and broken by the regulating action of the horizontal metallic lever, screwed to the escapement of the electric mechanical power. This desired accordance in the action of the horizontal metallic lever is obtained by the action of another lever, which is directing the currents. Second, the invention relates to the employment of one or any number of dials which require to ba appositely screwed upon the ordinary dials of the blocks used at any of the stations, according to the difference of the longitudes, for the purpose of obtaining constantly and instantaneously, without any calculation, the difference of the solar time between the distant stations. Third, the invention relates to the employment of a special arrangement of electric batteries, which will be thereby kept in good order, and in a long-continued uniform action. Fourth, the invention relates to an arrangement of mechanism, with its indicator or dial specially applied to the requisite alarm instrument, either for calling attention, giving the proper time, or for any other purpose, and also for sending rapidly a few words without causing any interference or disturbance in the working of the plates; or when all the plates are completely covered with messages. Patent completed,

1726 O. E. BROOMAN. Improvements in obtaining alkaline permanganates. (A communication.) Dated June 23,

1866.

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The patentee c'aims, first, the recessing of the ends of the working rollers used in carding engines for carding waste silk. Second, the arranging the drums of machines used for preparing waste silk to work with the points downwards, the silk waste being supported by concave surfaces, as described. Thirdly, the carding of the fibres, after preparing a lap in a preparing machine or frame, as described. Fourth, the manufacture of yarns of silk waste from combed silk fibres, treated in the manner described. Fifth, the manufacture of carded silk yarns, by first carding the silk fibres in the gum, and then carding the silk fibres after the gum has been boiled off. Patent completed.

1728 D. K. CLARK. Improvements in locomotive traction engines. Dated June 28, 1866.

This invention will probably be noticed in a fature number of this journa'. Patent completed.

1729 S. DEACON. Improved machinery for drilling iron and other metals, also for boring wood for tapping nuts and screwing bolts. Dated June 28, 1866.

This invention is carried out as follows:-Upon a suitable iron bed, mounted on standards, and carrying a headstock and adjustable brackets, the inventor adjusts and fits the following parts:-Through the upper part or the headstock he chases or forms a square thread or female screw, into which is fitted a screw bush, through which is formed a long, round hole, through which is passed the small part of a long mandrel. The other part of the said mandrel is formed cylindrical, and such part fits accurately in a corresponding-shaped hole formed in a bracket piece fixed to the bed-plate aforesaid. There is a hand wheel fixed to the outer end of the before-mentioned screw bush, and a winch handle is also fixed upon the outer end of the smail The end of the enlarged part of the part of the mandrel. said mandrel has a square hole formed therein to receive either a drill, or bit, or tap. Another bracket is adjusted the piece of metal or wood which it is desired to drill or to the bed-plate of the machinery as an abutment to hold bore, or to hold nuts for tapping or forming threads or screws therein, or dies for securing bolts. The operations of this machinery are as follow:-Upon imparting rotary motion to the hand wheel the screw bush will force the mandrel forward, and hold it firmly there whilst the operator imparts a rotary motion to the winch handle and drill, or or other drill fixed in the mandrel, the operator from time to time forcing the mandrel forward by the screw bush un

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til the tool has passed through the metal under operation. Patent abandoned.

1730 T. SMITH. Improved machinery for facing or smoothing the surface of stone. Dated June 29, 1866.

This machinery consists of a vertical shaft, having_seeured to its upper extremity a table of eccentric form. The lower end of the shaft is geared for the purpose of receiving motion. Holes of suitable size, and at convenient distances apart, are formed on the surface of and near to the edge of the table for the purpose of receiving the pins, by means of which the stone placed upon it is retained in position. On either side of the table, at opposite points to each other, are placed two smaller vertical shafts (the upper bearings of which work against slides formed on the inner sides of guide standards) which are driven by gearing from the firstnamed shaft, and are furnished with a cam or crank on each of their upper extremities. These cams or cranks are coupled to an iron frame of rectangular form, and adapted to receive slabs or blocks of stone placed over the table. Suitable gearing is provided for raising the rectangular frame as may be required, the "driven" gear on the small side vertical shafts working on feathered shafts, and permitting the upper bearings (which support the shafts and with them the cams or cranks and top frame) to ascend or descend as required. The table and top frame being charged with stone and placed in proper position for working or scouring, a rotary motion is imparted to the main vertical shaft, and the table describes the curve consequent upon its shape, whilst the top frame receives an eccentric motion in the opposite direction from the cams or cranks to which it is united. Patent abandoned.

1731 L. S. PILKINGTON. Improvements in washing machines. Dated June 29, 1836.

This invention is carried out as follows:-In a tub or vessel the inventor places a curved grid or grate, resting on spiral or other springs, and in the upper part of the vessel

there are bearings carrying a swing frame, formed at the bottom with a number of rollers hollowed or grooved with right and left handed threads alternately, which rollers are ranged in a curve struck from the centre of the swing frame, and corresponding with the curve of the grid, there being a spring or springs for regulating the pressure of the swing frame. The vessel is supplied with water, and the clothes or materials to be washed are placed between the grid and the rollers, and the swing frame is worked to and fro by hand or motive power, and thus the clothes or materials are effectually washed without injury. Patent abandoned. 1732 W. THOMSON. Improvements in apparatus for actuating the points or switches of railways. Dated June 29, 1866. For the purposes of this invention one end of a rod, which is connected at its other end to the tongue rail of a switch, is attached by a pin joint to the end of one arm of a bell crank lever. To the end of the other arm of the bell crank lever is suspended a weight which retains the tongue rail of the switch in a desired position. The weight is connected by links to one end of the lever handle, by which the position of the tongue rail of the switch is reversed. This

lever may be arranged to be moved in any direction. The lever handle has on it a signal plate or disc which, when the lever handle is upright, indicates the position of the. tongue rail or switch, but when the lever handle is depressed or placed in a horizontal position the state of the tongue rail of the switch will be known by the signal plate or disc not being presented to the driver of a train. The lever handle turns on an axis in lugs at the top of the box (or it may turn on a universal joint), and the weight is attached to the lever, so that, when at liberty, the lever and the tongue rail of the switch will be brought to and retained in the desired position. Patent abandoned.

