upper surface of the materials is by this means polished by the roller at the same time that the pistons compress the materials from below. After the moulds have been carried past this polishing roller, the piston of each mould is, by inclines, caused to rise still further, until the moulded bricks have been entirely raised out from their moulds; a workman then lifts off the bricks, and the trucks pass back for the moulds to be again filled with materials. Patent abandoned.

1769 G. F. STARNES. Improvements in cotton gins. Dated July 3, 1866. This invention relates to improving the construction of cotton gins in such a manner that the cotton to be operated upon cannot clog or bind, nor the seed crush against the roll, and the "lump" be thereby prevented from getting through. The improvements consist, firstly, in mounting the bottom knife of the gin upon two studs or centres, in such a manner that it may constantly oscillate with a regular motion, so as to describe a portion of a circle; so that while it maintains contact with, and pressure against, the leather roll, the point of contact therewith varies, and the following useful effect is produced, viz., the "lump of cotton is allowed to pass through, instead of clogging and cutting the leather roll, as would be the case with the old gins. Patent abandoned.

be

1770 D. NICHOLS and W. B. LEACHMAN. Improved machinery for manufacturing bricks. Dated July 4, 1866. The object of this invention is not only to form or mould the brick of the required size, but likewise to press the clay during the operation of forming or moulding, and thus to deliver it a pressed brick. For this purpose, on two strong and suitable side frames, placed parallel to each other, the patentees mount transversely, and on the same horizontal line, two crushing rollers, set at convenient distances apart for the admission of clay, which is furnished from a hopper placed over the rollers and screwed to the side frames. The rollers may, if desired, have smooth peripheries, but the patentees prefer to have them slightly grooved spirally and in opposite directions, that is, right and left-handed, in order to produce a superior crushing effect when foreign matter is mingled with the clay, and also to prevent the caking of the same. On the front part of the frame they mount the driving shaft, which may either put in motion by ordinary gearing or by belting. Or this shaft they place a double-grooved cam. In the one groove they place a pin connected to a die rod, which has a reciprocal motion and works horizontally underneath the crushing rollers, the die being of the same dimensions in length and depth as the required brick. The groove on the opposite side of the cam has a pin connected by means of a guide rod and pin to a horizontal lever, which in turn is connected to a knife working in half grooves horizontally over the die. The knife cuts off or separates the clay in the mould from that which is in the space between the rollers and the mould. The mould is formed of fixed and movable pieces, the latter being the sides and top, or knife. The horizontal lever above named, which is connected to the knife, carries also a pin which works in the slotted shorter arm of a lever keyed to a cross shaft between the frames. The longer arm of this lever is connected by means of a rod to a bell-cranked lever at the delivering or back part of the machine. The upper arm of this latter lever raises or depresses a door which forms one of the sides of the mould. Patent completed.

1771 R. A. YOUNG. Improvements in the busks of stays and corsets. Dated July 4, 1866.

This invention consists in galvanising or tinning the surfaces of the busks. Patent abandoned.

1772 W. M'ALLUM. Improvements in the manufacture of machine wires. Dated July 4, 1866. The patentee claims the production of "machine wires" in which the warps or longitudinal wires are composed of wire in an annealed state, thereby adding to the durability of the machine wires. Patent completed.

1773 A. MYERNS. Improvements in the construction and arrangement of the fastenings of leggings, gaiters, antipropelas, and such like articles of dress. Dated July 4, 1866.

To each edge of the article the inventor affixes a flat strip of metal of nearly the entire length of the article; in one of the aforesaid ships of metal, and equidistant from each other, he forms two elongated slots or openings, and one round hole, which are concealed by the material at the outside of the article, but are exposed at the inside thereof, and to the other strip of metal he fixes three studs projecting outwards; the two lower studs are formed with necks, and the uppermost stud is a pin with a notch formed therein. These studs are intended to take and lock into the holes in the other aforesaid strip of metal, and operate as follows:-In adjusting the legging the two lower studs are inserted in the corresponding holes, and these studs pulled up; the top stud or pin is then pushed into its respective hole, and becomes locked therein by a spring plate placed in the said hole. Patent abandoned.

1774 J. CLEGG and J. SMITH. Improvements in the manufacture of ribbed pile fabrics. Dated July 4, 1866. In manufacturing ribbed piled fabrics it is very desirable to obtain a well-covered surface, and to prevent the founda. tion or back of the cloth being exposed between the cords when the pile is cut and fabric is finished. Now in order to produce a fabric possessing these properties, the patentees weave in an ordinary loom a fabric, the back or foundation of which is ribbed in the manner known to the trade as the royal rib, and the face is produced by floating the weft threads over five or any other convenient number of warp threads, according to the size of the cord required to be produced. This improved fabric, when woven, is cut in the same manner as the fabrics known as cords or fustians, and then dryed and finished as usual. It has heretofore been customary in weaving fastians and other pile fabrics to make a twilled back or foundation, but by making the foundation in the manner known as the royal rib, the face of the fabric when cut and finished becomes undulating instead of perfectly straight, which undulating surface is considered a great benefit, as it improves the finish, and consequently the market value of the fabric. Patent completed.

The documents relating to this invention are with the law officers under objection, and cannot at present be seen. 1777 M. HENRY. Improvements in governors. (A communication.) Dated July 4, 1866.

strength to the same. substantially as described; second, providing for locking or securing the sectional connecting links or overlapping hooks, substantially as described. Patent completed.

