COMMITTEE.

Treasurer-JOHN WOOD, Esq.

Thomas Falconer, Esq.

Sir L. L. Goldsmid, Bart., F.R. and R.A.S.
Francis Henry Goldsmid, Esq.

B. Gompertz, Esq., P.R. and R.A.S.

J. T. Graves, Esq. A.M., F.R.S.

G. B. Greenough. Esq., F.R. and L.S.

Sir Edmund Head, Bart., A.M.

M. D. Hill, Esq., Q.C.

Rowland Hill, Esq., P.R.A.S.

Right Hon. Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Bart., M.P.
Thos. Hodgkin, M.D.

David Jardine, Esq., A.M.

Henry B. Ker, Esq.

Thomas Hewett Key, Esq., A.M.

Sir Charles Lemon, Bart., M.P.
George C. Lewis, Esq., A.M.
Thomas Henry Lister, Esq.
James Loch, Esq, M.P., F.G.S.
George Long, Esq., A.M.

H. Malden, Esq. A.M.

A. T. Malkin, Esq.. A.M.

Mr. Sergeant Manning.

R. I. Murchison, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.
The Right Hon. Lord Nugent.

W. S. O'Brien, Esq., M.P.

Richard Quain, Esq.

P. M. Roget, M.D. Sec. R.S., F.R.A.S.

R. W. Rothman, Esq., A.M.

Sir Martin Archer Shee, P.R.A., F.R.S.

Sir George T. Staunton, Bart., M.P.

John Taylor, Esq. F.R.S.

A. T. Thomson, M.D. F. L.S.

Thomas Vardon, Esq.

Jas. Walker, Esq., F.R.S., Pr. Inst., Civ. Eng.

H. Waymouth, Esq.

Thos. Webster, Esq., A.M.

Right Hon. Lord Wrottesley, A.M., F.R.A,S,

J. A. Yates, Esq., M.P.

Cambridge-Rev. Professor Henslow, M.A.,
F.L.S. & G.S.

Rev. Leonard Jenyns, M.A., F.L.S.
Rev. John Lodge, M.A.

Rev. Prof. Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S. & G.S,
Canterbury-John Brent, Esq., Alderman.
William Masters, Esq.

Carlisle-Thomas Barnes, M.D., F.R.S.E.
Carnarvon-R. A. Poole, Esq.
William Roberts, Esq.

Chester-Henry Potts, Esq.
Chichester-C. C. Dendy, Esq.
Cockermouth-Rev. J. Whitridge.

Corfu John Crawford, Esq.
Plato Petrides

Coventry-C. Bray, Esq.

Denbigh-Thomas Evans, Esq.

Derby-Joseph Strutt, Esq.

Edward Strutt, Esq.. M.P.

Devonport and Stonehouse-John Cole, Esq.
John Norman, Esq.

Lt. Col. C. Hamilton Smith, F.R.S.

Durham-The Very Rev. the Dean.

LOCAL COMMITTEES.

Edinburgh-Sir C. Bell, F.R.S.L. and E.

J. S. Traill, M.D.

Etruria-Josiah Wedgwood, Esq.
Exeter-J. Tyrrell, Esq.

John Milford, Esq. (Coaver.)

Glamorganshire-Dr. Malkin, Cowbridge.
W. Williams, Esq., Aberpergwm.
Glasgow-K. Finlay, Esq.

Alexander McGrigor, Esq
James Couper, Esq.
A. J. D. D'Orsey, Esq.
Guernsey-F. C. Lukis, Esq.
Hull-Jas. Bowden, Esq.
Leeds-J. Marshall, Esq.
Lewes-J. W. Woollgar, Esq.

Henry Browne. Esq.

Liverpool Loc. As.-J. Mulleneux, Esq.
Rev. Wm. Shepherd, L.L.D.
Maidenhead-R. Goolden, Esq., F.L.S.
Maidstone-Clement T. Smyth, Esq.
John Case, Esq.

Manchester Loc. As.-G. W. Wood, Esq.,
M.P., Ch.

Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bt., Treasurer.
Sir George Philips, Bart.. M.P.
T. N. Winstanley, Esq., Hon. Sec.
Merthyr Tydvil-Sir J. J. Guest, Bart., M.P.
Minchinhampton-John G. Ball, Esq.
Neath-John Rowland, Esq.
Newcastle-Rev. W. Turner.

T. Sopwith, Esq., F.G.S.

Newport, Isle of Wight-Ab. Clarke, Esq.
T. Cooke, Jun., Esq.

R. G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

Newport Pagnell-J. Millar. Esq.
Norwich-Richard Bacon, Esq.

Wm. Forster, Esq.
Orsett, Essex-Corbett. M.

A. W. Davis, M.D.

Ripon Rev. H.P. Hamilton,M.A., F.R.S.,G.S.
Rev. P. Ewart, M.A.

Ruthin-Rev. the Warden of

Humphreys Jones, Esq.

Ryde, I. of Wight-Sir Rd. Simeon, Bt.
Salisbury-Rev. J. Barfitt.

Sheffield-1. H. Abraham, Esq.

Shepton Mallet-G. F. Burroughs, Esq.
Shrewsbury-R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P.
South Petherton-John Nicholetts, Esq.
Stockport H. Marsland, Esq., Treasurer.

Henry Coppock, Esq., Secretary.
Sydney, New S. Wales-W. M. Manning, Esq.
Swansea-Matthew Moggridge, Esq.
Tavistock-Rev. W. Evans.

