and Venice (where every available acre is judiciously culti- | tury, has been checked by the return of peace; it is now vated); but there are parts, such as the north of Hungary, principally confined to some few districts in the south of Upper Styria, Carinthia, the Maritime Frontier, Dalmatia, Hungary, where it appears to have been raised and locally the Tyrol, Silesia, and a few others, constituting about used at a much earlier date, though the circumstance was one-fourth of the whole territory of Austria, which do not not generally known. Besides anil, a species of indigo, grow sufficient for their own consumption. This remark which is a product of Slavonia and Carniola, woad is reared attaches equally to the province of the Lower Ens in the as a substitute for indigo in Hungary, Bohemia, and in archduchy of Austria, where, however, the subsistence of the vicinity of Vienna, Mölk, and other places in the Lower the metropolitan population alone creates the necessity of a Ens; safflower is no longer a product of Bohemia, where, we large importation. This province and the Upper Ens enjoy are told, the improper use made of it as an article of food by the reputation of producing the finest wheat in the empire. the peasantry has occasioned its cultivation to be prohibited, In most districts there is more wheat grown than rye, but it continues to be grown in large quantities in Hungary and more oats than barley. Besides these descriptions of and Lombardy. Considerable trade, both with the other grain, a very considerable supply of maize, amounting to parts of the empire and foreign countries, is carried on in 5,100,000 quarters yearly, is raised in various parts, parti- Hungary in what is called yellow wood (rhus cotinus), the cularly the south of Hungary, the Buckowine, Styria, stem of a shrub which grows spontaneously in the souththe Tyrol, Dalmatia, Lombardy, and Venice; the last-men- western districts and Slavonia, under the name of the tioned kingdom likewise produces from 131,000 to 142,000 ruja, and is largely employed in some of the processes of quarters of rice, independently of 4400 to 5600 more dyeing. grown in the marsh-lands of Temeswar, Slavonia, the Military-Frontier districts, Dalmatia, and other provinces in the south. It has been estimated, indeed, that the growth of these several substitutes for wheat and rye increases the annual produce of grain adapted for human subsistence to 41,400,000 quarters. Buck-wheat, millet, podded grains (the Bohemian pea particularly), and lentils, rapeseed (though to no great extent), and linseed, potatoes, and other ordinary vegetables, are more or less cultivated in almost every part of Austria: nor is there any want of an adequate supply of fodder for horses and cattle, in the growth of which, especially of clover and lucern, Lombardy, Styria, the Archduchy, Bohemia, and Silesia take the lead. Though we have no complete accounts of the produce of the meadow lands in Austria, an approximative estimate may be arrived at by assuming the crop of hay and aftermath to be thirty cwt. per annum to each yoch; this calculation will give about 12,500,000 tons for the whole yearly supply. Much pepper (called paprica, or Turkish pepper) is derived in Hungary from the capsicum annuum; mustard is raised everywhere, the finest in Moravia and Lombardy; aniseed is most grown in Lombardy and the neighbourhood of Znaym in Moravia; ginger is cultivated in the Lower Ens and Slavonia, and truffles chiefly in Lombardy.

The principal medicinal plants cultivated in Austria are— rhubarb, which is raised in Styria, the Lower Ens, Bohemia, and Galicia; liquorice, a favourite article of growth in Moravia, whence 400 tons and upwards are annually exported, and which is also gathered in the wild state in Hungary and Slavonia; manna, derived from the Fraxinus ornus, which abounds in the forests of Hungary and Slavonia; and spikenard (Spica Celtica), which is collected with much care in the mountains of Carniola, Styria, the Tyrol, and the Upper Ens. The white species of this plant is mostly exported to the Levant, where the Turks and Greeks make use of it in their baths on account of what they conceive to be its invigorating properties. A brandy spirit is distilled in Carinthia and Styria from gentian, which is found in most of the elevated regions; and Iceland-moss is collected in considerable quantities on the Carpathian mountains, where it grows in masses of five and six feet in height.

