severity that the ornamental water on the common was frozen so hard that persons were skating upon it to-day. The temperance cause in America is promoted in a very different way from what it is in England. Here there are very few public meetings, the temperance organisation being chiefly kept up by means of secret orders. I was invited

to become a member of "The Sons of Temperance," but, as I never had, in the course of my life, belonged to any secret association, I felt some reluctance, but ultimately, from a conviction that it would furnish me with better opportunities for studying American character, and possibly afford additional means for usefulness, I consented to become a member of the order, and was initiated this evening in the Lincoln Division, holding its meetings in Concord Hall. In the state of Massachusetts there are at present 121 divisions, numbering 9,202 members, and 14,848 lady visitors. The funds in hand amount to 19,610 dollars. The initiative service is beautiful and impressive. None are admitted as members unless they take the abstinence pledge. Funds are raised to give assistance to members in case of sickness and distress. Arrangements are also made for frequent social gatherings, the object of which being the preservation of the members from contaminating influences.

Dec. 9.-Went into the city, and witnessed some excellent skating on the ornamental reservoir in the public park, ladies appeared to enjoy the exercise quite as much as the gentlemen.

Dec 10, Sunday.-Attended what I was told was the principal coloured church in Boston, situated in Joy-street. There was a very slender attendance, there being only one person in the gallery, and very few in the body of the church. In the afternoon I went to Chelsea to hear Miss Fenton deliver a lecture, in the Library Hall, on Spiritualism. There was a large attendance. The lecturer was a person of considerable ability, and her reading of poetry was very musical. On the close of her address, the choir sang an anthem, after which the lecturer spoke again, representing herself as a little girl down South where reconstruction was required. She spoke in such a lisping tone that for a time I doubted whether it was the same person who had previously delivered the lecture, but when I had satisfied myself on that point, I came to the conclusion that she had probably been an actress, and was giving an evidence of the versatility of her talent. It never occurred to me at the time that the lecturer was what the Spiritualists term a medium, and was then in

what is called a trance condition.-In the evening I attended Concord Hall, and heard the Rev. W. E. Copeland deliver a lecture, the subject being "The Latchkey."

Dec. 11-Attended the meeting of the New Era Division of the Sons of Temperance, held in Union Hall, which is a splen

It

did place. There was a large gathering, and a number of persons were initiated. is very pleasant to attend these social gatherings, but there is one drawback, arising from the fact that wherever I go I am always called upon to make a speech, whether I have anything to say or not.

Dec. 12.-Visited Harvard University, Cambridge, the oldest, the largest, and the best endowed seat of learning in America. Its importance as an educational institution is such that it has even changed the name of the place of its location. Formerly it was called Newtowne, being settled in 1630, soon after the settlement of Boston, and was probably called Newtowne by way of distinction. But after the college had been founded it was decided to change the name of the place, and it was called Cambridge because it was at Cambridge, England, where the most influential of the settlers had received their education. The college has been exceedingly prosperous, and its graduates are still the adornment of the various social, religious, political, and professional circles throughout the land. Cambridge and Boston were formerly connected chiefly by means of a ferry-boat comunication, but a bridge was ultimately erected across the Charles River at a cost of £23,000, which has proved a great public convenience. The bridge is 2,845 feet in length, and occupied more than a year in its erection, being one of the first structures of the kind ever erected in America. After the opening of the bridge, a coach commenced running to Boston twice a day, drawn by two horses, and carrrying eight persons; but at the present time there are 50 cars, employing 300 horses, making 550 journeys per day, and conveying during the year 2,950,000 persons. This change has all been effected within the memory of persons now living. These cars are the property of a joint-stock company, and notwithstanding that about 140 persons are in their employ, yet, after paying all expenses, they make a yearly dividend of at least 10 per cent. It was in Cambridge where the first printing press of America was set up, in the year 1639. On my way to the Harvard University, to an inspection of which I had been invited by one of the students, I passed the Massachusetts Medical College, an institution which is a branch of Harvard College, the medical students attending here

to listen to the lectures of the various professors. Hundreds of students can be accommodated, where they have the advantage of a well-selected medical library, and a large anatomical museum. It was here where Dr. Parkman was murdered by Dr. Webster, about sixteen years ago.

