of Richardson and Swainson have already been noticed; but they need naming here, as also does Nuttall's Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and of Canada (2 vols. 1832-34; vol. i. ed. 2, 1840); the Birds of Long Island (8vo, 1844) by Giraud, remarkable for its excellent account of the habits of shore-birds; and of course the Birds of North America (4to, 1858) by Baird, with the co-operation of Cassin and Lawrence, which originally formed a volume (ix.) of what are known as the "Pacific Railroad Reports." Apart from these special works the scientific journals of Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington contain innumerable papers on the Ornithology of the country, while in 1876 the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club began to appear, and continued until 1884, when it was superseded by The Auk, established solely for the promotion of Ornithology in America, and numbering among its supporters almost every American ornithologist of repute, its present editors being Dr. Allen and Mr. F. M. Chapman.

Of Canada, unfortunately, not much is to be said. It is hard to understand why zoological studies have never found such favour there as further to the southward, but this is undoubtedly the fact, and no ornithological work can be cited of which the Dominion as a whole can be proud, though Mr. M'Ilwraithe's Birds of Ontario, of which an enlarged edition appeared in 1894, is a fair piece of local work.

Returning to the Old World, among the countries whose Ornithology will most interest British readers we have first Iceland, the fullestindeed the only full-account of the Birds of which is Faber's Prodromus der isländischen Ornithologie (8vo, 1822), though the island has since been visited by several good ornithologists, -Proctor, Krüper and Wolley among them. A list of its Birds, with some notes, bibliographical and biological, has been given as an Appendix to Mr. Baring-Gould's Iceland, its Scenes and Sagas (8vo, 1862); and Mr. Shepherd's North-west Peninsula of Iceland (8vo, 1867) recounts a somewhat profitless expedition made thither expressly for ornithological objects. For the Birds of the Færoes there is Herr H. C. Müller's Færöernes Fuglefauna (8vo, 1862), of which a German translation has appeared.2 The Ornithology of Norway has been treated in a great many papers by Herr Collett, some of which may be said to have been separately published as Norges Fugle (8vo, 1868; with a supplement, 1871), and The Ornithology of Northern Norway (8vo, 1872)—this last in English, while an English translation by Mr. A. H. Cocks (London: 1894) has been published of one of the author's latest works, a popular account of Bird-Life in Arctic Norway, communicated to the Second International Congress of Ornithology in 1892. For Scandinavia generally the latest work is Herr Collin's Skandinaviens Fugle (8vo,

1 Two papers by Messrs. Backhouse and W. E. Clarke, and Carter and Slater (Ibis, 1885, p. 364; 1886, p. 45) should be consulted, as well as one by Messrs. H. J. and C. E. Pearson (op. cit. 1895, pp. 237-249), which gives a list of the species hitherto recorded there. Herr Gröndal has also a list and an ornithological report on Iceland (Ornis, 1886, pp. 355, 601), with a dissertation on birds' names (op. cit. 1887, p. 587).

2 Journ. für Orn. 1869, pp. 107, 341, 381. One may almost say an English translation also, for Col. Feilden's contribution to the Zoologist for 1872 on the same subject gives the most essential part of Herr Müller's information.

1873), being a greatly bettered edition of the very moderate Danmarks Fugle of Kjærbölling; but the ornithological portion of Nilsson's Skandi navisk Fauna, Foglarna (3rd ed. 2 vols. 8vo, 1858) is of great merit; while the text of Sundevall's Svenska Foglarna (obl. fol. 1856-73), unfortunately unfinished at his death, but completed in 1886 by Prof. Kinberg, and Herr Holmgren's Skandinaviens Foglar (2 vols. 8vo, 186675) deserve naming.