1733 J. ASHTON. Improvements in the manufacture of sluds and buttons. Dated June 29, 1866.

In order to manufacture studs and buttons so that the shank plate or disc at the rear end of the shank may be readily passed through a button hole, in place of forming them of an entire disc, the inventor forms a radial slot in the plate, or cuts away a segment from it, by preference so removing 1-8th or 1-10th of the disc. In order to insert a shank plate so formed through a button hole, one of the points formed at the circumference of the disc by cutting away a segment from it is inserted through the hole, and then, by once turning round the button or stud, the whole of the shank plate is passed through. Patent abandoned. 1734 H. HOBSON. Improvements in smelting iron ores, and in apparatus used with blast furnaces. Dated Jane 29, 1866.

This invention consists, first, in causing the blast to pass through and amongst such a bulk or length of carbonaceous matter that the oxygen in the blast shall be completely converted, and pass into the blast furnace in the state of carbonic oxide in contradistinction to the blast consisting wholly of atmospheric air or partly of atmospheric air and partly of carbonic oxide. Second, the invention consists in so forming, arranging, and placing an auxiliary furnace or combustion chamber, which may either be built as a separate structure and supplied with the necessary connections, or be made in one with the blast furnace, that the last portion or portions of carbonaceous matter required to com. plete the formation of carbonic oxide shall be as near as possible if not actually contiguous to the interior of the blast furnace. The object of this is to bring the auxiliary and blast furnace as close as possible in order to prevent loss of heat by radiation in its passage from the one to the other. Third, the invention consists in arrangements by which a convenient portion of such chamber may be at will severed from the rest by a valve, either of the slide, rotary bell or binge kind, the opposite end of such portion being also provided with such a valve or door or lid. Fourth, the invention consists in the heating of the blast furnace of atmospheric air previous to its being passed into the combustion chamber or auxiliary furnace. To each blast furnace there may be either one or more auxiliary or combustion chambers. Patent abandoned.

1735 J. IMBAY and J. ELLIS. Improvements in carriage windows and other sliding frames. Dated June 29, 1866. The object of this invention is to hold the window in any tension to which it is moved, so that it does not sink down by its own weight or the shaking to which it is subjected, and to have the power of slacking it so that it can be easily moved by hand. To effect this the patentees form inclined recesses in those parts of the frame which slide in the grooves, and fit them with wedges which have their thick ends downwards, and which are pressed upward by springs. On the sliding frame they mount levers, which bear on the small ends of the wedges, and which have suitable knobs or latches that can be depressed by

hand. One side of such wedge bears against the groove, and the other against the inclined face of the recess to which it is fitted, and to facilitate the upward and downward movements of the wedge small rollers may be interposed between the inclined faces. When the window is drawn up the rubbing of the wedges on the grooves bears them downwards, and thus eases the friction; but when the window is left to sink by its own weight the springs force the wedges upwards and so lighten the window in the grooves. On depressing the knobs or latches by hand the levers push down the wedges and slack them, so that the window is free to move. Patent completed.

1736 W. CLARK. Improvements in embroidering machinery. (A communication.) Dated June 29, 1866. The patentee claims imparting a rotary movement to the parts for feeding the material, as also to the sewing machines employed in combination with the embroidery apparatus, with the object of making the stitches in any direction independent of the motion of the machine, these improvements being applicable to all machines of this nature, whether the material be disposed horizontally, vertically, or obliquely, while reserving the right of varying the mode of transmitting the motion, the dimensions of the machines, and the number of sewing machines employed. Patent completed.

1737 8. HOLMES. Improvements in the manufacture of printing ink.

Dated June 29, 1866.

This invention consists in increasing the brilliant qualiobtained from bone oil. Patent completed. ties of printing ink by the employment of bone pitch

1738 R. HORNSBY. Improvements in mowing and reaping machines. Dated June 29, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

1739 J. H. JOHNSON. Improvements in brick-making machines, and in the machinery or apparatus for operating the same. (A communication.) Dated June 29, 1866. This invention has reference to a former patent dated much detail which we cannot devote space to here. July 8, 1863 (No. 1692), and the specification comprises Patent completed.

1740 H. GRIFFIN. Improvements in combining indiarubber or compounds thereof with metallic substances for the manufactnre of valves and other uses. Dated June 29, 1866.

This invention consists in applying to each surface of metallic open work, say brass or iron wire cloth, a sheet or thin layer of india-rubber, or of a compound thereof, prepared, as is well understood by persons in the habit of treating these substances for the operation generally called vulcanising, and he causes the adhesion of the surfaces of india-rubber or compounds thereof to the netal by pressure applied to such surfaces to cause the india-rubber or compound thereof to pass through or between the interstices of the metal surface. Patent completed.

1741 J. HUMBER and G. HAWORTH. An improved material for covering rollers used in the various processes of Dated June 30, making cotton, linen, and other yarns.

1866.

Provisional protection has not been allowed for this in vehtion.

1742 F. KAHNT and J. BUNTING.

Improvements in the manufacturing of cutlery handles and machinery employed therein. Dated June 30, 1866.

1751 H. A. BONNEVILLE. Improvements in the construo tion and laying down of subterraneous telegraph wires. (A communication.) Dated July 2, 1866.