With the exception

of the case of Palmer, and perhaps that of the Road murder, no case in modern times excited a more world-wide interest than that in which Dr. Webster was the accused. He killed Dr. Parkman with a stick because the latter asked for the repayment of money which had been borrowed. He attempted to conceal his crime by burning a portion of the body in the laboratory, and throwing the remainder into the college vault. For some time the murder remained a secret, until at length in the vault of the college the janitor discovered the remains. Dr. Webster confessed his guilt previous to his execution. Near to the college buildings there is a house called the Bishop's Palace, and in this the British general Burgoyne resided as a prisoner of war; and not far from there is the famous Washington elm, the tree under which General Washington first drew his sword as commander-in-chief of the American army, on the morning of 3rd July, 1775. The college buildings are in my opinion rather too near the high road, but as the immediate locality is a rural suburb, the defect is more apparent than real. The various structures have been erected at different periods. In 1720 the Massachusetts Hall was erected, and now is devoted to the use of students, the internal portion of the building being divided into rooms. The Holden Chapel was erected in 1744, the funds being contributed by the widow and daughters of Samuel Holden, a London merchant. Although for a long time this. building was used as a chapel, it is now used for medical purposes, and possesses a large anatomical museum. The Hollis Hall was erected in 1763, and contains rooms for the students. The Harvard Hall was built in 1766, and formerly the library was kept here; but at the present time one of the large rooms is used as a picture gallery, some of the paintings being held in high estimation as works of art. In another large room of the same building, is the Mineralogical Cabinet, which is considered a very fine collection; and here also is to be seen the most perfect specimen of the mastodon ever discovered. In 1805 the Stoughton Hall, was erected, being named after Wm. Stoughton, lieutenant-governor of the province. The building is devoted to the use of the students. Holworthy Hall was erected

A

in 1812, and is occupied by students of the senior class. University Hall, containing lecture rooms, &c., was erected in 1814. Divinity Hall was erected in 1826, and is devoted to the use of the divinity students. The Graduates Hall was built in 1832; and the Dane Law School, so named after the Hon. Nathan Dane, who contributed the necessary funds, was erected in the same year. Gore Hall, built of Quincy granite, was erected in 1838, and now contains the college library, which is said to be the largest in America, consisting of 140,000 volumes. The building is named after the Hon. Christopher Gore, who bequeathed 100,000 dollars to the college. The Lawrence Scientific School, named after its founder, was erected in 1848, and is devoted to the service of young men who are wishful to be taught the various scientific branches of education. prior classical education is not necessary as a condition of admission. Boylston Hall was built in 1857, and contains the lecture rooms of the professors of chemistry and comparative anatomy, with a laboratory and museum. The Appleton Chapel was built in 1858, and was so named because the Hon. Samuel Appleton bequeathed the funds for its erection. Near to the College Buildings is a Botanical Garden, about seven acres in extent, and is placed under the superintendence of the professor of botany. It has been established about sixty years, is beautifully laid out and furnished with an interesting collection of native and foreign plants. The Rev. W. E. Copeland kindly endeavoured to obtain for me permission to visit the Cambridge Observatory, which stands on an eminence not far from the college, but in consequence of the absence of the astronomical professor the observatory was unavoidably closed. It was my intention to have gone to Cambridge some clear starry night, to have received a lesson in astronomy, for I had heard a very high eulogium pronounced as to the amazing qualities of the telescope at Cambridge. It is said to be one of the best refracting telescopes in the world and has contributed materially to many important discoveries in the solar system. A number of wealthy gentlemen in Boston contributed to purchase the instrument, which was very costly. The observatory contains all the instruments necessary for the examinations of the stars, and for magnetic and meteorological purposes. Cambridge has obtained considerable repute as a place where telescopic glasses are prepared. One has been finished lately, and it was offered for sale at 12,000 dollars, and an offer of 10,000 dollars was made for it, with the intention of having it placed in the telescope

