I were the single object of his attention; that he marks all ny thoughts; that he gives birth to every feeling and every movement within me; and that, with an exercise of power which I can neither describe nor comprehend, the same God who sits in the highest heaven, and reigns over the glories of the firmament, is at my right hand to give me every breath which I draw, and every comfort which I enjoy. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. Man is the direct agent of a wide and continual distress to the lower animals, and the question is, Can any method be devised for its alleviation? On this subject that Scriptural image is strikingly realized, "The whole inferior creation groaning and travail We differ from the leaf only in this circumstance, that it would require the operation of greater elements to destroy us. But these elements exist. The fire which ranges within may lift its devouring energy to the surface of our planet, and transform it into one wide and wasting volcano. The sudden formation of elastic matter in the bowels of the earth-and it lies within the agency of known substances to accomplish this-may explode it into fragments. The exhalation of noxious air from below may impart a virulence to the air that is around us; it may affect the delicate proportion of its ingredients; and the whole of animated nature may wither and die under the malignity of a tainted atmosphere. A blazing comet may cross this fated planet in its orbit, and realise all the terrors which superstition has conceived of it. We cannot anticipate withing together in pain," because of him. It precision the consequences of an event which every astronomer must know to lie within the limits of chance and probability. It may hurry our globe towards the sun, or drag it to the outer regions of the planetary system, or give a new axis of revolution, and the effect, which I shall simply announce without explaining it, would be to change the place of the ocean, and bring another mighty flood upon our islands and continents. These are changes which may happen in a single instant of time, and against which nothing known in the present system of things provides us with any security. They might not annihilate the earth, but they would unpeople it, and we, who tread its surface with such firm and assured footsteps, are at the mercy of devouring elements, which, if let loose upon us by the hand of the Almighty, would spread solitude, and silence, and death over the dominions of the world. Now, it is this littleness and insecurity which make the protection of the Almighty so dear to us, and bring with such emphasis to every pious bosom the holy lessons of humility and gratitude. The God who sitteth above, and presides in high authority over all worlds, is mindful of man; and though at this moment his energy is felt in the remotest provinces of creation, we may feel the same security in his providence as if we were the objects of his undivided care. It is not for us to bring our minds up to this mysterious agency. But such is the incomprehensible fact, that the same Being whose eye is abroad over the whole universe, gives vegetation to every blade of grass, and motion to every particle of blood which circulates through the veins of the minutest animal; that though his mind takes into his comprehensive grasp immensity and all its wonders, I am as much known to him as if signifies not to the substantive amount of the suffering whether this be prompted by the hardness of his heart, or only permitted through the heedlessness of his mind. In either way it holds true, not only that the arch-devourer man stands pre-eminent over the fiercest children of the wilderness as an animal of prey, but that for his lordly and luxurious appetite, as well as for his service or merest curiosity and amusement, Nature must be ransacked throughout all her elements. Rather than forego the veriest gratifications of vanity, he will wring them from the anguish of wretched and illfated creatures; and whether for the indulgence of his barbaric sensuality or barbaric splendour, can stalk paramount over the sufferings of that prostrate creation which has been placed beneath his feet. That beauteous domain whereof he has been constituted the terrestrial sovereign gives out so many blissful and benignant aspects; and whether we look to its peaceful lakes, or to its flowery landscapes, or its evening skies, or to all that soft attire which overspreads the hills and the valleys, lighted up by smiles of sweetest sunshine, and where animals disport themselves in all the exuberance of gaiety,-this surely were a more befitting scene for the rule of clemency than for the iron rod of a murderous and remorseless tyrant. But the present is a mysterious world wherein we dwell. It still bears much upon its materialism of the impress of Paradise. But a breath from the air of Pandemonium has gone over its living generations; and SO the fear of man and the dread of man is now upon every beast of the earth, and upon every fowl of the air, and upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea; into man's hands are they delivered: every moving thing that liveth is meat for him; yea, even as the green herbs, there have been given to him all things.' Such is the extent of his jurisdiction, and with most full and wanton license has he revelled among its privileges. The whole earth labours and is in violence because of his cruelties; and from the amphitheatre of sentient Nature there sounds in fancy's ear the bleat of one wide and universal suffering.