The patentee claims the general construction and ar rangement of sabterranean with electric conductors in three isolating envelopes, substantially as described. Patent completed.

1752 H. A. BONNEVILLE.

tion of furnaces and kilns. July 2, 1866.

Improvements in the construe(A communication.) Dated

This invention consists in doing away with the ventilators now used, and replacing them by an aspirating contrivance adapted to their upper parts, which upper parts are provided with only one requisite opening to allow the said operation to take place; all other parts, therefore, are completely closed. The lower parts of these furnaces and kilns are provided (in order to allow of the free passage of the air or steam) with openings proportioned to the force of the aspiration. Patent abandoned.

1753 H. A. BONNEVILLE. Improvements in apparatus for applying heat to certain parts of the human body. (A communication.) Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention consists in applying heat to the feet and legs by means of a cylinder adapted at the upper parts for receiving the feet and legs, the lower part of the cylinder being suitably arranged for the reception of a vessel conthe upper part of the cylinder being closed by a blanket, caining hot water, on which vessel the feet are to be placed, or other suitable covering, in order to prevent the escape of heat. Patent abandoned.

1754 H. A. BONNEVILLE. Improvements in the making of bricks. (A communication.) Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention refers to hollow bricks for the construction of ceilings. The bricks are provided at each extremity with a projection, which, when they are placed between the beams that support the flooring, rest upon, and are maintained by, juts, which run along the sides of the beams. The lower part of each brick is so disposed as to cover about half the interior side of the beam, so that when all the bricks are fixed and placed together, their lower surface presents one uniformly plane superficies which forms the ceiling. Patent completed.

1755 G. FRERE. An improved apparatus for fishing, called "automatic fisher." Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention consists of an arrangement of apparatus for catching fish by means of barbed hooks, in which the line carrying the hook or hooks is connected to a spring or equivalent elastic object in such a manner that, by such elastic connection the line is capable of yielding to any required extent to the pull exerted by the fish caught on the hook, thereby preventing the rupture of the line, while, when the power of the fish is expended, such elastic connection will cause the line to be drawn in again, so as to bring the fish close to the shore, or other locality where the apparatus is situated. Patent abandoned.

1756 S. A. HODD and W. UPTON. Improvements in apparatus for roasting coffee. Dated July 2, 1866. This invention relates to a small apparatus mostly suitable for private houses, consisting of a small cylinder revolving on an axis set in motion by a spring and train of wheels (or it may be a weight). The roasting cylinder is within an outer stationary cylinder, and a gas jet is provided below, which plays on and heats the roasting cylinder.

The final specification of this invention cannot at pre-In connection with the train of wheels is an apparatus sent be seen, an extension of time for the filing thereof having been petitioned for.

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This invention consists in forming the pistons of moderator lamps suitable for burning petroleum oil, in such manner that the circumference of each piston may be packed by cotton or other suitable yarn or material, in such manner that the oil may not pass between the periphery and the cylindrical oil vessel in which it works. Patent completed.

1745 T. MACNEILL. Improvements in the construction of railway rolling stock, and in the permanent was applicable thereto. Dated June 30, 1866.

communicating with a tap regulating the supply of gas; this is according to the time required to roast the coffee, and so that after the lapse of the time appointed the gas is turned off by the self-action of the machine, whereby the coffee is properly set without an attendant. Patent abandoned.

1758 T. O. CRAVEN. An improvement in saws for cotton gins. Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention consists in the construction of an improved "saw" for the cylinder of cotton gins, the said saw being formed with hook-shaped teeth that are rounded upon their edges, so as not to cut or injure the cotton, and not to break the seeds. Patent completed.

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1866.

This invention consists in applying to lubricating apparatus a helical spring combined with a diaphragu or piston, the exit of the lubricating material being effected and regulated by the expansion and contraction of the spring. Patent abandoned.

This invention consists in enabling carriages, waggons, and trucks to travel upon a mixed or double gauge of rails-artificial wood. Dated July 2, 1866. that is to say, upon a narrow or wide gauge as required-by means of two extra wheels upon each axle, so arranged and constructed as to suit the gauge of the rails upon which they are intended to travel. Patent abandoned. 1746 T. F. GILLOT. Improvements in the manufacture of leather. Dated June 30, 1866.

1760 F. FRIED. Improvements in the manufacture of

The essential ingredients here employed are milk curds well drained and partially dried in the air, quicklime, and saw dust. Patent abandoned.

This invention consists in utilising the refuse inner skin or parings of hides, by first tanning them, and finally cementing them together by a suitable cement and pressure.

Patent abandoned.

1747 C. D. KNAPTON. Improvements in spinning frames. Dated June 30, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent abandoned.

1748 W. J. BAKER. An improved method of and apparatus for facilitating the passage of a guard or other person along the outside of a railway passenger train in motion. Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention consists in affixing along the sides of railway carriages rails or guides, upon which runs, on grooved wheels, a vehicle or receptacle intended to receive the guard of a train. Patent completed.

1749 H. A. BONNEVILLE. Improvements in the construction of submarine telegraph cables. (A communication.) Dated July 2, 1866.

1762 T. Cook. Improved machinery for uniting together materials employed in the manufacture of boots and shoes, saddlery, driving bands, and such like articles as require to be strongly united together. Dated July 2, 1866.

The peculiar feature of this invention consists in em. ploying a long piece of wire, and leading the same downwards and forcing it into and through the entire thickness of the materials to be joined. Patent abandoned.

1763 G. R. SHERATON. A new or improved instrument to be used in cases of difficult parturition. Dated July 3,

1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

maker. ways.

PROVISIONAL PROTECTIONS.

