CHAMBERS'S

ENCYCLOPEDIA:

A DICTIONARY

OF

UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE.

ILLUSTRATED.

IN TEN VOLUMES.

VOL. VIII.

PHILADELPHIA:

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co.

EDINBURGH: W. & R. CHAMBERS.

1873.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.