at the Cambridge Observatory, but the glass was purchased at 12,000 dollars for the Chicago Observatory, and has lately been removed there. The college buildings, on the whole, are superior, in my opinion, to Yale College, but like the latter they are chiefly composed of brick, which does not look as well as stone when it becomes old, although in this country where wood and anthracite coal are chiefly used as fuel, there is less colouring matter in the atmosphere than is the case generally in Europe. I have seen brick buildings in America more than fifty years old, which have a fresher appearance than similar buildings in England which have only been erected five years. I saw a number of ancient books and documents, but as antique curiosities they are not to compare with what I have seen in the British Museum, London. I saw the autograph of the Prince of Wales, Lord Lyons, and others. I suppose these would be given when the prince and his suite visited America some years ago.

In the evening I went to the city of Roxbury, which is pleasantly situated about a couple of miles on the south-west of Boston. it was formerly connected with Boston by a narrow strip of land something like a roadway, and was denominated "Boston Neck," but by driving back the encroachments of the sea, broad avenues have since been formed.

It was the abundance of rocks in the immediate vicinity which gave it the name of Roxbury. It was incorporated as a town more than two hundred years ago, but only obtained its charter as a city in 1846. Many of the houses are elegantly constructed, with ornamental gardens attached. This is one of the 45 cities in the United States which in 1860 had a population exceeding 20,000, for at the period named it had reached 25, 137, and it is now rapidly increasing. It is regarded as one of the most pleasant suburbs of Boston, to which it is intimately connected by its wealth and business relations. Notwithstanding its proximity to Boston, several newspapers are here published. I went to Roxbury for the purpose of visiting William Lloyd Garrison, Esq., whose house is pleasantly situated on the top of a steep brow, with ornamental garden in front, and a lofty barrier of rocks forming the side fence. Mr. Garrison is almost universally known as the founder of the Anti-slavery Society in America, and he has advocated its claims through good report and through evil report with a consistency and pertinacity which have brought forth eucomiums of praise from thousands who have admired his determined spirit and noble philanthropy. He commenced the publication of the Liberator, a weekly newspaper

I

devoted to abolition sentiments, 35 years ago, being the reporter, editor, printer, and publisher. I believe that for seven years in succession he set up the type with his own fingers, and through the lengthened period of 35 years he continued with unremitting attention to devote his time to the publication of a paper which never yielded him a single cent of profit. When he first began to issue his periodical, it was with a determination that, so long as he was able to obtain bread and water, he would never give it up until the cause he advocated had become successful. He lived to see the fulfilment of his mission, and his newspaper will cease in about a fortnight, because slavery no longer continues in America. When the Anti-slavery Society commenced its operations, the meetings took place in a room over a stable, and Mr. Garrison was accustomed to predict that the society must be successful because it was based on a stable foundation. When I saw Mr. Garrison he had just returned from the Western States, where he had been lecturing from city to city on the great changes which had been effected. He said that the Indian summer in the Western States had been inexpressibly delicious, and it was altogether impossible by words to describe the beautiful country through which he had passed. Speaking on the condition of the South, he said that she had been completely vanquished and subdued, but she was not repentant. She had been as busy during the last thirty years in digging the grave of slavery as the Abolitionists had been themselves, only at the time she was not aware of it, for her purpose was to perpetuate slavery for ever. We had a long conversation about England and America, and the course which had been adopted during the late struggle. He had been three times in England, and had often heard it said, "Slaves cannot breathe in England," and he was wishful to go there once more, in order that he might have the privilege to proclaim that slaves cannot now breathe in America. After some remarks on the course which had latterly been adopted by Mr. Joseph Barker and Lord Brougham with respect to the American struggle, and the course which was taken by Wilberforce and Clarkson with respect to the freedom of the slaves in the West Indies, Mr. Garrison commented on the difference there was between the North and the South in the late struggle. The South was ruined and exhausted, while the North had more men under arms at the close of the war than ever it had before. The North was very far from being exhausted for the want of money or men, and the people of the South must have been very ignorant

indeed about the power which the North wielded, or they would never have supposed that victory would ultimately be on their side. I was shown the first volume of the Liberator, published in 1831, which was a much smaller sheet than the one which is now issued.