The cultivation of fruit is carried to a great extent in every part of Austria, with the exception of Galicia; the best descriptions are raised in the Archduchy, Styria, the Tyrol, Moravia, and Bohemia, Illyria, Lombardy, Croatia, Slavonia, and Transsylvania. Whole forests of plums and damsons are to be met with in Hungary; and 10,000 acres of land are devoted to the produce of the former alone in Among commercial products the tobacco, raised to the the Slavonian circle of Syrmia, which annually manufacextent of 200,000 cwt. in the south of Hungary, is ac- tures above 600,000 gallons of Slivavitza (or Raky), a brandy counted by some the best which is grown in Europe; extracted from the plum and damson, which is a favourite an excellent kind is also produced in Slavonia, Transsyl- beverage among the Slavonians, and is also made in the vania, and Galicia; and no small quantities in Styria, Archduchy and Hungary; filberts and chestnuts, figs and the Tyrol, Lombardy, and other districts. The quality almonds, are the growth of Lombardy and most of the of the latter is generally indifferent; but the whole pro- southern provinces; some few of the northern provinces duce of Austria (about 700,000 cwt.) leaves a surplus also produce the former; currants and raisins are exported for exportation beyond the domestic consumption. Of from Dalmatia and the adjacent islands; and the grenade, those 700,000 cwts., about 300,000 are raised in Hungary pomegranate, lime, lemon (which is extensively grown in alone, 80,000 in Transsylvania and the Military Frontier, the Tyrol, Lombardy and Venice, Illyria, and Dalmatia), 100,000 in the Tyrol, and 20,000 to 30,000 in Galicia. orange, date, and aloe, are natives of some of the southern Of hops, Bohemia not only yields the finest sort in and south-eastern provinces. In these parts the olive is Germany, but has been known in some years to export as likewise cultivated largely; the best grow near Cattaro, many as 12,000 or 15,000 cwts.; Galicia, Moravia, and and the district of Trau in Dalmatia, in which vicinity the Transsylvania raise sufficient for their own consumption. produce of oil amounts to 20,000 or 25,000 barrels per Flax, of uncommonly fine quality and great length of fibre, annum; Istria also manufactures about 30,000 barrels a is cultivated about Crema in Lombardy, and other parts of year; but the production of this article is not at all adequate the delegations of Lodi and Brescia; the Silesian is scarcely to the consumption of the empire at large. Melons are inferior to it; and, next to the latter, stand Moravia, Bohe- extensively cultivated in Lombardy, Venice, and Hungary; mia, Styria, the Upper Ens, Hungary, and Carniola. The but grown as a garden-fruit only in other parts of Austria. whole quantity raised in these and other parts of Austria Hungary indeed has been called The Paradise of the is, however, inadequate to supply the demand, although Melon. In that country, the fruit is raised both in the Transsylvania makes it an article of export to Wallachia. open field and garden, and eaten by all classes, of whom the Hemp of peculiar goodness is grown in the district of lower use the water-melon, which succeeds best in sandy Hanna in Moravia, and in Lombardy, and inferior qualities soils. in Silesia, Transsylvania (which exports large quantities), Styria, Bohemia, Čarniola, and the Tyrol, but what is raised in Hungary is of worse colour and shorter fibre. Though hemp is not so universally cultivated in Austria as flax, it ranks among the exports of Lombardy and some other provinces. A substitute for this article, called Ginster, grows in the wild state in Dalmatia and Croatia. The indigo of North Carolina has been transplanted to the Milanese, and is said to surpass the original dye both in colour and general excellence; and the saffron of the Lower Ens is equal, if not superior, to any grown in Europe: it is one of the products too of Hungary and some of the islands on the coast of Dalmatia. The cultivation of madder-root, which was introduced into the Lower Ens at the close of the last cen

We have seen that more than one-third of what is deemed the available soil of the Austrian dominions, is occupied by woods and forests; it is equal, indeed, to a fourth part and upwards of the whole area; and it will therefore naturally occur to every reader, that wood must constitute one of the staple productions. The more level districts grow the oak, beech, ash, alder, elm, poplar, lime or linden, birch, willow, and plantain ; whilst the fir, pine, larch, cedar, and yew, and, where these will not thrive, the dwarf pine and juniper, seek the more elevated regions. The Bakony forest in Hungary, which is above fifty miles long, and from ten to five-and-twenty broad, and the Draganesch in Illyria, as well as the forests of the Buckowine, Slavonia, and Dalmatia, abound in oaks of extraordinary dimensions,

cellence made in the Italian provinces. The whole exports of this article from the 4ustrian dominions are estimated at about 75,000,000 gallons.