-a dreadful homage to the power of Nature's constituted lord. These sufferings are really felt. The beasts of the field are not so many automata without sensation, and just so constructed as to give forth all the natural signs and expressions of it. Nature hath not practised this universal deception upon our species. These poor animals just look, and tremble, and give forth the very indications of suffering that we do. Theirs is the distinct cry of pain. Theirs is the unequivocal physiognomy of pain. They put on the same aspect of terror on the demonstrations of a menaced blow. They exhibit the same distortions of agony after the infliction of it. The bruise, or the burn, or the fracture, or the deep incision, or the fierce encounter with one of equal or superior strength, just affects them similarly to ourselves. Their blood circulates as ours. They have pulsations in various parts of the body as ours. They sicken, and they grow feeble with age, and. finally, they die, just as we do. They possess the same feelings; and, what exposes them to like suffering from another quarter, they possess the same instincts with our own species. The lioness robbed of her whelps causes the wilderness to ring aloud with the proclamation of her wrongs; or the bird whose little household has been stolen fills and saddens all the grove with melodies of deepest pathos. All this is palpable even to the general and unlearned eye and when the physiologist lays open the recesses of their system by means of that scalpel under whose operation they just shrink and are convulsed as any living subject of our own species, there stands forth to view the same sentient apparatus, and furnished with the same conductors for the transmission of feeling to every minutest pore upon the surface. Theirs is unmixed and unmitigated pain, the agonies of martyrdom without the alleviation of the hopes and the sentiments whereof they are incapable. When they lay them down to die, their only fellowship is with suffering: for in the prison-house of their beset and bounded faculties there can no relief be afforded by communion with other interests or other things. The attention does not lighten their distress as it does that of man, by carrying off his spirit from that existing pungency and pressure which might else be overwhelming. There is but room in their mysterious economy for one inmate, and that is the absorbing sense of their own single and concentrated anguish. And so in that bed of torment whereon the wounded animal lingers and expires, there is an unexplored depth and intensity of suffering which the poor dumb animal itself cannot tell, and against which it can offer no remonstrance,-an untold and unknown amount of wretchedness of which no articulate voice gives utterance. But there is an eloquence in its silence; and the very shroud which disguises it only serves to aggravate its horrors. HORACE BINNEY, LL.D., born in Philadelphia, January 4, 1780, gradAugust 12, 1875, was long distinguished as uated at Harvard University, 1797, died one of the most eminent lawyers of the United States. Publications: Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1790 to 1814, Phila., 1809-15, 6 vols. 8vo; Eulogium upon Hon. William Tilghman, 1827, 8vo (reprinted with Eulogium upon Chief Justice Marshall, 1861, 8vo); Eulogium upon Chief Justice Marshall, 1836, 8vo (see above); Argument in the Case of Vidal v. the City of Philadelphia, 1844, 8vo (Girard Will Opinion of the Supreme Court that the Case); Murphy v. Hubert: Review of the Pennsylvania Act of Frauds and Perjuries does not extend to Equitable Estates, 1848, 8vo; Centennial Address before the Philadelphia Contributionship, on the History and of Fire Insurance in the United States and Principles of that Insurance Company. 1852, 8vo; Bushrod Washington, 1858, 8vo; The Leaders of the Old Bar of Philadelphia, 1859, 8vo; An Inquiry into the Formation 8vo; The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas of Washington's Farewell Address, 1859, Corpus under the Constitution, 1862, 8vo, Second Part, 1862, 8vo, Third Part, 1865, 8vo. His address upon John Sergeant will be found in Wallace's Circuit Reports, vol. ii. "Mr. Binney is the head in the bar of the United States."-CHARLES SUMNER AND W. M. EVARTS TO S. AUSTIN ALLIBONE. "At any time he would have been considered a most fit person to be placed on the bench [which he refused]. We regret that he never was: his mind is eminently judicial, and his general learning and accomplishments would have adorned the professional research which he would have brought to the decision of all questions, while his high personal character would have added authority to his Quar. Review, April, 1860. judgments."