Dated November 24, 1866. 3089 E. Funnell, East-street, Brighton, watch and clock Improvements in electric signals for use on railThe patentee claims the general construction and arrangements of submarine telegraph cables with two interior Dated December 3, 1866. coverings running parallel with the electric conductor and 3171 J. T A. Mallet, Boulevart St. Martin, Paris, civil with an exterior covering or shielding of tempered or non-engineer. A process and apparatus for producing jointly tempered steel, substantially as described. Patent com pleted. or separately oxygen and chlorine from the same chemical substance and in the same apparatus.

1750 H. A. BONNEVILLE. An improved safety lock. (A communication.) Dated July 2, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

Dated December 13, 1866. 3272 P. Heyns, All Saints, Poplar. Improvements in steam boilers.

Dated December 20, 1866. 3341 W. Gilbey, Oxford-street, wine merchant. Improve ments in the mode of treating bottle corks, especially for the purpose of obtaining a more distinctive and less easily effaceable mark or brand, and also for rendering the cork less liable to decay and the action of insects. 3343 W. Chapman, Kennington Park-road. Improvements in means or apparatus employed in bending" the 44 uppers " of boots and shoes and other articles. 3345 D. A. Graham, Perth, engineer. Improvements in the construction of steam and water traps, and in the floats and valves for the same, also to some extent applicable to other fluid regulating vessels for controlling the flow of the fluids passing through them.

3347 W. Baker, Downham Market, Norfolk, dentist. Improvements in means or apparatus for lighting fires, which improvements are also applicable to warming apart. ments and for other heating purposes.

3351 J. Baker, Lieut.-Col., Army and Navy Club, Pall Mall. Improvements in thermo-electric and magnetic apparatus.

3353 S. Hall, London Wall, City, hat manufacturer. Improvements in the manufacture of "Gossamer" hat bodies.

3355 A. V. Newton, Chancery-lana, mechanical draftsman. An improved compound for coating ships' bottoms and other surfaces. (A communication.)

3357 C. Lungley, Greenwich, naval architect and shipbuilder. Improvements in war ships, forts, guns, and armour, and in fitting and working them.

3359 C. Norrington, Sussex House, Plymouth. Improvements in the treatment of substances containing phosphate of lime.

Dated December 21, 1866.

3362 R. and S. S. Hall, Hope Foundry, Bury, Lancashire, machine makers. Improvements in machinery for winding yarn and thread.

3363 J. Anderson, Newton, Ayrshire. Improvements in arrangements and apparatus for obtaining motive power. 3365 W. Rowan, Belfast, engineer. Improvements in machinery for cleaning and preparing flax, hemp, and other fibrous material, and for reducing the same to tow.

3366 G. Allix, St. Heliers, Jersey, shipwright. Improvements in apparatus for raising and lowering window blinds, windows, maps, and other articles, and retaining them in any required position.

3369 S. Jacobs, High Ousegate, York. An improved process for preparing wood and other materials preparatory to ornamenting or graining the same, and also for finish. ing materials so prepared when ornamented or grained, and for finishing wood and other materials when painted or grained but not prepared by the said process.

Dated December 22, 1866.

3373 J. Sloper, Walbrook House, Walbrook, City, civil engineer. Improved means of and apparatus for obtaining motive power, applicable for driving machinery and for ventilating mines, buildings, ships, and other spaces.

3374 A. Shanks, engineer, Robert-street, Adelphi,Strand. Certain improvements in making metallic hoops.

3375 F. Northall, Rowley Regis, Staffordshire, and R. Turnley, Withymoor, near Dudley, Worcestershire, furnace managers. Improvements in water tuyeres.

3377 A. S. and H. H. Ayre, High-street, Kingston-uponHull. Improvements in means or apparatus for drying wheat, barley, rice, and other grain, which improvements are also applicable to the drying of seeds, coffee, and other matters.

3379 S. and J. Mitchell, Cranbourn-street, Leicestersquare. Improvements in the construction of Venetian blinds, and in mechanism to be used in connection therewith.

3381 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in boots and shoes. (A communication.) Dated December 24, 1866.

3387 F. A. Calvert, Manchester, engineer. Improvements in machinery for carding and cleaning fibrous sub

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3395 T. B. Jordan, South Lambeth, mechanical engineer, and J. Darlington, Moorgate-street Chambers, mining engineer. Improvements in machinery for applying hydraulic power to mining and other purposes.

3414 E. F. Göransson, Gefle, near Sandviken, Sweden. Improvements in casting rings suitable for making tyres of railway wheels, and for other purposes.

Dated December 29, 1866.

3415 J. E. Brown, Glasgow, engineer. Improvements in the holding, distending, and otherwise treating or finishing woven and other web fabrics, and in the means or apparatus employed therefor.

3418 A. V. Newton, Chancery-lane, mechanical draftsman. An improved safety attachment to carriages. (A communication.)

3419 H. Chamberlain, Wakefield, engineer. Improvements in the manufacture of coke and charcoal, and in the ovens employed therein.

3420 A. J. Adams, Devonport, naval outfitter. Improvements in locks and latches.

3421 W. Simons and A. Brown, Renfrew, engineers and shipbuilders. Improvements in the arrangement and construction of dredgers.

3423 W. B. Berrey, Liverpool, merchant. An improved composition for cleaning glass and other smooth and bright surfaces.

3424 C. Harrison, Manchester, machinist. Improvements in cocks or valves.

3425 F. J. Manceaux, Paris, gun manufacturer. Im. provements in breechloading firearms, and in cartridges for the same.

3427 E. B. Sampson, Thrupp Lodge, near Stroud, Gloucestershire, manufacturer. Improvements in saucepans, kettles, and other vessels for culinary purposes.