Having thus pointed out the leading productions which characterize the vegetable kingdom in the Austrian Empire, we will now direct our attention to the resources with which the animal kingdom has supplied it. And here we shall again have recourse to the general estimates made by Lichtenstern, who possessed sources of information to which few other writers on the subject are said to have had access. He tells us, that the domestic and more useful classes of animals, of which the whole Austrian stock is composed, present the subsequent totals, viz. :

Horses (including one to three year old foals) 1,800,000 to 1,900,000; mules and asses, from 60,000 to 70,000; horned cattle (including one-fifth for the young), 9,000,000 to 10,000,000; sheep (of which about one-eighth are of improved breeds), 16,000,000 to 17,000,000; swine. 5,000,000 to 6,000,000; goats, 800,000 to 900,000. Blumenbach estimates the number of horses as high as 2,200,000; and of the sheep, at 19,000,000 or 20,000,000, among which are some few of the Dishley and New Leicester breeds, introduced in 1825.

and would afford inexhaustible resources to a state like England. The following details from Lichtenstern will however convey a more exact idea of the extent of these forest lands than any general remark. He states the woods and forests of Hungary to occupy a surface of 8,942,740 yochs; of Transsylvania, 4,482,900; of Galicia, 3,845,375; of Bohemia, 2,319,811; of the Military Frontier districts, 2,172,793; of the Archduchy of Austria, 1,829,009; of the Tyrol, 1,508,660; of Styria, 1,507,214; of Lombardy and Venice, 1,465,400; of Illyria, 1,359,461; of Moravia and Silesia, 1,120,285; and of Dalmatia, 633,100; making altogether a total of 31,186,748 yochs, or about 44.550,000 acres. With respect to fuel, we have no means at hand of ascertaining the quantity of wood felled for its supply. The neglect of the forests, particularly in the neighbourhood of large towns, has become so crying an evil among the Austrians of late years, that general attention has been roused to the subject, and much pains are taking to prevent the recurrence of a deficiency of fuel, by fresh plantations, in which Prince Lichtenstein has set a most useful example, above two millions of American trees and shrubs having been added to the woods on some of his estates in the Archduchy and Moravia. Among the products of the Austrian forests we may name potashes, which are chiefly made in Hungary, Galicia, and the Buckowine, Moravia, the Archduchy, and Bohemia. The Hungarian potash, of which about 1500 tons are produced, stands in highest estimation; the supply from Galicia, and from the Buckowine, where fourteen works yield above 300 tons annually, is also considerable; and there are upwards of 800 manufacturers of the article in Bohemia, who produce 850 to 900 tons a year for exportation, besides supplying its domestic consumption, for which nearly 5000 tons are required. Moravia is also a considerable exporter of potashes; and there is a sort made at Deutsch Brodersdorf, in the Archduchy of Austria, which is said to be superior to any that is produced elsewhere. In no other province is this branch of manufacture carried to any extent. Tar, charcoal, gall-apples, and turpentine 12. Lombardy and Venice should be added to this enumeration of the product of the Austrian forests, though they are not of considerable moment: that of tar, for instance, not exceeding 300 tons; that of gall-apples being not more than 8000l. in yearly value; and that of turpentine not exceeding 1000%.

The quantity of wine annually made in the Austrian territory averages between 570,000,000 and 600,000,000 gallons. Of this produce, Hungary contributes 370,000; Lombardy and Venice, 83,670,000; the Archduchy, 36,000,000; Transsylvania, 15,000,000; Styria and the Tyrol, about 9,000,000 each; Illyria, 10,980,000; Dalmatia, 8,505,000; Moravia, 6,808,000; and Bohemia, 405,000. The quantity consumed by the inhabitants themselves is estimated at 525,000,000 or 540,000,000 gallons. No wine is made in Galicia, the climate, as we have before remarked, being unfavourable to the cultivation of the vine, nor had any been made in the adjoining province of the Buckowine until within the last few years. The King of Wines' is a native of the Austrian soil: it is the produce of a district not much more than one hundred square miles in extent, situated on the high grounds of Tokai and Tarczal, which form part of the Heggallya range of the Carpathians, in the circle of Zemplin, in north-eastern Hungary; and it is somewhat remarkable that the generous grape, from which the several species of Tokai are made, should ripen to such perfect sweetness as to be wholly devoid of acid at so high a latitude as 48°. The Tokai, Tarczal, and Mada sorts are esteemed the finest, from combining strength and aroma with the most delicate sweetness. In point of body, the Tallya and Zambor sorts are preferred. Next to these, in the list of Hungarian wines, stands red Menesch, a strong, sweet, and aromatic liquor; and the Ausbruch, or first quality of the Oedenburg growth, is also in demand among those who prefer a less powerful wine. The vineyards in the neighbourhood of Ofen also yield a wine of astringent quality, which is frequently substituted for Burgundy. Slavonia, Croatia, Transsylvania, and the Archduchy, possess wines which, under better treatment, would probably be deemed very little inferior to the best Hungarian or Rhenish. We know of no sparkling wine in Austria excepting that which is brought from the valley of Vinodol, in Croatia. Some strong wines, particularly Muscatel and Porsecco, as well as the delicious Marzemin del Teodo, are produced in Dalmatia; but there are none of marked ex