1786 L. FIELD. Improvements in photographic printing In the specification of a British patent obtained by the This invention consists in the arrangement hereinafter present patentee on the 21st December, 1864 (No. 3169) he frames. Dated July 6, 1866. described various arrangements of centrifugal action governors, all having for their object to render the speed of described of the parts of photographic printing frames used rotation independent of the distance between the weights, for printing positive photographs from negative photoand he applied the term "isochronism" to the property or graphs. The inventor arranges the parts of photographic characteristic common to these various arrangements. But printing frames as follows:-He employs two flaps carryin seeking to apply the new principle of construction to ing respectively the negative and the paper or material on which the positive is to be printed; he calls these parts the steam engine governors he found that the arrangement had The two flaps a tendency to depart from a regular or uniform motion, negative and positive flaps respectively. are hinged together so as to close upon one another, and and to acquire a velocity sometimes greater and at other studs on the edge of one take into holes in the edge of the times less than the mean velocity. In endeavouring to other to ensure the flaps closing truly upon one another. obviate this objection he has at length ascertained that the The negative flap consists of a frame carrying an inner real method consists in communicating motion to the weights of the governor by the intervention of appliances frame, in which a sheet of glass is fixed to support the necapable of being acted upon by the variation which pre-gative. The inner frame is connected with the principal or outer frame by means of springs at its corners, so that cedes and effects change of velocity. A governor thus conthe negative can take an exact bearing on the positive surstructed becomes what he calls a compound speed and acface pressed against it during printing. When this bearceleration governor, by which he means a governor acted on partly by the effect of speed, and partly by that of ac- ing is obtained the inner frame can be fixed by means of The positive flap consists of a frame celeration. As a speed governor it tends continuously to a clamping screws. certain determinate velocity, and as an acceleration go- carrying a panel having a number of parallel slots in it. An ordinary pneumatic plate holder is fixed in any revernor it begins its work by the acceleration of speed, and before the velocity has undergone such alteration as would quired position on the panel by means of the slots, and the plate of opal glass or a board carrying the positive be necessary for putting the ordinary governor in motion. paper is held by the pneumatic plate holder; the surface Whatever be in other respects the construction of governor to be printed can be brought to any required part of the to which the new principle of construction is to be applied, the means consist, first, in rendering the governor weights flap, so as to take a print from any part of a negative. independent of the axis which carries them, and as free When a positive is to be taken on opal glass, the said thereon as possible. Secondly, in communicating motion glass is held directly by the pneumatic plate holder. When a positive is to be taken on paper, the paper (prepared in to them by means of a bush, ferrule, or tube having a helicoidal or spiral screw thread thereon, and fitted on a por-spring strips at the edges of the said board or panel, and the usual way) is placed on a board or panel, and held by tion of the axis, which is screw threaded in like manner, the said board or panel is held by the pneumatic plate so that the two take into each other like a nut and screw. The direction of spiral curvature is so arranged with reholder. The negative being placed in the negative flap, spect to the direction of rotation of the governor that, by and the opal glass or paper in the positive flap, the latter the increase of speed, the reaction exerted on the bush in is closed or turned down upon the former, and secured by the direction of the axis will tend to throw out or separate hook fastenings. The bearing of the positive surface upon the weights, and decrease of speed will produce a contrary the negative is obtained in the manner herein before lescribed. The frame is exposed to light in the usual way, effect. Patent completed. and the progress of the printing may be examined from time to time by raising the positive flap from the negative flap. In order to fix the negative steadily in the negative flap the said flap is provided with a metal bearing at one end and a bow spring at the other, between which the negative is held. A series of frames similarly furnished with metal bearings and bow springs is provided to fit in one another, to be used with negatives of different sizes. Patent abandoned.

1778 C. DOUGHTY. Improvements in apparatus for distilling the grease of cotton seed oil and other fatty matters. Dated July 4, 1866.

For this purpose the patentee employs superheated
steam in the following manner:-The steam enters by a
pipe from the superheater, and passes by spiral coils into
and through the grease or matter to be distilled, discharg-
ing itself through the bottom coil or coils, which are per-
forated for the purpose of allowing it to be blown in
amongst the contents of the still, and thus to facilitate the
process of distillation. Patent completed.

1779 A. V. NEWTON. Improvements in sewing machi-
nery. (A communication.) Dated July 5, 1866.
This invention is not described apart from the drawings.
Patent completed.

1780 W. E. GEDGE. Manufacturing, by the aid of a
special arrangement of cylinders or rollers, a novel sort of
bur or rod iron suitable for making horseshoe nails. (A
communication.) Dated July 5, 1866.

This inveution is not described apart from the drawings.
Patent completed.

1781 R. FoWLER. Improvements in locomotive engines
and tenders. (A communication.) Dated July 5, 1866.
This invention cannot be described without reference to
the drawings. The patentee claims, first, the combination
of two bogie frames with a main frame carrying at one end
the boiler, and at the other end the tender, as is described;
second, the interposing spring or buffer bearings between
the bogie frames and main frames; third, the supply steam
to the steam cylinders carried by the bogie frame of a loco-
the pivot around which the bogie frame performs its lock-
motive engine through a hollow socket joint, which forms
ing motion, as described; fourth, the inclining downwards,
as described, the roof of the firebox and the tubes of the
boiler of a locomotive engine, to keep the same well covered
with water when the engine is ascending and descending in-
clines; fifth, in forming the tubular flues of tubular steam
boilers of varying diameters, in order to equalise the draught
through the tubes, as described. Patent completed,
1782 H. G. FAIRBURN. An improved process for forming
and combining small coal or coal dust into lumps, blocks, or
Dated
otherwise, to be employed for the purposes of fuel.
July 5, 1866.
This invention consists in subjecting the small coal or
coal dust to the action of surcharged or superheated steam.
Patent completed.