Im

3428 F. Leonardt, Birmingham, manufacturer. provements in the manufacture of metallic boxes. 3431 B. W. A. Sleigh, Langham-place, Portland-place. Improvements in hydrostatic rotary motive power engines. 3432 G. Payne, Belmont Works, Battersea, chemist. Improvements in the manufacture of soap.

3434 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in fixing rails to the sleepers or permanent way of railways. (A communication.)

3435 C. Sheridan, Strand. A new or improved process for the manufacture of oakum.

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3444 C. D. Abel, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for rippling or seeding flax. (A communication.)

3446 J. T. Griffin, Fleet-street. Improvements in calendar movements for clocks. (A communication.)

3448 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in the manufacture of hydrogen gas and in apparatus for the same, also in the application of the said gas for lighting and heating and as a motive power. (A communication.)

3450 L. G. Speyser, Haydon-square, Minories. Improvements in mixing apparatus for mixing mortar and similar materials.

Dated January 1, 1867.

2 W. Muir, John-street, Adelphi, Strand, engineer. Improvements in planing machines, which improvements are also applicable to other machines and engines in which sliding surfaces are employed.

4 G. Stuart, Aberdeen. Improvements in the manufacture of combs and in the machinery or apparatus employed therefor.

6 H. A. James, Cheltenham. An improved portable folding chair. 8 G. B. Woodruff and G. Browning, Cheapside, engineers. Improvements in the construction of button hole sewing machines. Dated January 2, 1867.

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NOTICES OF INTENTION TO PROCEED WITH PATENTS.

From the London Gazette, January 22, 1867. 2326 E. Harlow. Breechloading firearms. 2343 J. P. Bright. Ornamenting articles of furniture. 2345 S. Woodall and J. M. Van Winkle. Securing the ends of hoops.

2350 E. Phillips and J. Howie. Cutting textile fabrics. 2353 F. G. A. Horstmann. Motive power. 2359 C. H. Cheshire. Metal spring box. 2360 A. Cairns. Liquid compasses.

2363 C. F. Varley. Obtaining latitude. 2364 C. P. Stewart and H. Chapman. Planing metals, 2367 J. Boyd, J. M'Pherson, T. K. Kerr, and J. Taylor. Winding apparatus.

2369 W. Tunstall. Braiding machines. 2370 T. Newes. Fastenings for bands.

2374 B. Bayliss, 2376 W. Creasy. 2376 J. Twibill.

Iron.
Drying grain.
Steam generators.
2378 J. Jackson. Ships' anchors.

2380 P. Brash and W. Young. Oil from shale.
2390 G. Dyson, Smelting iron.

2397 J. H. Sams. Tightening wire.
2408 T. Dixon. Steam boiler.
2433 G. Dyson. Drying corn.

2462 J. Lawson and E. G. Fitton. Spinning flax.
2466 A. V. Newton. Steam engines. (A communica

tion.)

2496 A. V. Newton. Distilling petroleum. (A commu nication.)

2562 J. Ferrabee. Preparing wool.

2622 J. Syme. Breechloading firearms.

2719 F. Petitdider. Applying designs to fabrics. 2772 A. Turner, Elastic fabrics.

3004 E. Drucker. Eyelet machine. (A communication.) 3106 W. E. Newton. Extracting oil from bituminous substances. (A communication.)

3288 H. Brinsmead, Pianofortes.

3295 C. Randolph. Propelling vessels. 3355 A. V. Newton. Coating ships' bottoms. (A communication.)

3363 J. Anderson. Motive power.

The full titles of the patents in the above list can be ascertained by referring back to their numbers in the list of provisional protections previously published.

Opposition can be entered to the granting of a patent to any of the parties in the above list who have given notice of their intention to proceed, within twenty-one days from the date of the Gazette in which the notice appears, by leaving at the Commissioners' office particularsin writing of the objection to the application.

12 J. O, Ellison, Shelf Dye Works, near Halifax. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for folding fabrics, and also for holding and inserting cardboards, metallic PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £50 HAS BEEN PAID. plates, or other substances between the folds of fabrics to be pressed.

Dated January 3, 1867.

16 G. B. Smith, Birmingham, manufacturer. Improvements in supports for the insulators of electrio telegraphs, and in affixing the said supports to the posts of the said

telegraphs.

18 W. Chippendale, Harrogate, Yorkshire. Improvements in apparatus employed in coupling railway carriages to each other.

22 W. Knaggs, Euston Grove, Euston-square. Improvements in apparatus for evaporating and boiling saccharine liquors. Dated January 4, 1867.

64 J. Coppard 111 W. Tongue 127 E. Lord 134 W. H. Marks 148 J. D. Jobin 151 J. Hamer 156 J. Wilson 158 G. E. Donisthorpe 194 T. Bright

165 J. Burch and S. Fearn ley

195 R. A. and E. Wright 199 J. E. Dix

211 T. Bradford 216 J. Stuttaford 222 W. Norton 245 S. Dixon and J. Calvert, jun.

consulting engineer. Improvements in cartridges.
24 G. Haseltine, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, PATENTS ON WHICH THE STAMP DUTY OF £100

communication.)

(A

3397 J. Fletcher and J. Carr, Blackburn, machinists.
28 P. Dagnall, Aldershot, Corp. Royal Engineers, Im-
Improvements in or applicable to machines for sizing yarns
or threads preparatory to weaving, parts of which improve-provements in breechloading firearms.
30 E. N. Gregory, Camberwell, paper machine wire cloth
ments are applicable to other purposes.
manufacturer. Improvements in paper-making machinery.

Dated December 28, 1866.

3401 W. Bradburn, Wednesfield, Wolverhampton, arti-
ficial manure manufacturer. Improvements in treating PATENTS APPLIED FOR WITH COMPLETE SPECI-

excrementitious matters and other refuse matters for the purpose of obtaining valuable products therefrom, and in apparatus to be employed for that purpose.