Malchus, a subsequent and very recent writer, has likewise investigated this subject with much care; and we give the following statement upon his authority, to which we have added the surface of each province, in order to facilitate the comparison between them :

1. Archduchy of Austria
2. Styria

3 The Tyrol

4. Illyria

5. Bohemia

6. Moravia and Silesia

7. Galicia, &c.

32.508 362.477

1.325,735

547,653

8. Hungary, &c.

173.432

9. Transsylvania

10. Military Frontier District 12,820
11. Dalmatia

To this statement it may be added that the proportion of oxen to cows is estimated as being that of 7 to 12, and the whole number of mules and asses at between 58,000 and 59,000. With respect to the horse, the finest breeds are reared in Transsylvania and the Buckowine; they are well formed, and of Turkish descent: the Hungarian, on the other hand, are of slender make, and commonly much below fifteen hands, their greatest height; but they are a swift and durable race of animals. The Galician breed, with the exception of the few of Polish blood which are bred in the circles of Zloczoff and Brzerany, are of still more diminutive size, and in general trained from a wild state, but they are remarkably hardy, as well as swift-footed. The Bohemian and Moravian horse is principally adapted for agricultural purposes, whilst the breed reared in the Archduchy, Styria, and Carinthia, are of strong and powerful make, fitted for private use and military service; but the stock of the latter is by no means abundant. In fact, the supply of horses in the Austrian dominions is so inadequate to the demand, that they are compelled to resort to Naples, Mecklenburg, and even our own country for carriage-horses, as well as to various parts of Germany for remounts for the cavalry. The immense studs, which the government maintain in Hungary, Galicia, the Buckowine, and other quarters, where thousands of this useful animal are reared and trained, have, however, greatly contributed to replace the deficiency occasioned by the destructive succession of wars out of which Austria is emerging. Lombardy takes the lead in supplying mules and asses, and conjointly with Venice possesses a stock of between 48,000 and 49,000 of them, above four-fifths of the whole Austrian stock. The mules of Illyria and the Tyrol are larger, stronger, and handsomer than the ordinary race, and as swift as the fleetest horse.

Of horned cattle the choicest breeds are reared in Hungary, Transsylvania, Lombardy, and Styria; those of the first two countries are remarkable for their size and handsome horns, as well as the quantity and quality of their flesh; the Lombardy cattle appear to be a cross of the Swiss and Hungarian breeds, and are of handsome size and strong make; the Styrian breeds are the same large, long bodied, crumpled-horned, short-legged race as the Carin

thian and Croatian. Although Hungary, Galicia, and their | an abundance of other poultry, is amply counterbalanced southern neighbours export between 150,000 and 180,000 in Bohemia, Galicia, and Hungary, in which quarters the head of cattle annually, their gross number throughout the Jews have contrived to monopolize nearly the whole traffic empire is said to have been constantly on the decline during in down and quills. The pheasant of the finest Austrian the last forty years; the Austrian farmer and grazier breed is a native of the first-mentioned of these three kinghaving found it to their interest to attend rather to their doms, though this bird abounds equally in all of them. flocks than their herds. The produce of Austria in tallow, The Tyrol is celebrated for rearing canary birds, of which between 3000l. and 4000%. in value are annually sold, and some cheese, &c., will be found under the head of its manufactures. Buffaloes are bred in parts of the south of even in the markets of Constantinople. Game of all kinds Hungary, as well as in Transsylvania and Slavonia, where is plentiful in most parts, and on the list of wild animals they are used for the purposes of draught, it being found we find the bear, lynx, wolf, fox, martin, chamois-goat, The bear and wolf, indeed, that, in those countries at least, a buffalo can draw a heavier otter, and land-tortoise. load than three native horses, and is indifferent to the are found at times to be such troublesome neighbours in Galicia, that a premium is set upon their heads, and between quality of his food: their milk is also extremely rich. the years 1812 and 1814, sixteeen thousand florins were paid to the peasantry for bringing in 41 of the former and 4938 of the latter. The Tyrol also appears to have been particularly infested with them in 1819, when above 1507. were expended in rewards for the slaughter of a lynx, 39 bears, and 12 wolves.