1783 A. V. NEWTON. Improved steering apparatus.
communication.) Dated July 5, 1866.

(A

The object of this invention is to facilitate the manoeuvring or turning of ships and other sailing vessels by applying to them a steering apparatus which is enclosed within a tube of suitable dimensions passing through the hull of the vessel either at the forward or rear part thereof, so as to be out of the way of injury from external causes, and so as to act and react upon the water in a direction which is trans. versely or obliquely to the length of the vessel, thereby admitting of a vessel being quickly turned in either direction, whether under headway or lying at rest. The tube, whether made straight or curved, is fitted with a screw, the blades of which are made to play freely in it. The screw is applied to a transverse shaft, which is driven by bevel wheels or other gearing set in motion by a large bevel wheel keyed to the lower end of a vertical shaft. This shaft passes up through the decks, and on each deck a capstan is applied to it, by which means the shaft can be turned by manual power from either deck. Patent abandoned.

1784 J. D. BRUNTON. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for sinking shafts or pits, and driving tunnels and galleries. Dated July 5, 1866.

This invention consists in the construction and applica. tion of machinery or apparatus for sinking shafts and pits, and for driving or excavating tunnels, galleries, or adits, wherein one or more cutting discs are caused to revolve on their own axis or axes, such axis or axes revolving round a centre, which also revolves round another fixed centre. Patent completed.

1785 A. V. NEWTON. Improvements in the construction of connecting links or hooks. (A communication.) Dated July 5, 1866.

The patentee claims, first, constructing sectional links and books with abutting or interlocking parts for affording

1787 W. CHESNEY.

Improvements in the manufacture or water and steam cocks or stop valves, applicable also fo other like purposes. Dated July 6, 1866.

The object of this invention is to construct a durable and efficient valve cock or stop valve made for stopping or regulating the flow of water, steam, gas, or other fluids and liquids. For water work purposes the patentee proposes to bring the pressure to the back of the valve; this will prevent waste should the screw become worn, and by this means the pressure will keep the valve closed, and by bringing the pressure to the back of the valve the wear will be very much reduced, as less strain will be required to close the valve. Concussion will also be prevented. The cock is so constructed that its body or chamber has nothing to do with the fit of the valve, the said body or chamber, being a receptacle for the working parts. The working parts are fitted together separate from the said body or chamber, and are placed in the said body or chamber, and secured by means of joints, or washers and ⚫ screws, or screws and nuts. By this arrangement no derangement is caused between the valve and face by fixing it in its place, as the valve and seat are both in the part inserted. Suitable means are also provided to keep the valve from turning whilst being opened or shut. by this arrangement the valve and seat or washer always come together in the same manner, so that no undue wear is caused to the said valve or face. This is very important, espe cially where the valve faces against leather, india-rabber, gutta-percha, or any other like substance. Putent completed.

1788 E. H. AYDON and E. FIELD. Improvements in drawing or exhausting and forcing fluids, and in instruments or apparatus applicable to such purposes. Dated July 6, 1866.

This invention has for its object improvements in draw ing or exhausting and forcing fluids,fand in instruments or apparatus applicable to such purposes, and consists, firstly, in causing the forward motion of a ship or vessel through the water to induce a current whereby bilge or other water may be drawn from the interior of such ship or vessel and ejected. Secondly, in drawing or ejecting bilge or other water from ships or vessels by means of a current or cutrents of steam (either dry or saturated) acting so as to create a partial vacuum, and induce a current or currents in a pipe or passage, or pipes or passages communicating with such bilge or other water. Thirdly, in making use of the mixed water and steam required to be blown off from the boilers of steam vessels for the purpose of causing or inducing currents, whereby bilge and other water may be drawn and ejected from such ships or vessels. Fourthly, in the employment of steam-induced currents instead of air pumps, as previously used, for the purpose of drawing from or exhausting vacuum pans and the condensers of steam engines of their contents. Fifthly, in the ventilation of ships or vessels by the use of steam-induced currents communicating with suitable pipes or passages, whereby fresh air is drawn into and foul or deteriorated air expelled from the same. Sixthly, in the ventilation of railway and other tunnels and of sewers by means of steam-induced currents. Seventhly, in forcing the exhaust steam of steam engines and other waste steam, by means of steam-induced currents, through superheaters for the purpose of thereby generating steam in other vessels. Eighthly, in the use of steam-induced curren's for the purpose of drawing or inducing a regular flow of water amidst or amongst and past the outer surfaces of the pipes or passages of surface condensers. Ninthly, in the use of like steam induce i currents for the purposes of drawing and forcing water in what are known as steam fire engines for the extinction of fires without the employment of pumps for such purpose. Patent completed.

1789 J. A. SALMON. Dated July 6, 1866.

Certain improvements in furnaces.

This invention is designed for the purpose of effecting

by the tapes only, or with the addition of the steel strips in
that part. Patent completed.

1797 J. MURRAY. Improvements in the preparation and
application of surfaces for disposing and picking up coin.
Dated July 7, 1866.