3405 W. Clark, Chancery-lane, engineer. Improvements in valves. (A communication.)

3407 E. Storey, Lancaster, manufacturer. Improvements in or applicable to marine, locomotive, stationary, and other steam boilers. 3408 A. V. Newton, Chancery-lane, mechanical draftsmau. An improved drying apparatus. (A communication.)

3409 W. H. Cutler, Eton, Buckinghamshire, and T. Brown, Grove Villas, Victoria Park, civil engineers. Improvements in cocks for stopping and regulating the flow of steam, water, and other fluids.

Im.

3410 F. Watkins, London Works, Birmingham, provements in machinery for cutting, punching, and shaping metals for screw nuts and like articles.

3411 H. B. Condy, Battersea, manufacturing chemist. Improvements in the manufacture of chlorine, and in preparations for evolving chlorine for disinfecting and other purposes.

3412 F. Watkins, London Works, Birmingham. Improvements in machinery for shaping and forging metals into rivets, bolts, screw blanks, and like articles.

3413 W. Thomson, Railway Foundry and Ironworks, Normanton, Yorkshire. Improvements in apparatus for actuating the points or switches of railways.

FICATIONS.

Dated January 14, 1867.

HAS BEEN PAID. 147 G. H. and H. R. Cot- 155 J. F. Belleville Dot

tam

LIST OF SPECIFICATIONS PUBLISHED For the Week ending January 19, 1867.

97 G. Haseltine, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, No. Pr. No. Pr. |No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. No. Pr. |
civil engineer. Improvements in machinery for felting
ha: bodies. (A communication.)

Dated January 15, 1867.

102 H. A. Bonneville, Porchester-terrace, Bayswater. Improvements in small arms. (A communication.) 103 H. A. Bonneville, Porchester-terrace, Bayswater. Improvements in sewing machines. (A communication.)

8. d. s. d. s. d. 4/1521 1 615310 615400 10 41522 0 4 1532 0 10 15410 4 41523 0 41533 0 10 15421 0

6 1502 0 0 1503 0

s. d. s. d. s. d. 1393 0 4 1501 0 6 15110 1492 0 1493 3

415120

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4 1513 1 415141

015240 10 15340 4154314

8 15150 41525 L 4 1516 1

61535 0 815441 2 215261 10 1536 0 10 15451 2 015170 4 1527 0

61537 0 415461 0 615380 4.547/0 815390

415180 41528 0 1015190 41529 0 4 1520 0 615300 10

15480 8

NOTE.-Specifications will be forwarded by post from the

2012 W. Hartcliffe, jun., Great Seal Patent Office (publishing department) on re

and T. H. Lee

2026 W. E. Newton

2119 W. Clark 2123 W. E. Newton 2491 W. Clark 2653 E. M. Boxer

ceipt of the amount of price and postage. Sums exceeding 5s. must be remitted by Post Office Order, made payable at the Post Office, High Holborn, to Mr. Bennett Woodcro t, Great Seal Patent Office, 25, Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane.

THE

for a certain time on a body when the motion from the greater surface of chest affected when of that body is not prevented by an opposing the anvil is interposed. But the anvil might force. And we see further that dynamical be replaced by a long bar of equal weight,

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE. force in its effects is statical, that is to say, and that end of it supported by the chest

LONDON: FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1867.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ELEMENT
TIME ON THE EFFECTS OF PROJEC-
TILE FORCE.

THE

come.