December 13.-I heard an organ-grinder in the street to-day. I have been in America more than three months, and this is only the second time that I have seen a street musician. Perhaps in a country where work is plentiful, street music will not be much encouraged.

December 14.-Visited Boston Common. The day was brilliantly fine, and the deer on the common were basking in the sunshine. In the middle portion of the day, even in winter, the sun has much more power than it has in England. The deer were very tame and gentle, for one of them came and put its face close to my hand while I stood admiring it. While in the city to-day I was shown the house in which Benjamin Franklin was born. I also saw in one of the churchyards a monument which marks the spot where his parents were interred. Franklin is still regarded with great veneration in Boston. The letterpress printers of the city have put up a beautiful monument to his memory. I visited Brattlestreet Church, and saw a cannon ball stuck in the wall of the building a little above the doorway. Some persons suppose that the cannon ball stuck to the building as if it had been a snowball which had been sent against it, but the facts of history show such an idea to be preposterous. During the revolutionary period, when the British troops were evacuating Boston, a cannon was fired by the Americans from Cambridge, which must have been three miles distant, and it accidentally struck this church a little above the doorway. When the injury was repaired, it was decided to place the cannon ball as a fixture in the wall, and there it remains to this day as a revolutionary monument. A person must be rather verdant who would suppose that a cannon ball could be sent several miles, and falling against a building would attach itself to the brickwork. In the evening I attended the Lurline-hall, Winter-street, where I was initiated as a member of "The Temple of Honour." The ceremony was of a very impressive character. The objects of the association are to cement more closely the bonds of brotherhood, advance the cause of temperance, afford additional aid in sickness and adversity, cultivate feelings of mutual respect, promote moral and mental improvement, and extend social relations. I had only one objection to the order, and that was in

consequence of the third article of the constitution stating, in reference to eligibility of membership, that the society should consist of "All white male persons of good moral character." I inquired of one of the members how it happened that they had inserted in the constitution the word " white," and he said there were many members of the order in the Southern States, and it was out of deference to their feelings that negroes were excluded. I hoped such exclusiveness would not be permitted to disgrace the order, and he said he believed that the matter would be referred for consideration to the Supreme Council. The order has grand temples established in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Michigan, Louisiana, and California. Subordinate temples are also established in the District of Columbia, Illinois, Wisconsin, aud New Brunswick. England there is one temple, viz., St. George's, Liverpool. The state of Ohio has the largest number of temples, but Massachusetts stands at the head with respect to number of members, and Pennsylvania follows next. The funds on hand amount to 18,370 dols. Although I was only initiated this evening I was called upon to make a speech before the proceedings closed.

In

Dec. 15-Attended the Lincoln division of the Sons of Temperance. The Americans, true to their national instinct, called upon me for a speech.

Dec. 16-The horse cars running on a railway track through the streets of Boston, are a great public convenience. Persons may travel at almost any time, day or night, from one part of the city to another at a very trifling cost. Shortly after my arrival in Boston I was wishful to visit Faneuil Hall, the Cradle of Liberty, where all the great political gatherings formerly took place. I took my seat in a car, and requested the conductor to put me down as near Faneuil Hall as possible. When I had gone what appeared to be several miles, the conductor gave me a ticket, and told me to get into the first car which came in an opposite direction. I suppose the conductor had forgotten to tell me where to get out, but he did not say he had, and as I did not know the locality I could not be certain. I presented my ticket to the conductor of the second car, and told him to put me down near to Faneuil Hall. After again travelling several miles, the conductor told me he had quite forgotten me, and I was then as far from Faneuil Hall as when I first got in. He gave me another ticket, and told me to get into another car going in the opposite direction. I was fortunate this

time in being put down near to my destination. I know not how many miles I had gone, but it was a considerable number, and the entire cost was five cents, or in English money twopence halfpenny.