coarse texture.

The breeding of sheep has in most parts been followed up to the injury of the stock of cattle. In Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and the Lower Ens, a very marked improvement in quality, arising from the cross of the native breed with the Spanish Merino, has more than counterbalanced a trifling decrease in quantity. But there is no part of the Austrian dominions equal to the east of Hungary and to Transsylvania for the extent of their flocks and pastures. Hungary, indeed, possesses so much larger a supply than is necessary for its own use, that there have been years when it has exported above half a million of sheep and goats, independently of upwards of 170,000 lambs and 1,400,000 lbs. of wool. The latter, however, which is chiefly obtained from the common Hungarian race (ovis strepsiceros), a breed with long twisted horns, and long, clotted, hairy wool, not found elsewhere excepting on Mount Ida and in some of the Greek islands, is but of In the western and southern parts of Hungary the breed has been improved by crossing it with Merinos, and now yields very fine wool. Galicia has much increased its flocks during the last thirty years, and greatly improved them by mixing them with Merinos; its stock, which amounted to 375,050 only in 1807, has now risen to nearly 550,000. In the east of Lombardy, the Venetian territory, Dalmatia, and the Quarnero Islands, where the Paduan breed is reared, an excellent quality of wool is also obtained. On the whole, Austria does not, however, produce as much wool as the consumption of her manufacturers requires, and therefore makes up the deficiency by importation from Turkey and other countries. Her native supply has been estimated at 474,000 cwt. per annum; namely, about 10,000 of superfine, 270,000 of fine and middling, and 170,000 of coarse qualities. We should add, that there are five distinct races of sheep bred in Austriathe Hungarian, also called the Zackelschaaf, which we have just described, the common curly-coated sheep, the improved breed, the Paduan, and the pure Spanish or Merino species. The rearing of goats is carried to so great an extent in some parts that no other animal food is eaten at certain periods of the year. We have already stated that their number may be estimated at 800,000 or 900,000. They are principally bred in the mountainous districts of Austria and Lombardy, and good cheese is made from their milk in the Tyrol and Bohemia; but the government are anxious to diminish the stock on account of the injury which they do to young plantations,

Swine are kept in large herds throughout almost every province of Austria, particularly in Hungary, where their flesh is so favourite a food with the Magyar and Slavonian, that in some years two millions have been known to be slaughtered, besides 250,000 exported. They are mostly kept in the vicinity of forests of oaks and beeches, at a distance from dwelling places, being driven into marshes and upon heaths in summer, where they feed on roots, snakes, and other reptiles, and into forests or other feeding grounds in the beginning of October. The markets of Debreczin and Oedenburg, in Hungary, are unquestionably the largest markets for swine and lard in all Europe; it is said indeed that an Hungarian would die without lard, as surely as a German without coffee.'. In the northwestern parts of Hungary, too, pountry is bred in such large quantities that one can scarcely pass from village to village without encountering flock upon flock of fowls, ducks, geese, and turkeys. The same may be said of the districts around the Austrian metropolis, and indeed more or less, of every province within convenient reach of large towns. Capons and turkeys are sent away by thousands from Styria the latter are the ordinary domestic fowl of the Transsylvanian. The want of geese in Lombardy, where there is

The streams of the Austrian empire abound in fish. The sturgeon is found in the Lower Danube and frequently in the Theiss, and some are often caught that weigh fifteen hundred pounds. Next to the sturgeon is the pike, the largest of which are at times forty pounds in weight: it is found with the carp and trout in the Theiss and other rivers; but if we were to proceed in our enumeration, from the lamprey of the Milanese to the salmon of the Vistula, for each intervening stream or sheet of water, we should omit scarcely one species out of the numerous fresh water varieties which exist in other parts of Europe. We must not, however, forget the pearl-bearing muscle which inhabits the rivulets of Hungary, the Archduchy, and Bohemia and of which the finest are taken in the Vatava, where a regular pearl fishery is carried on, and in the Moldau, Ilz Belika, and Kesselbach. Coral is collected on the coasts of Dalmatia, particularly in Lake Sebenico; and the tunny mackerel, anchovy, and other sea-fish are caught in the Adriatic. The fisheries on the Dalmatian coast employ 8000 individuals, and yield a yearly return not far short of 500,000l.