-SIR JOHN T. COLERIDGE: (London) "I sincerely wish Mr. Binney would comply with your request, and collect his speeches, and such arguments as are adapted for the general reader, in a volume. It would be as valuable a one of the kind as was ever published. I have often said that I had never listened to a speaker who treated a politico-legal question so exhaustively as Mr. Binney. Of all the men I have known, I would have preferred him as the successor of Ch. J. Marshall."-EDWARD EVERETT TO S. AUSTIN ALLIBONE, Boston, 1st Feb., 1864. WHO WAS THE AUTHOR OF WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS? No one, who has formed a just estimate of that great man, can imagine that he regarded his personal dignity, or his personal value and efficiency, and, least of all, his true claims to respect and reverence, as reduced or compromised, in the least degree, by his asking the aid of a friend, who had been his trusted minister, to arrange his thoughts, or to improve their expression, upon any public subject on which he felt it his duty to speak. He was so high-spirited and sensitive, as well as sincere, that the glimpse of such a thought would have turned him aside, as certainly, perhaps, as any man that ever lived. The resort to such assistance was all the more likely to be made, because no one was more justly entitled to feel conscious that his powers of thought and expression were such as to place him on a perfect level with his office and duties; though on occasions when he might encounter criticism from enemies or adversaries, and he had them both,-he may have thought that his active life had not permitted him to become so sure of the various colours and shades of language, or so intimate with the best forms of composition, as to enable him to select with facility, in the face of such critics, the plan and words which would give the most certain and effective expression to his thoughts, and the best protection against their perversion. It is a small question to raise, after the death of two great public men, neither of whom, in his lifetime, suffered the breath of dishonour to condense upon his garments; and each of whom, in his claims to a deathless reputation, could have referred to a thousand proofs that are stronger than the Farewell Address, or the original draught of it. But having been raised, through accident or design, through levity or malevolence, my admiration of each has made me unwilling to withhold the humble labour of putting it in its proper light in regard to both. Having now concluded this Inquiry, after placing in the body of it, or pointing out in the documents it refers to, ample and authentic materials from which every reader may form an opinion for himself, there is little occasion for expressing my own upon the whole matter. I must avoid, however, the appearance of affectation, by suppressing it altogether at the conclusion, after having, no doubt, intimated portions of it incidentally, and sometimes perhaps unintentionally, in the course of the essay. I have not the least intention, however, of either instituting or leading to, a comparison of the respective values of the several contributions to the Farewell Address. If that question shall be raised, of which I should think there is little probability, at least among men who have sufficient sentiment to regard that address as the testament of Washington, and Hamilton as the inditer of his Will, the comparison must have different results, as it shall be made upon either political, or moral, or literary grounds; for values of these descriptions are not comparable altogether in their nature, one or more of them passing by weight, adjusted upon exact principles, and one at least by a variable and rather arbitrary scale of taste or convention. Even the more ponderable parts are by no means on one side only. My disposition is to describe, and not to compare. Washington was undoubtedly the original designer of the Farewell Address; and not merely by general or indefinite intimation, but by the suggestion of perfectly definite subjects, of an end or object, and of a general outline, the same which the paper now exhibits. His outline did not appear so distinctly in his own plan, because the subjects were not so arranged in it as to show that they were all comprehended within a regular and proportional figure; but when they came to be so arranged in the present Address, the scope of the whole design is seen to be contained within the limits he intended, and to fill them. The subjects were traced by him with adequate precision, though without due connection, with little expansion, and with little declared bearing of the parts upon each other, or towards a common centre: but they may now be followed with ease in their proper relations and bearing in the finished paper, such only excepted as he gave his final consent and approbation to exclude. In the most common and prevalent sense of the word among literary men, this may not, perhaps, be called authorship; but in the primary etymological sense, the quality of imparting growth or increase, there can be no doubt that it is so. By derivation from himself, the