This invention consists in straining a thickness of cloth, say Brussels carpet, or other suitable fabrics, over a soft padding or stuffing, in order to facilitate the picking up of coin, the same being applicable for the counters of shops, and other similar places. Patent completed.

the more perfect combustion of gases evolved from the fuel
in furnaces, and the improvements consist in extending the
space of the furnace beyond the firebars, such extension
forming the upper surface of a hollow receiver for fuel,
which is fed into the same through the ashpit and beneath
the ordinary firebars, the bridge of the furnace being
placed at a short distance from the point where the
extended furnace terminates. The extended portion of the
furnace, becoming excessively heated by the fuel it contains,
effects a thorough combustion of the gases evolved from the
fuel on the ordinary firebars as such gases are passing over
1798 W. CLARK. Improvements in sewing machines.
the same into the flue. A second part of the improvements (A communication.) Dated July 7, 1866.
consists in applying furnaces to boilers where there is no
This invention consists in the arrangement of a disc with
internal space for the same. The patentee constructs out-
a many-cornered groove formed by a screw of wings turned
side the boiler a semicircular jacket, the space formed be-
out alternately in opposite directions, in combination with
tween the inside of the jacket and the outer surface of the
a clamping screw, spring, and flannel belt, or other soft
boiler being employed for the purpose of containing fuel,
which is fed into the same through apertures formed there- substance, on each side of the disc, and with the thread
in on each side of the boiler; the fuel as it is fed into the running from the spool to the needle, in such a manner
furnace through these apertures falls on to ridges or steps, that, by the many-cornered groove, the thread is prevented
from slipping on the disc, and the tension of the needle
which have the effect of gradually allowing such fuel as it
thread can be regulated with the greatest facility and accu-
is reduced to ashes to fall and accumulate upon a grid at
racy. It consists, also, in an arrangement of slots extend-
the bottom, whence it is withdrawn through a door pro-ing to the various holes, eyes, or loops through which the
vided for the purpose. Patent completed.
thread passes on its way from the spool to the eye of the
needle, in such a manner that the thread can be introduced
into the said holes, eyes, or loops laterally, instead of end-
ways, and the operation of threading the machine is mate-
rially facilitated. It consists, further, in the arrangement
of a segmental slot in the bottom end of the needle bar, the
said slot being made to extend nearly through to the socket
intended to receive the needle, in such a manner that the
thread by being introduced into the said slot can be made

1790 C. HEPTONSTALL. Improvements in looms for weav ing stays and similar uneven fabrics. Dated July 6, 1856. This invention is not described apart from the drawings Patent completed.

Im

1791 J. MONNIER, C. D'HONDT, and J. MEURANT. provements in looms for weaving. Dated July 6, 1866. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent abandoned.

1792 T. LISHMAN. Dated July 6, 1866.

Improvements in steam boilers.

to extend close down on the side of the needle from the needle bar to the eye of the said needle, and the lateral strain exerted on the needle in sewing machines of the ordiThis invention consists in the general arrangement or nary construction is avoided. It consists, further, in construction of boilers, as described, by which great making the head which carries the needle bar adjustable, strength is obtained, and the numerous stays required in such a manner that the needle can be always brought in other boilers rendered unnecessary. Also in the employ-vertically in the proper position toward the shuttle, and ment, as described, of large tubes leading from one firebox to the other; or, in the case of boilers for locomotive and other engines where there is only one firebox, of large tubes leading from the firebox to the receiver or smoke-box. Also in the construction and employment, as described, of wells for receiving the accumulations. The general principle upon which the inventor constructs his boilers is that he forms as many of the parts as may be circular or cylindrical, with the view of obtaining great strength and dispensing with stays. Patent abandoned.

the position of the needle bar can be adjusted according to
the varying thicknesses of the needles of different size. It
consists, also, in the arrangement of a spool holder with a
flex ble elastic back and flaring end pieces, in combination
with a cavity in the shuttle, the ends of which are undercut
or overhanging to correspond to the inclination of the
flaring end pieces of the spool holder, in such a manner
that, by means of the elastic back, the spool can be sprung
into or removed from the spool holder with ease and
facility; and, furthermore, the spool holder, when inserted

1793 O. HARVEY. Improvements in breechloading fire-into its cavity in the shuttle, is retained by the flaring end arms. Dated July 7, 1866.

In some cases he

to end, or nearly so, on one side, whilst the projecting webs
or ribs of the cross on the other side are parallel. In
making these pillars or posts he prefers to roll sheets or
plates of iron of a width suitable for two or more pillars or
posts. such plates having parallel ribs on either side, and
then he cuts or divides the sheets or plates in inclined di
rections, in order to produce the desired taper of the pro-
jecting ribs on each pillar or post.
forms a post or pillar of two plates rolled thin in the middle
and of progressively greater thickness or section from the
centre outwards; these plates in their centres are rolled
with projecting ribs and hollow grooves in such a manner
that the rib of one may enter the groove of the other. The
plates, if rolled flat, are bent in the centre, where
they come together, 80 that when together they
form a cross in their horizontal section. In some
cases he forms tubular posts or pillars with external
He makes each post
ribs, of rolling iron for such purposes.
or pillar of two or more vertical sections, which come together
by mears of flanges or projections or webs in such manner
that the webs or projections of one section project or radiate
a greater distance from the centre of a post or pillar than
the web or projecting flange of the other section, and he
rivets or otherwise combines the sections to each other.
Patent completed.

1804 A. V. NEWTON, An improvement applicable to bobbins used in preparing and spinning machinery. (A communication.) Dated July 9, 1866.

This invention has for its object to keep the bobbins sta tionary and firm upon their spindles, and consists in the use of spring prongs projecting from a metallic tube which is inserted in the hobbin head or base of the bobbin with the prongs or free ends of the springs inclined inward and to" ward each other, which tube is held in the bobbin head by friction only. Patent completed.