The rearing of the silkworm, though not wholly neglected in other parts of the south of Austria, is no where carried on to such an extent as in the territory of Lombardy and Venice, where it was introduced from the two Sicilies by the emperor Charles V. The western districts of this kingdom, those on the right bank of the Mincio, are said to produce nearly 3,500,000 pounds weight of silk per annum, and those on its left bank, which comprehend the Venetian provinces, about 1,200,000 pounds; both together produce not much less than seven-eighths of all the silk raised in the Austrian dominions, and give employment to upwards of 100,000 hands. This branch of industry is actively prosecuted also in the southern districts of the Tyrol and Illyria, as well as in Dalmatia, which produce conjointly about 800,000 pounds weight. An inconsiderable quantity is likewise raised in the south of Hungary, Slavonia, and Croatia. On the whole it has been computed that the annual production of silk in Austria amounts to 5,370,000 pounds weight, of which from 1,300,000 to 1,700,100 are used for domestic manufacture, and that its value is between 1,500,000l. and 1,700,000l. sterling. Nemnich states that the Milanese alone yields 230,000 pounds weight more than all Piedmont; but that the quality, though better than the French, is inferior to that of the Piedmontese, next in goodness to which stands the Brescian. A very considerable proportion of this article in the wrought state, chiefly of the sort termed 'organsine,' is exported from the Italian provinces to the English market.

Bees are also an object of much attention in Hungary, Galicia, and Transsylvania; and numbers of those who derive an income from their productions, possess apiaries of 150 or 200 hives. In many parts, however, those industrious insects are abandoned entirely to their instinct, or at least no other care is bestowed upon them besides enlarging the hole in the tree in which they establish their commonwealth, and providing them with a shelf. In Dalmatia, where the small district of Cattaro annually exports above 15,000 pounds weight of wax and honey, the hives are constructed of rough marble with a moveable lid. The finest Austrian honey is the white kind made in Hungary and Galicia; the whole quantity produced is estimated at 350,000 cwt., to which 20,000 cwt. of wax may be added.

Besides the bee, cantharides, or Spanish flies, are a con

siderable article of export from Hungary and Slavonia; the cochineal insect draws many purchasers into the sandy tracts of Galicia from Turkey and Armenia; and the leech of late years has become an article of considerable trade between Austria and France.

vince producing about 22.500 and the latter two about 23,000. The most productive of the Styrian mines are those which lie between Eisenerz and Vordernberg, and yield upwards of 14,000 tons, and those at Neuburg and Golbrath, which have been known to yield above 5000; the remainder is supplied from fourteen other works in that province. Its iron, as well as that of Carinthia, which was known among the Romans by the name of Noric Iron,' is in general placed for its excellence on a par with the Swedish, and finds its way occasionally into the English market. In the Hüttenberg, Carinthia possesses one of the oldest, and at the same time one of the richest, iron mines in Europe, its produce being from 8000 to 9000 tons a-year. The circles of Beraun, Rakonitz, and Pilsen, in Bohemia, are also rich in this metal, of which the whole kingdom furnishes about 10,000 tons. The other parts of Austria from which it is obtained are Moravia and Ŝilesia, in all about 2000 tons; the Archduchy, between 1200 and 2000; Galicia, 2000; the fourteen works in the Buckowine, 450; Transsylvania, 850 or 900; and Hungary, particularly in the circles of Gomor, Liptau, and Sohl, where the best of its iron is produced, and the first of which supplies 5000 out of the 7000 tons raised in that kingdom. The mountains of Lombardy lying within the territory of Brescia, Bergamo, Como, and the Valteline, where there are 200 shafts open, which supply iron for thirtyseven high-blast furnaces, are also estimated to produce from 8000 to 10,000 tons a-year, a considerable proportion of which is made into cast-iron. Tin is raised in no part of Austria but Bohemia, and the whole produce does not exceed 2000 cwt., which is far short of the consumption. The quality, however, is good; and indeed that which is obtained from the Schlackenwalde mine, in the circle of Ellenbogen, is said to be equal to the best Cornwall tin. There is no mine of quicksilver in Europe so rich as the mine at Idria in Carniola, the produce of which has, however, gradually declined from 12,000 cwt. a-year to its present amount, which is not above 4000; about 60 cwt. are also obtained from the Zalathna works in Transsylvania, and 640 cwt. more from the mines in Bohemia, Hungary, and Carinthia. Calamine and zinc, to the extent of 6950 cwt., are obtained from the Tyrol, the Archduchy, Styria, and Bohemia; cobalt, about 1600 cwt., viz., from the mines at Dobschau in Hungary, 1300, Styria, 200, and Bohemia, 100; arsenic, about 250 cwt., from Hungary, Transsylvania, Bohemia, and Salzburg; and antimony, about 6000 cwt., of which 2000 from the mines of Rosenau in Hungary, and the remainder from Transsylvania, the Tyrol, and Bohemia. Chrome is got in the Tyrol, and about 700 cwt. of bismuth, and 850 of manganese, principally in Bohemia.