Farewell Address speaks the very mind of Washington. The fundamental thoughts and principles were his; but he was not the composer or writer of the paper. Hamilton was, in the prevalent literary sense, the composer and writer of the paper. The occasional adoption of Washington's language does not materially take from the justice of this attribution, the new plan, the different form proceeded from Hamilton. He was the author of it, he put together the thoughts of Washington in a new order, and with a new bearing; and while, as often as he could, he used the words of Washington, his own language was the general vehicle, both of his own thoughts, and for the expansion and combination of Washington's thoughts. Hamilton developed the thoughts of Washington, and corroborated them,-included several cognate subjects, and added many effective thoughts from his own mind, and united all into one chain by the links of his masculine logic. pear, to break or mar the image and superscription of Washington, which it bears, or to rally the principles of moral and political action in the government of a Nation, which are reflected from it with his entire approval, and were in fundamental points dictated by himself. An Inquiry into the Formation of Washington's Farewell Address, 167–171. JOHN BIRD SUMNER, D.D., born at Kenilworth, 1780, became Canon of Durham, 1820, Bishop of Chester, 1828, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1848, and died 1862. He was the author of an Essay on Prophecies, Lond., 1802, 8vo; Apostolical Records of the Creation, etc., 1816, etc., 2 Preaching, 1815, etc., 8vo; Treatise on the vols. 8vo; Evidence of Christianity, etc., Form of Lectures, St. Matthew to St. Jude, 1824, etc., 8vo; Practical Expositions in the 8 vols. 8vo, also in 16 vols. 12mo (Abridg by the Rev. G. Wilkinson, 4 vols. 12mo); Charges, 1829-44, 1844, 8vo. He also published four volumes of sermons. The main trunk was Washington's; the branches were stimulated by Hamilton; and the foliage, which was not exuberant, was altogether his; and he, more than Washington, pruned and nipped off, with severe discrimination, whatever was excessivement that the tree might bear the fruits which Washington desired, and become his full and fit representative. This is the impression which the proofs have made upon me; and I am not conscious of the least bias or partiality in receiving it from them. It is quite impossible, I think, to divide the work by anything like a sharp line between Washington and Hamilton; but there is less difficulty in representing the character of their contributions, by language in some degree figurative, such as, in one instance, I have used already. "All his works are distinguished by their earnest piety, their depth of thought, and elegance with the Best Authors, 1850: Second Quarter, 239. of language."-CHARLES KNIGHT: Half-Hours THE CHRISTIAN'S DEPENDENCE UPON HIS It is scarcely possible to contemplate the Christian character as described in the Gospel, and held up to our imitation, without We have explicit authority for regarding acknowledging an excellence truly divine. the whole Man as compounded of BODY, This may justly be attributed to that reliSOUL, and SPIRIT. The Farewell Address, gion which, if it were universally obeyed, in a lower and figurative sense, is likewise would extinguish all the vices which disso compounded. If these were divisible and turb human society and disgrace human distributable, we might, though not with full nature, would subdue pride, violence, selfand exact propriety, allot the SouL to Wash-ishness, and sensuality, and introduce in ington, and the SPIRIT to Hamilton. The elementary body is Washington's also; but Hamilton has developed and fashioned it, and he has symmetrically formed and arranged the members, to give combined and appropriate action to the whole. This would point to an allotment of the soul and the elementary body to Washington, and of the arranging, developing, and informing spirit to Hamilton,-the same characteristic which is found in the great works he devised for the country, and are still the chart by which his department of the government is ruled. The FAREWELL ADDRESS itself, while in one respect the question of its authorship-it has had the fate of the Eikon Basilike, in another it has been more fortunate; for no Iconoclastes has appeared, or ever can ap their stead humility, charity, temperance, mutual forbearance; would repress all that eager desire after temporal advantages which excites evil passions through the collision of interests; and would unite all men in one pursuit,-the only pursuit in which all could unite, and yet assist instead of counteracting each other, that of studying to do the will of God for the sake of everlasting happiness. Were men to presume so far as to invent a test by which the divine origin of a religion should be tried, I can imagine none more unexceptionable than its tendency to overcome what is acknowledged to be evil in human nature, and to raise in an immeasurable degree the standard of happiness. I can imagine no eulogy more complete than this: that if all men lived up to the