1805 A. V. NEWTON. An improved compound for coating ships bottoms. (A communication.) Dated July 9, 1866. This composition is made of asphaltum, naphtha, heavy oil from gas tar or coal tar, sulphate of copper, white arsenic, and creosote, mixed together in about the following proportions :-Asphaltum 71b., naphtha lb, heavy oil lb., sulphate of copper lb., white arsenic lb., creosote 2oz. The asphaltum is melted by heat, and to it is added enough naphtha to give to the mixture, when cool, the conAfter this mixture has cooled, a presistency of paint. paration of the remaining ingredients is added. Patent abandoned.

1806 J. MILLWARD. A convertible piano and music stool. (A communication.) Dated July 10, 1866.

One feature of this invention consists in utilising the space beneath the piano un ccupied by the works, by fitting or arranging therein a couch or bureau, or other suitable article of furniture. Patent abandoned.

pieces catching under the overhanging ends of the said One of these improvements has reference to a mode cavity, and the operation of introducing and removing the of actuating the pin which strikes and explodes the cart- spool holder from the shuttle is rendered easy. It consists, ridge by means of the hammer without the pin or the also, of a tension spring with a slotted eye, the said spring 1807 G. DAVIES. An improved necktie or scarf retainer. striker being hinged to the hammer. The improvements being arranged so that the thread in passing from the eye (A communication.) Dated July 10, 1866. in the shuttle to the slotted eye in the spring is subjected consist in so arranging the striker and the hammer that the This invention relates to a device for retaining or connectto a certain pressure caused by the spring pressing against former is actuated the whole time that the hammer is The invention (when applied to a Byron" or turndown collar), consists printhe hammer till the latter is drawn to half-cock, as hereto-creasing the tension of the said spring, the tension of the cipally of a metal plate curved to fit the throat; this plate drawn back into full cock, instead of only being moved by the upper surface of the shuttle, and, by increasing or de-ing a necktie or scarf to a collar. fore, by which improved arrangement the hammer does not viding the tension spring with a slotted eye, the introduc- collar and bear against the same; a wire loop is attached to the shuttle thread can be regulated; and, furthermore, by prohas two light curved arms which lie between the folds of the leave the striker, but acts upon it the moment it commences its forward motion, and, consequently, when it has tion of the thread in said eye is facilitated. It consists, lower edge of the plate by two spiral springs. A short scarf its greatest power. Another part of the invention consists finally, in a compound gripping and advancing mechanism or tie is passed round the central portion of the plate, and of an improved arrangement for removing the cartridge for operating the feed wheel, the said mechanism consisting tied in front in the form of a bow; the curved arms are now of a slotted dog which catches over the rim of the feed passed under the fold of the collar, and the spring loop cases from breech-loading firearms with hinged barrels. wheel, and is subjected to the action of a spring and toggle (which is at the back of the plate) is passed over the ordiFor this purpose the patentee fixes upon the axle-pin upon lever which extends from the hub of the feed lever in comwhich the barrels move a cam or eccentric socket, which is nary button or stud which fastens the collar, and the tie or so formed as to bear upon a small lever hinged either to the scarf is thus retained in its place, the curved arms preventstock or to the barrel, the end of which lever is caused by ing it from rising, and the spring loop preventing its fallthe cam or eccentric to press against the end of the extractors, and thus to make it protrude from the rear end of the iug out of place. Patent completed.. barrel as these fall forwards. Patent completed.

1794 R. KUNSTMANN. Improvements in burning and drying bricks, pottery, earthenware, clay, lime, and cement, and in the apparatus employed therein. Dated July 7, 1866. We cannot here give space to the details of this invention. Patent abandoned.

1795 P. SIMARD. Improvements in the manufacture of envelopes by the combination of memorandum, counterfoil, and seal lap in one piece. Dated July 7, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent abandoned.

1796 A. CLARK. Improvements in blinds and shutters for screening and closing windows and other openings. Dated July 7, 1866.

This invention relates, first, to the construction of revolving or self-coiling shutters and blinds, so that a shutter and blind are combined in one. The patentee makes these of a series of laths, somewhat like the ordinary revolving shutters, but preferably of more than usual thickness, and he makes the upper and lower edges, by preference, of a considerable inclination. He unites and threads these laths together by strips of steel running through them in one part of the shutter blind. These steel strips or tapers hold the several laths in close proximity, as usual, whereas, in the other part, say one-half, more or less, instead of employing continuous strips of steel, he connects a number of short pieces by slots and pins or rivets, which pieces slide upon each other to a certain extent, allowing the laths fixed thereto to separate from each other. Instead of these pieces of the connecting strips sliding on each other transversely to the lath, they may be jointed to each other, and fold or hinge so as to permit the necessary expansion and collapse of the parts. This shutter-blind having a tendency to keep rolled up, it is obvious that when pulled down (if fixed at the top of the window), the lower half will extend by the separation of the laths, and when so extended will have somewhat the effect and appearance of a Venetian blind, and may be so used to shade from the sun, at the same time admitting light, air, and vision. When used as a shutter, the upper half is pulled down, the laths being all closely connected and following the line of the blind part, the laths of which are pressed close together, and when entirely down the whole forms a perfect and close shutter. The laths may be of wood alone, or wood encased in iron, when great strength is required. Instead of connecting the individual laths with the steel connecting strips, and making said strips in pieces to slide or hinge on each other, as before described, the steel strips may be con tinuous and fixed only to the bottom bar and to the roller above, the laths being simply threaded thereon. In order to regulate the distance between the laths of the ehutters, the patentee further connects them all by strong tapes (one at either end of the laths), which tapes regulate the distances of separation of the laths of the blind portion, while those of the shutter part are held close together, it may be

bination with the said feed lever, in such a manner that,
by moving the feed lever in one direction, the dog is caused
to grip and bind on the rim, and a positive motion is im-
parted to the feed wheel, and by moving the feed lever in
the opposite direction the feed wheel is released and per-
mitted to remain stationary. Patent completed.