Works on the Birds of Germany are far too numerous to be recounted. That of the two Naumanns, already mentioned, and yet again to be spoken of, stands at the head of all, and perhaps at the head of the "Faunal' works of all countries. For want of space it must here suffice simply to name some of the ornithologists who in this century have elaborated, to an extent elsewhere unknown, the science as regards their own country : -Altum, Baldamus, Bechstein, Berlepsch, Blasius (father and two sons), Bolle, Borggreve, whose Vogel-Fauna von Norddeutschland (8vo, 1869) contains what is practically a bibliographical index to the subject, Brehm (father and sons), Von Droste, Gätke, Gloger, Hintz, Holtz, Alexander and Eugen von Homeyer, Jäckel, Koch, König-Warthausen, Krüper, Kutter, Landbeck, Landois, Leisler, Leverkühn, Von Maltzan, Matschie, Bernard Meyer, Von der Mühle, Neumann, Tobias, Johann Wolf and Zander.1 Were we to extend the list beyond the boundaries of the German empire, and include the ornithologists of Austria, Bohemia and the other states subject to the same monarch, the number would be nearly doubled; but that would overpass our proposed limits, though Von Pelzeln must be named.2 Passing onward to Switzerland, we must content ourselves by referring to the list of works, forming a Bibliographia Ornithologica Helvetica, drawn up by Dr. Stölker for Dr. Fatio's Bulletin de la Société Ornithologique Suisse (ii. pp. 90-119); but the latter has already published a Catalogue Distributif of Swiss Birds, of which a third edition appeared in 1892, and in conjunction with Dr. Studer is bringing out a more elaborate work on the ornithology of the country, of which two parts have appeared. As to Italy, we have to name here the Fauna d'Italia, of which the second part, Uccelli (8vo, 1872), by Count T. Salvadori, contained an excellent bibliography of Italian works on the subject, while his Elenco degli Uccelli Italiani (Genova: 1887) is drawn up with his characteristic thoroughness. Then there is the posthumously published Ornitologia Italiana of Savi (3 vols, 8vo, 1873-77). But the country rejoices in what may be called an official Ornithology. This is the Avifauna Italica of Prof. Giglioli, and consists of four volumes pub

1 This is of course no complete list of German ornithologists. Some of the most eminent of them have written scarcely a line on the Birds of their own country, as Cabanis (editor from 1853 to 1893 of the Journal für Ornithologie), Finsch, Hartlaub, Hartert, Heine, A. König, Prince Max of Wied, A. B. Meyer, Nathusius, Nehrkorn, Reichenbach and Schalow among others. In 1889 Dr. Reichenow, of whom more hereafter, published a convenient Systematisches Verzeichniss der Vögel Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Mittel-Europas.

2 An ornithological bibliography of the Austrian-Hungarian dominions was printed in the Verhandlungen of the Zoological and Botanical Society of Vienna for 1878, by Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhofen. A similar bibliography of Russian Ornithology by Alexander Brandt was printed at St. Petersburg in 1877 or 1878.

lished at Florence between 1886 and 1891, in which the subject is treated in the greatest detail, owing to the multitude of observers by whom the author was assisted, with the result that Ornithology stands in Italy on a footing different from that which it occupies in any other nation. But it is pleasing to observe that this official recognition has not checked independent work, and the number of local Italian faunas is far too great to be here particularized. Coming to the Iberian peninsula, we must in default of separate works depart from our rule of not mentioning contributions to journals, for of the former there are only Col. Irby's Ornithology of the Straits of Gibraltar (8vo, 1875; ed. 2, 1895) 2 and Mr. A. C. Smith's Spring Tour in Portugal3 to be named, and these but partially cover the ground. However, Dr. A. E. Brehm has published a list of Spanish Birds (Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, iii. p. 431), and The Ibis contains several excellent papers by Lord Lilford and by Mr. Saunders, the latter of whom there records (1871, p. 55) the few works on Ornithology by Spanish authors, and in the Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France (i. p. 315; ii. pp. 11, 89, 185) has given a list of the Spanish Birds known to him.4