=

it is resolved into a statical form during its made of equal diameter to the face of the action. For a body in motion is brought to a hammer, and yet the effect produced on the state of rest by a certain resistance or pressure chest of the man by striking the other end opposing its motion for a certain length of with the hammer would still be insignificant. time, the intensity of such resistance and the Now the explanation given of this fact is that time for which it must act being determined the momentum of the hammer, 40, is but by the formula we have before referred to. just sufficient to overcome the vis inertia of There are people, however, who appear to be the anvil, which is proportionate to the weights, under the impression that bodies moving with and that consequently the effect is too small HE word force is popularly used, both in a high velocity possess mysterious and occult to be appreciated. But we cannot see that an abstract and material sense, to ex-powers of overcoming resistance extra and this explanation is any at all. The momentum press the agent by which resistance is over- additional to that expressed by these formula. given to the anvil, and with which it strikes In physical science it is used in That the effects produced by high velocities the chest, is the same as that before possessed the material sense only, and it may be are sometimes remarkable and apparently un- by the hammer. The only difference lies in generally defined as expressing the tendency accountable for by the simple laws at present the fact that in one case the chest is struck by which matter has to move in a certain direction. received, we admit, and to the causes and a heavy weight with a low velocity, and in This direction may be either towards the nature of those effects we shall presently refer. the other by a light weight with a high veloearth under the influence of gravity or towards But the supposition that a projectile body is city. But, although the momentum in the one other matter under the influence of the various capable of overcoming more resistance, or, as case is equal to the momentum in the other, forms of attraction, such as molecular attrac-it is termed, doing more "work" than that as the vis viva in the two cases is widely diftion, magnetical or electrical attraction, &c. expressed by these formulæ, is contrary to the ferent. The destructive effects, therefore, as Now as long as the tendency that matter has first and simple laws of motion as laid down measured by the depth penetrated on the to move under the influence of these various by Newton, and, until proved by logical space through which the resistance is overforms of attraction is resisted, the body remains inferences, is not likely to meet with come, must be just as widely different. For in passive and no effect is produced. If, however, support. the case where the anvil is used, the vis viva the opposing resistance is taken away, the The pressure which after acting a certain or the value of w v2 = 40 x 12 40; in the body will move in the direction of the force, time on a body will give it a certain velocity case where the hammer only is used, the value and, being continually acted upon by it, will of motion, must necessarily act on the body of wv28×20=3200; that is to say, it is attain considerable velocity, and will then after it has commenced to move, and must twenty times as much in the one case as in strike any opposing body with violence. The therefore act through a certain space. Simi- the other. To take a more extreme case, let force, in fact, which was before expended larly the resistance which destroys the velocity a bullet weighing oz. or 1-32lb., travelling against the opposing resistance accumulates thus imparted must act through a certain with a velocity of 1,280ft. per sec., take the during the absence of that resistance and be-space likewise in order to do so, and the latter place of the hammer and anvil. The momencomes stored up in the moving body. While element (space) may be substituted for the tum would still be the same, but the vis viva the body was passive the form of the force in- element time in the preceding formula, and its would be 1-32 × 12802 51 00 or 1,280 fluencing it was that of pressure. The same relation to the velocity produced is then ex-times greater than in the case of the hammer force acting on it when its motion is unop- pressed by the formula 2 p g sw v2. The and anvil. It is on this principle that we usually posed becomes momentum. In the one case first formula we know is used when comparing say that the value of velocity for effecting the force can act only with a certain moderate force and resistance in the abstract. The penetration increases in the ratio of its square. intensity, but for any length of time. In the latter expresses a relation between the weight It can be shown, however, that its value for other it may act with infinite intensity, but and velocity of a moving body and the extent this purpose increases in a far higher ratio. the duration of its action will then be pro- of the effect produced by it: as for instance, portionately short. We say it may act, for it the depth to which a shot will penetrate a will depend on the nature of the resistance by bank of earth, or the thickness of iron which which its motion is opposed, and by which it it will pierce. It would thus appear that is again brought into a state of rest, whether the there exists in matter a certain latent force duration of its action is long or short and whether which is called forth when its particles are the intensity of its action is small or great. separated or torn apart. This latent force or If its motion is gradually checked by the re-resistance we speak of as "the work required sistance opposed to its passage through a to be done" in order to separate its particles, medium like the atmosphere, the intensity of and it varies as the resistance opposed, multithe action is small and its duration consider-plied by the space through which that resistable. If, on the other hand, it is suddenly ance acts; while the power of matter in brought to rest by striking against a granite motion to overcome that resistance varies as rock or a mass of iron, its action is almost its weight multiplied by the square of its veloinstantaneous and its intensity very great. city. The high value of velocity as compared The relation of these different forms which the with weight for effecting penetration partly exsame force may take are expressed in mathe-plains the reason why the hand guns of the four-tion and the destruction of the buffer would

matical science as follows:-A force p may act teenth and fifteenth centuries, in spite of their
on a body whose weight is w for a certain cumbrous form, inaccuracy, and short range,
time t, and the amount of force expended during were quickly and permanently substituted for
that time is expressed as p g t, as long as the bows and crossbows. The initial velocity of
motion of the body is resisted. If the motion the missiles of the former was greatly superior
is unopposed during that time, the force ac- to those of the latter, and hence the superiority
cumulates and becomes momentum, and at the of their penetrating power, while the greater
end of the time ta certain velocity v is gene- range of the latter was attributable to the
rated in the body, and the relation of the two small surface they opposed to the resistance of
forms of force is expressed by the formula the air. The bearing of this law is hardly
pgt-w v. If the body in its motion meets sufficiently understood, even by those who
with a resistance P, it is brought to rest again might be expected to be thoroughly acquainted
in a time T, during which its form is again with its existence. Thus, in works with con-
changed to one similar to its first, and the re-siderable pretensions to science, crude and
lation of the three forms is expressed by the
formula p gtw v = Pg T.

Now in speaking of these different forms of force, we should term the first and last statical force and the other dynamical force. But in making use of these terms we must not forget that the force itself is the same, and that the different effects produced depend on the different nature of the resistance opposed to it. It would, indeed, be more truly correct if we used the above terms to distinguish the different effects produced by the force and not the different forms of the force itself. We thus see that force takes the dynamic form when unopposed by other force, or that the dynamic form is produced by statical force or pressure acting

erroneous explanations of familiar physical
phenomena often appear, and such errors have
generally arisen from a want of perception of
the bearing of this law. For instance, most
people are well acquainted with the fact that
if a person with a hammer, weighing (say)
2lb., were to strike another on the chest,
giving the hammer a velocity of 20ft. per
second, the effect produced would probably
be to crush the chest of the person. But if an
anvil weighing 401b. were first placed on his
chest, and the force transmitted through the
anvil by striking it and not the chest with the
hammer, not the slightest injury would follow.
Doubtless one cause of the small comparative
effect is due to the greater resistance opposed

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Certain circumstances attendant on the action of projectile force cause it to produce effects widely different, although its amount, as measured by its vis viva, may be the same. It is well known that the effects of a man pushing a hard and heavy body, and striking the same a sharp blow with his fist, are very different. In the one case the body is moved, if its vis inertia is not too great; in the other, either it or the striker's fist is bruised, while little or no motion is imparted to it. Simi. larly, also, would the effect of a cannon shot striking the buffer of a railway carriage with a high velocity differ from the effect produced by the buffer of a railway engine coming in contact with it at a low velocity. Penetrabe the result in the one case; the motion of the carriage in the other. Yet the amount of vis viva of the different kinds of force in each case might be identical. What, then, causes the difference in the effect? Evidently the relative velocity. With a high velocity, the effect is more or less about the part struck, producing bruising or penetration. With a low velocity, the effect is more or less sensibly felt over the whole body, thus producing motion. In the one case it is confined to the immediate point of impact; in the other, it is distributed throughout the whole mass.