1799 T. IVERS and J. HADDOCK. Improvements in the
construction of shuttle tongues. Dated July 9, 1866.
In shuttle tongues of the usual construction a consider-
able amount of weft is wasted, owing to the spring not
holding the cop uniformly on the shuttle tongue or skewer.
Now this invention consists in so connecting the spring to
the tongue or skewer that a uniform pressure is obtained
throughout the entire length of the cop. In performing
the invention, instead of fitting the end of the spring into
a horizontal hole in the head or tumbler of the tongue,
which hole is in a line with the skewer, the patentees fit it
into a diagonal hole in the top of the head or tumbler, so
that when the cop is on the action of the spring is distri-
buted evenly on the inside of the cop, instead of in the
centre only, as heretofore. Another mode of construction
consists in the application of an additional spring acting on
the end of the present spring, by which the cop is held on
the tongue. The invention is particularly beneficial when
applied to cops that are wound on tubes, but it may be used
when such tubes are not employed. Putent completed.

1800 P. J. BELLOT, sen. An improved looking-glass
press, including an incombustible strong box. Dated July
9, 1866.
This invention consists in the adoption of an incombus-
tible iron strong box fixed to the framework of the press,
and preferably at its lower part, in order that it may be removed
without the necessity of taking the press to pieces
or breaking it. This strong box is furnished at its lower
part with two ears or projections, which rest on a wooden
framing joined to the framework of the press, and two cross-
pieces dovetailed to the said framework secure the box and

prevent its being raised. Thus held between the wooden
framing, and the two cross-pieces the box completely ad-
heres to and forms part of the press. Patent abandoned.
1801 W. MOSELEY. An improved apparatus for slicing
and paring cucumbers and other vegetables and fruits.
Dated July 9, 1866.

This invention relates chiefly to the use, in connection
with an ordinary table knife, of a bar of wood, ivory or
metal, which is attached to the blade of the said knife, so
as to be easily adjusted in relation thereto in order to regu-
late the thickness of the slices or parings of the vegetables
or fruits. Patent completed.

1802 J. ELDER. Improvements in marine steam engines.
Dated July 9, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings.
Patent completed.

1803 W. BAINES. Improvements in the manufacture of
telegraph and signal pillars or posts, and in rolling iron
for other uses. Dated July 9, 1866.

For the purposes of this invention, when a pillar or post is to consist of one piece of rolled iron, the patentee makes it of a cross-like horizontal section, but tapering from end

ing steam engine valves. (A communication.) Dated July 1808 S. CLARK. Improvements in arranging and work

10, 1866.

This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent abandoned.

1809 J. S. CUTHBERT. Improvements in painters' easels. Dated July 10, 1866.

The patentee claims mounting the oscillating frame of painters' easels at or towards the upper part of such frames, as described. Patent completed.

1810 W. J. CURTIS. Improvements in the construction of breechloading or repeating firearms. Dated July 10,

1866.

One of the principal objects of this invention is so to construct the arm that it may be supported on the shoulder, from which it need not be removed until all the cartridges contained in the magazine have been discharged. The gun or arm is provided with a crutch or saddle, which is so arranged on the under side of the barrel that the arm, when placed on the shoulder, will be balanced thereon. By this means great steadiness of aim may be ensured, and the muscles of the soldier's arm will not be fatigued by being obliged to hold up the gun in a horizontal position by means of his left arm, as is now the case. In carrying out the invention the breech end of the barrel is left open, so that the cartridges may be introduced in the manner hereafter explained. The cartridges are contain d in a maga zine consisting of a cylindrical revolving case (or a fixed tube may be employed, as shown with respect to another part of the invention) placed in rear of the breech and arranged round the centre of the barrel. In this case a passage or channel of either an annular or a convolute form is made. This channel or passage terminates in or communicates with a central hole or chamber, which is in a line with the bore of the gun, so that, when a cartridge is brought into this hole or chamber, it will only be necessary to push it forward (by means of a piston) into the breech of the gun. This piston is contained in a tube which is a pro longation to the rear of the barrel. The piston is worked

by means of a lever or crank arm in front connected to the piston by means of a side rod or rods. As the arm may, without inconvenience, be increased in length, a bayonet may be fixed on the end in advance of the position it is now possible to occupy with guns of the ordinary length. Instead of closing the breech and drawing back the plunger ready to admit a fresh cartridge by hand by means of a lever, the patentee causes the explosive force of the gas with the addition of coiled springs suitably arranged to effect this object. Patent completed.

Improvements

1811 J. HOWARD and E. T. BOUSFIELD. in the construction of steam boilers. Dated July 10, 1866. Th's invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed.

1812 E. M'NALLY. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for grinding and polishing circular saws and other articles. Dated July 11, 1836.

Improvements in ordnance whereby breech piece near its external junction with the barrel; or, they are rendered more portable and in carriages for trans-in other words, in a line with the point at which the nipple porting the same. Dated July 11, 1866. is usually placed. Hinged in this groove, and embedded in it, is a stop lever, which need not be more than threeeighths of an inch in thickness in a military rifle or carbine. This stop lever is pierced by a hole or slot suitably placed for a striker to pass through, or it may be arranged to carry a nipple. The stop lever may be held down by any suitable catch. The stock has a suitable groove cut at the back part, and parallel to the lock for the reception of the tail piece which guides the cartridge into the bore of the barrel. The empty cartridge case is thrown out by an extractor. The lock may be constructed on any approved pattern. Unlese a nipple is used, the cock or hammer has a suitably shaped striker screwed into it, which passes through the slot in the stop lever. Patent completed. 1829 W. READE. Improvements in steam pumps. (A communication.) Dated July 12, 1866. Provisional protection has not been allowed for this invention.