spirit of the Gospel few sources of misery would remain in the world, and even that remainder would receive the utmost alleviation. The only objection which has ever been urged against the true Christian character derives whatever force it has from the disobedience of mankind. It has been said that the meekness, the patience under injuries, which it prescribes, is incompatible with our condition on earth, and would expose the man who should strictly comply with its demands to indignities and wrongs without remedy. But if this were true, which it is not to any material extent, as experience proves, even under the present circumstances of Christianity, it would afford no argument against a religion which requires abstinence from injuries no less positively than patience under them. Would it improve the condition of mankind if resistance were permitted where patience is now enjoined? Or would it be consistent with the Divine Author of the religion to annul one of his laws because another was broken? Let a human legislator sometimes condescend, if necessary, to the refractory subjects with whom he has to deal. But it is not surely, for God to yield to the passions which rebel against his will, but to ordain where their proud waves shall be stayed. In no other way can the standard of human nature be raised and improved. An objection more plausibly reasonable might perhaps be alleged against the Christian character, grounded on the impossibility of reaching and sustaining it, not only from the opposition of the surrounding world, but from the opposition of the natural heart; which, we confess, nay, avow, rises more or less against all the qualities which form the consistent Christian. The answer to this objection is conveyed in these words, "Abide in me, and Ì in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, unless it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me." The Christian has on his side one who is greater than his natural heart. He "can do all things through Christ that strengtheneth him." As there is an inseparable connection between the faith and practice of a Christian, so is there likewise a mystical union between the Christian and his Redeemer, the "author and finisher of his faith," which enables him both to "will and to do of his good pleasure." This is described by a strong but clear and most intelligible metaphor, when it is compared to the union between a tree and its branches. It is not pretended that our natural unaided strength would enable us to comply with the demands of the Gospel. Our Lord expressly declares to his disciples, "Without 66 me ye can do nothing." But he promises such assistance of his Spirit from above as shall make them both willing and able in "the day of his power." He compares them to the branch which, itself separated at a distance from the root and the soil which nourishes the root, is made fruitful by the juices which the stem supplies, but can bear no fruit from the time that it is severed from the parent tree. "Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, unless it abide in the vine; no more can ye, except ye abide in me." But as the expression which exhorts us to "abide in Christ" is confessedly figurative, it becomes necessary to consider in what way we may be said to comply with the condition on which our power of obedience de pends. What is it "to abide in Christ"? It is to live in habitual faith in his redemption, and in habitual reliance upon his Spirit. And first, as to habitual faith. FAITH is a word so familiar to our ears and our lips, that we may be easily misled into a groundless belief that we understand, nay, adopt it, in its full and scriptural acceptation. But trace it back to its original meaning, and by that signification try your feelings with respect to Christ. That signification is such a belief or persuasion as leads to trust, reliance, confidence. And if we consider the offer or call of Christ, we shall perceive that the trust or confidence which he requires may be justly termed "abiding in him." He came into the world to deliver mankind from the darkness of ignorance and sin, i.e., from spiritual blindness and alienation from God, a state inconsistent with their salvation. He came to redeem them from punishment; to renew their hearts by his Holy Spirit; to assign them rules for such a life as God approves. And in the fulfilment of this purpose his language is, Ye who live in the world, the posterity of Adam, are “enemies to God" (who is a God of holiness), "by wicked works." This enmity, this wicked ness, he does not punish now, but after death there is judginent, when he will inflict "indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil." But trust in me, and I will, for you, appease that wrath, and disarm that indignation; cleave to me, and follow the commandments which I set before you: then will I lead you safely through the "valley of the shadow of death," by which you must pass to an eternal world, and will present you pure and faultless before the throne of your Almighty Judge. Now, an offer of this nature precludes the idea of a passive or hesitating reception. It |