Let us, therefore, consider the value of this velocity in producing one or the other of these different effects. It will readily be admitted that no effect whatever can take place without some expense of time, and it is evident that time is consumed, even during the comparatively momentary resistance offered by a material like iron, to compression, or penetration by a shot. Now we know that two perfectly elastic balls of different weights, but with the same vis viva, and therefore different, veiocities, upon striking a wall, will likewise rebound with different velocities, the one with the higher velocity rebounding also with higher velocity than the other. We may, therefore, reasonably assign to the time during impact, or that between the stroke and recoil

a shorter duration in the former case than in the latter. Or, take the case of two shot penetrating an iron plate under similar circumstances. The one with the higher velocity will pass through and continue its flight with greater velocity than the other. The resistance of the plate will therefore act against it for a shorter period than against the other, and the duration of such period will be inversely proportionate to the velocity. This may be shown to be the case as follows:-Let us suppose that the resistance of the plate just destroys the momentum of each of the shot, and that the vis viva of one equals that of the other.

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v Οι

=

Again, supposing that the resistance of the
plate considered uniform acted against one
shot through a greater space than against the
other. For instance, two perfectly similar
shot travelling with equal velocity might
strike different plates both of the same thick-
ness and tenacity but with different degrees of
ductility, so that the fibres of the piece torn
out by one shot would extend and draw out
more before it was separated from the parts of
the plate surrounding it than that torn out by
the other. The time in that case will be found
to vary as the square roots of the spaces.
Let P=
uniform resistance opposed by
either plate,

t = the time of its action against one
shot,

8= the space through which it acts against the same shot, and t, and s the time and space respectively through which the resistance of the other plate acts against the

other shot.

Let w = the weight of each of the shot,
= the velocity destroyed by the first
plate,

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Then

=

pg t

the velocity destroyed by the
second plate.

pg s

= w v
= w v2

pg t
pg 8

= w v2

= w v12

P

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g t

=

gt

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= ગ

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pulled upon pull again upon those surrounding them, and so on. In this manner will the strain be transmitted throughout the body, tending to separate the contiguous particles from each other. But this tendency will not be felt by the particles at one part of the plate so long as at another, for time is required the for the force to travel, and a state of tension, will not be produced between the particles more remote as soon as between those that are nearer the point of impact. Since, then, all strain ceases directly the shot has expended its force, it follows that the particles more remote will not be so long in a state of tension as those that are nearer the point of impact. Now, force will travel at an uniform rate in a homogeneous material. Therefore, the length of time that the tension will exist between any particular particles will be inversely proportionate to their distance from the point ofimpact.

the velo

city of the projectile after penetration.

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The resistance of the body being considered
uniform, we may conceive the space through
which that resistance acts to be divided into
a number of indefinitely small spaces, each of
which will destroy an equal degree of the pro-
jectile's velocity, so that the velocity will
decrease regularly from the first to the last
instant of penetration, and the mean of the
striking and remaining velocities will thus be
the average velocity of penetration; also the
time of its passage being inversely propor-
tionate to the average velocity, and directly
as the square root of the space.
1 v + v

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shot, contiguous to each other, but at different distances from the point of impact D.

The effect of the force of the shot as we have explained will be to produce a state of tension between B and C and between A and B. It will be evident, however, that the force tending to separate B from A is dependent on the degree of tension between B and C. Now from this strain between the particles, extension is produced, and as this extension increases so also does the resistance to further extension. The tension, therefore, between A and B and between B and C during the action of the shot is increasing. It is, however, always greater between B and C than between A and B in an infinitely small degree, has acted on B and C than upon A and B. dependent on the longer time that the strain Now the tension between B and C is the force acting on A and B, and the tension between A and B is the resistance. Let, then, P= the force and W the resistance. Then

P

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g is
W
the accelerating force by which B is moved
from A.
1 P
2.9t2= 8.

The difference between the value of P and
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If we agitate one end of a long wire fence, we may watch the motion travel to the other extremity, and we can count the number of seconds which it took to reach that end. W being indefinitely small, may be conAgain, we can distinctly mark the gradual ex-sidered equal to unity; therefore, g ť =8 tension of the circling ripples produced by and being constant, we see that the space dropping a stone into still water. In both (s) varies as the square of the time (t), i.e., the these cases, therefore, motion, the effect of degree of extension between A and B is proforce, requires time for its distribution; sound, portionate to the square of the time that the also, is nothing else but vibratory motion im-strain lasts. parted to the atmosphere or other medium, If we take the resistance to the extension to and it is well known that its velocity can easily be measured. Thus in all bodies, solid, liquid, and aëriform, time is required for the transmission of force. This being so, we may conceive the case of a force acting against a body for so short a period that the whole of its effect has not time to be distributed throughout that body.

Thus, take the case of a shot striking an iron plate. It tends to tear away a piece of iron of about the same diameter as itself from the remainder of the plate. This piece may or may not be torn away as the case may be, but the tendency is just the same, and as long as the action of the shot continues, the particles on the circumference of the piece of plate and those immediately surrounding it are in a state of tension. The latter also pull upon Lastly, let us suppose the case of a projectile those surrounding them, and the particles thus

vary with the extension, which it approximately does in most bodies, then it also will vary as the square of the time. Hence the work done on any particular particle, being proportionate to the resistance overcome, multiplied by the space through which it is overcome, it will vary as txt, or as the fourth power of the time. But the time that the strain acts on any particular particle is inversely proportionate to its distance from the point of impact. Therefore the work done on any particular point on the surface of the plate will be inversely proportionate to the fourth power of its distance from the point of impact.

Now, if we conceive cones to be placed on the surface of a plate struck by a shot, their apices directly over the point of impact, their depth at any point being inversely propor

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