1816 G. HASELTINE, Improvements in screw bolts, and
in the apparatus employed in manufacturing the same. (A
communication.) Dated July 11, 1866.
The first part of this invention consists in the production
of a bolt made from a round bar or rod, a portion of which
bolt is square or angular, and a portion left round, as in
the rod or bar. Another part of the invention consists in 1825 C. W. FARMER, W. E. PARTRIDGE, and B. J. P.
making certain dies wherein the inventor can use round WEBB.
Certain improvements in connectors for uniting
rods or blanks, and in which the angular portion of the wires, bands, ropes, or electric telegraph cables, or other
bolt is made from a round blank, as will be hereafter ex-ike ropes or cables composed partly of wire and partly of
plained. To raise or force out the corners of the bolt to hemp or other desirable compound material. Dated July
the fullness or dimensions desired, the compressing or 11, 1866.
swaging dies must be of such form as to force a portion of
the metal of the body of the rod from the centre to the
corners of the square. This may be effected by the dies
having convex faces on each of their four compressing sur-
faces, or they may carry a rib, bead, or angular projection
on their faces longitudinally, or ribs, beads, or angular
projections on any or all their swaging surfaces, instead of
being convex, as above described, for it is unimportant what
is the form of the dies so that the desired result is thus
produced. Patent completed.

2589 W. Clark. Central-fire cartridges. (A communication.)

2593 G. T. Bousfield. Separating sulphur from soda manu-waste. (A communication.)

3383 J. R. Cooper, Birmingham, gun manufacturer. Im- (A communication.) provements in breechloading firearms.

FEBRUARY 8, 1867.

THE

LONDON: FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 1867.

THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE.

77

which Fitzroy organised, and whence he drew be used as a check on another, and the third his inspiration. It should be distinctly under-kept in reserve. It is directed that two therstood that Fitzroy had no morbid desire to mometers should be fixed outside the house, shine as a weather-prophet or he might easily at the north side, and a third near them, with its bulb wet, or, rather, moistened. What is

MECHANICS' MAGAZINE. and inexpensively have followed the footsteps of predecessors, had he been content to rest his faith in the constellations, the planets, the moon, the fallacious value of averages, or some system of periodicity. As a student he had mastered the writings of Capper, Redfield, Reid, Piddington, Thom, and Dovè, whose labours have established the laws of storms and winds; and as a navigator he had found his knowledge practically serviceable.

OFFICIAL DAILY WEATHER

REPORTS.

these observations capable of yielding the re-
sults he originally anticipated from them;
otherwise, it is presumed, the experiment
would have been soon abandoned; for what
value, commensurate with their expense, can
such observations possess per se? This thought
directs us to the examination of this Daily
Weather Table-the only remnant of the scheme
which Fitzroy succeeded in organising not-
withstanding general incredulity as to the
utility of meteorological statistics, opposition
to the expense, although but some £3,000 or
£4,000 yearly, the trouble of treating for the
co-operation of the telegraph companies, and
of training the observers. That this table
was adequate for the purpose of prevision to
which Fitzroy made it subservient we fully
believe; and its publication was desirable, put-
ting the public as it did in possession of the
facts upon which he based his opinions of the
weather and acted as the director of the storm-
signals.

to be done if the north side is not available is left out of consideration. Once a day, at about eight in the morning, the rainfall, the highest or lowest extreme of the mercury in the barometer and in the exposed thermometer since last report (as nearly as can be ascertained), the reading of one barometer and its attached thermometer, the character of the weather since the last report, the reading of the exposed dry thermometer, the difference (always less) of the moistened thermometer, the direction of the wind at that time, its estimated force, the character of the weather at that time, and the state of the sea are telegraphed to the Meteorologic Office in cipher. The extreme old reading of the barometer, the temperature of the maximum, minimum, and wet-bulb thermometers, and the duration of rain, although apparently transmitted from each station dailly, are not published. Possibly it is tacitly assumed that these are the least reliable facts obtained. If so, they can be of no use to the central office, and the expense of sending them by telegraph should lead to their discontinuance.

No regular meteorologic telegram is required to be forwarded on Sundays or official holidays, but one reading of instruments, and a regular notice of the previous weather, &c., is taken on such occasions, and recorded, with other daily ordinary observations, in a regular form, which is sent by next post. But these are never published, and therefore the continuity of the series of daily observations is frequently broken, and their value is thus impaired. It is further directed that portable rain gauges are to be placed on the ground or any position exposed to a free fall of rain, snow, or hail, where neither buildings, nor walls, nor trees shelter or cause eddies of wind. They are to be supported by a frame or other means admitting of their being emptied daily, but preventing their being blown down. It appears to us that it must be quite impossible to conform to these directions in seaport towns. We further learn with regard to position, that generally, on or near the ground is preferable to an artificial elevation; but, if so raised, height above ground is to be registered and officially reported. From day to day, in the morning, the quantity of water from rain, snow or hail (melted) is measured very carefully and recorded.