In Mineral Productions Austria surpasses every other country in Europe. With the exception of platinum, it would be difficult to name any metal which it does not possess. The richest of its gold-mines are in Transsylvania, which has been called the gold-mine of Europe, and in which no less than forty are worked, the most productive being at Voröschpatack, Szalathna, Fazebay, and Nagy-Ag; the annual quantity of pure metal which the whole yield is stated to be about 30,000 ounces. The gold obtained in Hungary is partly found in a pure state, but most commonly extracted from silver, and even at times from copper ore: the mines of Lower Hungary produce about 20,000 ounces yearly, and those in the north-western districts about 5200. There is a mining academy at Schemnitz (or Selmecz-Banya), in the heart of the latter, which has greatly advanced the science throughout Austria, and become the resort of many foreigners who are desirous of studying it. The remaining produce of this metal, in the circle of Salzburg, the Tyrol, and other provinces, including the dust collected in the Danube, Muhr, Drave, Marosch, &c., is not estimated at more than 2400 ounces; so that the total quantity of gold annually accruing to the crown is about 60,000 ounces, the gross value of which may be estimated at 260,000l. And here it should be observed, that all ores found in the Austrian dominions are the property of the sovereign. Hungary possesses the richest of the silvermines, in which the mountains about Schemnitz and Nagy-Bunya most abound; the whole supply annually derived from that kingdom is about 1,130,000 ounces, of which nearly three-fourths are from the Schemnitz district. The other parts of Austria which produce this metal are Transsylvania, about 36,000 ounces; Bohemia, particularly the mines at Przibaum, in the circle of Beraun, 105,600; the Buckowine, from the lead-mines near Kirlibaba, 9600; Styria, 10,000; Galicia, 4800; and Salzburg and the Tyrol, about 4000. The decline in the richness of the veins which were worked on Mount Tretta, in the province of Vicenza, and at Annaberg, in the province of the Lower Ens, has occasioned them to be almost abandoned of late years. It would appear, therefore, that the annual produce of the silver mines is between 1,290,000 and 1,300,000 ounces, and their value is estimated at rather less than 250,000l. No part of the empire either is so rich in copper ore, or yields so large a supply of the metal, as Hungary: its most productive works are in the mining district of Schmöllnitz, or The various species of salt, such as sea, rock salt, and that Szomolnok, where they employ between seven and eight made from brine-springs, exist in abundance. The second thousand hands, and yield full two-thirds of the supply from species is abundant on both sides of the Carpathians; that kingdom, which amounts to 40,000 cwt. at least. The and the celebrated mine of Wieliczka, which has been 'cement water,' which the Zips brings down to Schmöllnitz, worked ever since the year 1253, and lies in the northand of which instances again occur near Neusohl in north-western part of Galicia, is but an inconsiderable inroad ern, and at Jaszka in south-western Hungary, is too re- upon a massive bed extending for a length of nearly markable to be passed over without notice. The rivers in 600 miles along the Carpathians, as far as Okna in Wallathese parts are saturated with sulphate of copper, which is pre- chia. Of its yearly produce, which amounts to 35,000 tons, cipitated on all iron thrown into them; in this way from 1600 three-fourths are composed of what is called 'green-salt," to 1700 cwt. of copper are extracted from them every year. ziclony sól, a kind that abounds in mineral particles; the The copper works at Deva and Szendomokos in Transsyl- next kind, szybikowa sól, or shaft-salt,' is much purer and vania produce about 2500 cwt. per annum; the Styrian, sharper; but the third, oczkowala sól, or 'crystal-salt,' which 1900; the Illyrian, 1000; those of Galicia and the Bucko- is perfectly pure and transparent, is the quality used for wine, 2000; the Tyrolese, 1200 to 1500; and the Dalmatian the table. This, and the neighbouring mine at Bochnia, and Istrian, 1000. On the whole, the annual supply of which yields about 12,500 tons per annum, are said to procopper which is raised in the Austrian dominions would duce a net revenue of at least 600,000l. yearly to the state: appear to amount to about 2500 or 3000 tons. More than and the whole quantity of salt of all kinds raised in Galicia double this quantity of lead is produced; and above one- and the Buckowine is estimated at 82,500,000 tons, which fourth of it, namely, between 1750 and 2000 tons, proceed include 15,000 of remarkably white colour and fine quality, from the Bleyberg (lead mountain), Königsherg, and other obtained by the process of boiling. The mines and boiling mines in Carinthia. The Hungarian are next in value, their works in the archduchy of Austria, which are principally produce averaging about 1200 tons a-year; and to these situated at Hullein, Ebensee, Ischel, and Hallstadt, with may be added 1100 from Bohemia, 250 from Transsylvania, those of the Salzberg, near Aussee in Styria, and at about 35 each from Salzburg and the Buckowine, and 50 Hall in the Tyrol, yield a further supply of between 78,000 from Dalmatia, Istria, and the maritime districts. The and 79,000 tons; to which we must add 50,000 extracted whole yearly produce of lead is estimated, however, at 9000 from the twelve mines in Transsylvania, and 34,000 chiefly tons. Iron is a metal of which almost inexhaustible re- from the six rich mines of the circle of Marmaros in Hunsources exist, though, on account of the dearness of fuel, gary. Bay-salt, too, though to the limited extent of 30,000 they have not yet been turned to any very extensive use: tons, is supplied from the salt-pits along the coasts of Dalthe quantity raised throughout the empire is at present matia and Istria, and in the maritime districts and Quarabout 80,000 tons per annum, in value about 600,000l.; neric islands in the Adriatic. The annual quantity of salt, and of this quantity nearly more than one-half is derived therefore, which the Austrian territory produces, appears to from Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola alone, the former pro- be about 275,000 tons, the whole of which is the produce of