John Rundle, Esq., M.P.
Truro-Henry Sewell Stokes, Esq.
Tunbridge Wells-Yeats, M.D.
Uttoxeter-Robert Blurton, Esq.
Virginia, U. S.-Professor Tucker.
Worcester-Chas. Hastings, M.D.
C. H. Hebb, Esq.
Wrexham-Thomas Edgworth, Esq.
Major Sir William Lloyd.
Yarmouth-C. E. Rumbold, Esq.
Dawson Turner, Esq

York-Rev. J. Kenrick, M.A.

John Phillips, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.

SCA

SCANDEROON, or ISKENDEROON, or ALEXANDRETTA, formerly called Alexandria, a seaport town in the north of Syria, at the head of the Gulf of Scanderoon, which was founded by Alexander the Great. It is a very unhealthy place, whence it is called in one of the antient Itineraries Alexandria scabiosa, and only owes its importance to its being the seaport to Haleb or Aleppo. Its unhealthiness is in a great measure owing to the waters which flow down from the mountains, and collect in great marshes around the town. Moryson, who visited it in 1596, represents it as a poor village, built all of straw and dirt, excepting some houses built of timber and clay in some convenient sort, and it lies all along the sea-shore. For the famous city of Aleppo having no other haven, the merchants do here unload their goods, but themselves make haste to Aleppo, staying as little here as possibly they can, and committing the care of carrying their goods upon camels to the factors of their nations continually abiding there. The pestilent air is the cause that they dare not make any stay there, for this village is compassed on three sides with a fenny plain, and the fourth side lies open upon the sea' (quoted by Russell, Natural History of Aleppo, vol. i., p. 358, Lond., 1794). Niebuhr (Beschreibung, &c., vol. iii., pp. 18, 19, Hamburg, 1837), who visited Scanderoon in 1766, describes its situation and state in much the same terms, and says, that with the exception of the houses of the vice-consuls and merchants, it contains only sixty or seventy poor dwellings, inhabited for the most part by Greeks. He adds, that there are the remains of some building in the morass surrounding the town, which proves that the place was formerly much larger than it is at present. A similar account of the state of Scanderoon is also given by a still more recent traveller (Damoiseau, Voyage en Syrie et dans le Désert, p. 4, Paris, 1833).

SCANDINAVIA is a term adopted in geography and history, and is of great antiquity. The name Scandinavia occurs in Pliny (Hist. Nat. iv. 13), who states that Scandinavia is the best known island in the Sinus Codanus (the Baltic), and is of unascertained dimensions. The part which was known was inhabited by the Hilleviones, who had five hundred pagi or districts. This description seems to refer to the large peninsula which forms the north-western portion of the continent of Europe, and comprehends the countries which at present are known under the names of Norway and Sweden. The area of this peninsula is somewhat more than 300,000 square miles, and it is consequently one-third greater than France, but as the largest portion of it is covered with sterile mountains, it is in general thinly inhabited, and the whole population does not much exceed four millions.

The small sovereignties which existed in this peninsula when it first began to be noticed in history, became united into the two great monarchies of Sweden and Norway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. But the internal governments of these states were so ill arranged, that the countries were continually a prey to internal wars, and they P. C., No. 1295.

SCA

were the scenes of never-ceasing bloodshed. In the mean time Denmark had acquired a more regular government, and the famous Margaret, queen of Denmark, succeeded in uniting the crowns of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway in her own person. Norway was acquired by inheritance, and Sweden by conquest.

By the union of Calmar (1397) these countries were never to be disjoined. Norway indeed remained united with Denmark up to 1814, but Sweden was separated from it in the middle of the fifteenth century. From that time the two countries of Scandinavia constituted separate states, until the year 1814, when Denmark was obliged to cede Norway to Sweden, and Norway submitted to the new order of things. Since that time the whole peninsula has been under the same king, but the two countries of Norway and Sweden have preserved their constitutions, which differ in every respect. [NORWAY; SWEDEN.]

SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE. The antient Scandinavian language, once common to the whole north-western portion of Europe beyond the Baltic, is now confined to Iceland, where it has undergone little change since the ninth century. [ICELAND.] This dialect of the Gothic is the parent stock of both Swedish and Danish, the former of which tongues has retained more of the original character than the other, which is also the language of Norway; and if not for the literature they contain, in a philological point of view they deserve far more attention than they have hitherto obtained from Englishmen, since they throw considerable light on the history of our own language. There is also a striking similarity of construction between them and English, which renders them of comparatively easy acquisition to ourselves. Nearly the same grammatical simplicity prevails, nor are their verbs and nouns subject to those numerous changes of terminations which render such languages as the German and the Russian so perplexing to a foreigner. Into the subject of Scandinavian literature, properly so called, we do not propose to enter, it being one of such magnitude that of itself alone it would require as much space as can be afforded for a literary-historical sketch of the two nations whom we here place together under the same common title.

Literature, in the usual meaning of the term, was of exceedingly tardy development in both Denmark and Sweden; for what learning there was, continued for a long time to be confined to the Latin of the schools. The people however possessed an abundant stock of those traditional poetical records which scarcely lay any claim to individual authorship, being rather the embodying of the sentiments and feelings of an entire race than those of individuals. Of these national songs there are many distinguished by the title of Kiæmpe Viser, or Heroic Ballads, which strains of romantic minstrelsy serve to give an idea of the compositions of the antient bards or skalds. Deeds of arms and bravery constitute their main subjects; for in the infancy of states personal courage and physical strength are regarded as the chief titles to pre-eminence, more especially VOL. XXI.-B