"THE chemist lays his experiments, stuffed generally with mathematical demon- The suggestion repeatedly made by men strations or the more abstruse calculations of having a practical turn of mind, that the electhe minus and plus of algebra, before some tric telegraph is an agent which might be royal society composed of a few meagre phi- beneficially pressed into the service of meteorlosophers, with spectacles on's nose;' while ology, fell doubtless with serious import upon the judges the cook appeals to are all the his mind when he was posted by the Governjolly bons vivants in the Imperial Kingdom." ment to labour for the advance of meteorology. This little tit-bit is from the preface to "The The indications which enable a seaman to New Practice of Cookery, &c.," by Mesdames profit by the laws of storms can be transHudson and Donat, and did not escape the mitted by the electric wire with vastly greater attention of the acute and facetious Edinburgh celerity than any storm could travel, so that Reviewer, who, after alluding to much other not only the actual presence of a storm but its extraordinary information, said: "It is a probable early advent may thus be advantagefact of subordinate importance, but neverthe-ously made known to the places threatened. less somewhat curious, that the whole Royal Fitzroy's first object, then, was to establish Society make use of one pair of spectacles, a cordon of reporting stations around the placed on the nose doubtless of the president. British coasts. Meteorological observations We have long observed an unvaried coinci- from these stations, received daily at the central dence in the views and pursuits of this learned office over which he presided, have, apparently body, and are happy to be able to trace it to from the commencement in 1860, been rea cause equally unsuspected and satisfactory." duced, corrected, tabulated, and communiThe views and pursuits of the "meagre philo-cated as soon as possible to the daily newssophers" have been so remarkably coincident papers. After a short experience he found of late that we begin to suspect the spectacles have again come into requisition. It is high time, however, that they were consigned to the depôt of old curiosities, where they would doubtless become as historically interesting as Newton's telescope, Huyghen's object glass, or Davy's safety-lamp. For it must be evident that they possess the anomalous property of distorting the vision, or how are we to account for the conflicting advice with which the society has lately afflicted the Board of Trade? Looking into the recondite doctrines of the science of magnetism, empirical rules have been detected by the aid of the spectacles it is presumed-sufficiently scientific for enabling the Government to supervise in a compulsory manner the adjustment and correction of the compasses in iron ships; and the Board of Trade has been urgently invited to do its duty in this respect. But a mere glance into the mazes of meteorology also detected "empirical rules" which, strangely enough, considering the lately aspiring position of this science, are Circumstances induce us now to scrutinise decreed incompetent for the continuance of a this table more carefully, and fortunately we practice of giving warnings of storms and gales, have every facility for doing so. Thoroughly which the Government had actually been doing straightforward in all his work, Fitzroy pubduring six years, to the general satisfaction of lished to the world his modus operandi comthe nation. Either the spectacles are any-pletely, although not lucidly; and, as a con- and telegraphed with the next usual morning thing but what they ought to be, or the vary- sequence, to this day it is not generally com-report, thus: "Five hours of very thick fog ing peculiarities or attributes of empirical rules prehended. Under the title "Arrangements till seven p.m." or, "Three hours of light fog have yet to be explained by the philosophers or for Meteorological Telegraphy," he even pub- still continuing." The observers are directed the logicians. Faithful guides in the applica-lished the instructions given to his corps of to estimate the force of the wind by the arbitions of the doctrines of this science, fallacious observers; and it is this pamphlet which enables trary scale used by seamen, which consists of entirely for that science;-when, why, and us to judge of the value of the observations, the figures 0 to 12, 0 representing calm, 12 wherefore, have they these characteristics? and tells us how they are sent to head-quarters. the strongest hurricane, the intermediate The ambi-dexterous nature of these empirical They appear to be taken at all the stations by figures the varying strength. It has always rules sets us vacillating between faith and struck us, in looking over these tables, that scepticism. We cannot, without enlightenthere is a tendency to exaggerate the strength ment, bring ourselves to believe that the adof the wind. Certainly it would be advisable, vice in both cases is reliable. We decline to now that anemometers of good mechanical attempt the solution of the problem, or rather construction can be made for £20 or £30, to dilemma. It may, with much propriety, serve supply each station with such an instrument, to engross the deliberations of the distinguished so as to dispense with this arbitrary process. scientific body. Leaving them this task it is our purpose to examine what the philosophers have left us of Admiral Fitzroy's meteorological labours.

the respective telegraphists, the instruments, it is supposed, being kept on the premises. Now telegraph stations in seaport towns are not suitable places for making observations on either the day, night, or morning temperature of the air, or of evaporation, or on the amount of rainfall, as they are usually very much confined for space, and are closed in by buildings. The published observations are said to be made at eight a.m., but there seems to be neither guarantee against laxity in time nor Daily forecasts of weather have disappeared allowance for difference of longitude, which from the newspapers. Cautionary storm sig- there should be to render them simultaneous. nals are no longer visible to mariners, fisher- Each station is supplied with three barometers; men, boatmen, pilots, coasters. Steamer pas-wet-bulb, dry-bulb, maximum and minimum sengers may no more look for warning of thermometers, and rain gauge. Whether it was treacherous winds which in a few hours may imagined that the barometer-which "Sam fall foul of their ventures. The newspapers, Slick" says "cannot lie"-is apt to stick or however, still have the daily weather reports not, we cannot say; but one barometer is to

It is not expected that exact duration of rain, snow, hail, or fog can be usually registered, but very near approximations may be made by collecting the notices of various persons. When fog continues for an hour or more, its duration and character should be registered

We have been induced thus freely to criticise this table because the committee which reported on the Meteorological Office last year omitted to do so, and its inherent imperfections go unnoticed. The observations would be enhanced in value if they could be made under suitable circumstances as to place and exposure of instruments, ability and punctuality in the observer. The desirability of this is evidenced by the circumstance that during the recent very severe frost, it was noticed by many private observers that the tempera