In

Sunday, Dec. 17.-Attended service at the Methodist Episcopal Church. In the afternoon I attended the Spiritualist Church at Chelsea, and heard a lecture on charity. It was urged that charity showed itself in love to the Divinity, love to humanity, love of truth, love of right, and love of the highest good. The lecturer displayed considerable ability in the handling of his subject. the evening I addressed a crowded audience in Concord-hall, Boston, along with Mr. Carswell, of Canada, cousin to Mr. Carswell, superintendent of police for the higher division of Blackburn. On my return from Chelsea in the afternoon, I saw the most beautiful sunset my eyes ever beheld. The clear sky was variegated with crimson, yellow, and other bright colours, which were reflected on everything around. Boston har. bour appeared as if it were a mass of liquid fire. I was completely filled with admiration at the beautiful scene.

Dec. 18.-Saw some first-rate skating on Boston Common. There are, doubtless, good skaters in England, but they do not get sufficient practice to enable them to compete with American skaters. It is quite a fashionable exercise for ladies here, and they skim on the ice most gracefully. One person attracted my attention particularly. It was a man with one leg, amputation having taken place a little above the knee. He skated away famously, carrying the stick on the side where he had lost a leg. It was quite a new sight to me to see a one-legged skater, and it also appeared to be a novel sight to others, for some of the skaters were quite excited in their attempts to overtake him on the ice. He must have had long practice, coupled with great muscular power. In crossing the commou I saw an ancient elm tree which has been standing from time immemorial. It is supposed to have existed before the settlement of Boston, for it is known to have been full grown in 1772. It exhibited marks of old age in 1792. It was nearly destroyed by a storm in 1832, but it is now protected, and will probably last many years.

Dec. 19.-Attended a meeting at Concord Hall.

Dec. 20.-There is a marked difference in the length of daylight in America as compared with England. To-morrow will be the shortest day, and this morning I was able to read a portion of the title-page of a book at twenty minutes before seven o'clock,

and at ten minutes before seven I could read large print. Before seven I could read away without difficulty, and I could see to read till five minutes before five o'clock in the evening. Attended a Band of Hope concert in the evening, which was largely attended. The members all wore badges, which were very pretty. The pledge which the children sign is not only that of abstinence from intoxicating drink, but it also forbids the use of tobacco.

Dec. 21.-To-day, while in company with a friend of mine (Charles Letts, Esq.) I made inquiry about Dr. Channing's church, and was told that I was sitting on the very site. I was then in a warehouse in Federal-street. It appeared that the church had been pulled. down for the erection of warehouses, and another church had been erected in its stead, in Arlington-street, about half a mile distant.

Dec. 22-There was a grand military display in Boston to-day, occasioned by the presentation of colours of the various Massachusetts regiments which had been used in the late war. Some of the flags were beautiful, the coloured silk and gold letters glistening under the rays of a mid-day sun. Others had been riddled with shot and shell; some torn to ribbons, and one was bloodstained. Some of the regiments were largely represented, while others presented a very meagre aspect. Some had seen severe service, and their numbers had been thinned by the hand of death. The colours of the first regiment of the Massachusetts cavalry were much torn with shot and shell, for the regiment had been in 50 fights, 28 of which were regular engagements. One regiment had only three men to represent it. One poor fellow marched in the procession without arms, for they were both shot away while he was carrying regimental colours at Fredericksburgh. I stood at one of the front windows of a newspaper office in Washington-street while the procession passed. Many were the greetings of the different regiments as they passed along. One young man who was employed at the newspaper office detailed to me some of the sufferings he endured while in the army. He was wounded in the neck, and a shot splintered his arm, and he was taken prisoner by the Southerners. While his neck was bleeding, and the bone of his arm was standing outside the flesh, he asked for a bit of rag to tie up his wounds, but they would not give him any. He was kept there thirty-six hours, and his wounds were never attended to. He saw the surgeon pass, and he asked him to take off his arm, for he thought he would die from loss of blood if it remained as it then was. The surgeon said he would attend to his own men first, and afterwards he would take off