a government monopoly of the most profitable kind; a de- | are obtained from the quarries at Bergamo, and exported ficiency, however, of between 20,000 and 30,000 tons still to the United States and England. Bohemia, Styria, and remains to be imported for the consumption of the southern the Upper Ens, as well as other parts of Austria, produce provinces. Of vitriol, Austria raises about 10,600 cwt. excellent alumine and silex for the manufacture of china almost wholly in Bohemia and Illyria; alum, about 11,500 and earthenware; indeed, the porcelain made in the imcwt., in the proportion of 3500 from Bohemia, 4600 from perial manufactory at Vienna, for which the material is proMoravia, 600 from the Archduchy, and 2300 from Hungary; cured from Engelhardzell in the Upper Ens and Passau, is saltpetre, about 350 tons, of which 340 are made at the considered superior by many even to the Sèvres or Berlin government works in the east of Hungary, whence an china for purity of colour and durability. The meerschaum, of almost unlimited supply might be obtained; and soda, which which the highly prized heads of tobacco-pipes are made, is abounds in Hungary, particularly on the moors of Debreczin a product of Moravia and Hungary; the species found at in the circle of Bihar, where above 10,000 cwt. of the purest Krumau in the former province is esteemed equal in quality quality are frequently obtained in the course of the year. to the Kiltshikoran of Anatolia. Neither is Austria anyThe saline morasses of that kingdom likewise furnish an wise deficient in clays, stone, earths, or such other mineral abundant supply of the finest sort of sulphate of soda, or substances as are adapted to the use of the potter, builder, Glauber's salts. or dyer.