Returning northwards, we have of the Birds of the whole of France, apart from Western Europe, nothing of real importance more recent than the Oiseaux in Vieillot's Faune Française (8vo, 1822-29); but there is a great number of local publications of which Mr. Saunders has furnished (Zoologist, 1878, pp. 95-99) a catalogue. Some of these have appeared in journals, but many have been issued separately. Those of most interest to English ornithologists naturally refer to Britanny, Normandy and Picardy, and are by Baillon, Benoist, Blandin, Bureau, Canivet, Chesnon, Degland, Demarle, De Norguet, Gentil, Hardy, Lemetteil, Lemonnicier, Lesauvage, Maignon, Marcotte, Nourry and Taslé, while perhaps the Ornithologie Parisienne of M. René Paquet, under the pseudonym of Nérée Quépat, should also be named. Of the rest the most important are the Ornithologie Provençale of Roux (2 vols. 4to, 1825-29); Risso's Histoire naturelle. des environs de Nice (5 vols. 8vo, 1826-27); the Ornithologie du Dauphiné of Bouteille and Labatie (2 vols. 8vo, 1843-44); the Ornithologie du Gard (8vo, 1840) and Faune Meridionale of Crespon (2 vols. 8vo, 1844); the Ornithologie de la Savoie of Bailly (4 vols. 8vo, 1853-54), and Les Richesses ornithologiques du midi de la France (4to, 1859-61) of MM. Jaubert and Barthélemy-Lapommeraye. For Belgium the Faune Belge of Baron De Selys-Longchamps (8vo, 1842) long remained the

1 A compendium of Greek and Turkish Ornithology by Drs. Krüper and Hartlaub is contained in Mommsen's Griechische Jahrzeiten for 1875 (Heft III.). For other countries in the Levant there are Canon Tristram's Fauna and Flora of Palestine (4to, 1884) and Capt. Shelley's Handbook to the Birds of Egypt (8vo, 1872).

Mr. Abel Chapman's Wild Spain (London: 1893) contains a considerable quantity of ornithological information, chiefly from the sportsman's point of view. 3 In the final chapter of this work the author gives a list of Portuguese Birds, including beside those observed by him those recorded by Prof. Barboza du Bocage in the Gazeta Medica de Lisboa, 1861, pp. 17-21.

4 Certain papers published at Corunna by a Galician ornithologist require an explanation (cf. Sherborn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiv. p. 154), which has not and probably never will be given.

classical work, though the Planches coloriées des Oiseaux de la Belgique of the late M. Ch. F. Dubois (8vo, 1851-60) was so much more recent. Το this followed, in 1861-64, a supplementary volume, which, by including species not found in Belgium, justified an extension of the title of the whole to Planches coloriées des Oiseaux de l'Europe; while between 1876 and 1887, his son, Dr. Alphonse Dubois, devoted to Birds four volumes of his Faune illustrée des Vertébrés de la Belgique (gr. 8vo), a work remarkable for the introduction of small maps shewing the author's view of the geographical range of the several species. In regard to Holland we have Schlegel's De Vogels van Nederland (3 vols. 8vo, 1854-58; ed. 2, 2 vols. 1878), besides his De Dieren van Nederland: Vogels (8vo, 1861).1

Here it may be well to cast a glance on a few of the works that refer to Europe in general, the more so since most of them are of Continental origin. First we have the already-mentioned Manuel d'Ornithologie of Temminck, which originally appeared as a single volume in 1815 2; but was speedily superseded by the second edition of 1820, in two volumes. Two supplementary parts were issued in 1835 and 1840 respectively, and the work for many years deservedly maintained the highest position as the authority on European Ornithology—indeed in England it may almost without exaggeration be said to have been nearly the only foreign ornithological work known; but, as may well be expected, grave defects are now to be discovered in it. Some of them were already manifest when one of its author's colleagues, Schlegel (who had been employed to write the text for Susemihl's plates, originally intended to illustrate Temminck's work), brought out his bilingual Revue critique des Oiseaux d'Europe (8vo, 1844), a very remarkable volume, since it correlated and consolidated the labours of French and German, to say nothing of Russian, ornithologists. Of Gould's Birds of Europe (5 vols. fol. 1832-37) nothing need be added to what has been already said. The year 1849 saw the publication of Degland's Ornithologie Européenne (2 vols. 8vo), a work fully intended to take the place of Temminck's; but of which Bonaparte, in a caustic but well-deserved Revue Critique (12mo, 1850), said that the author had performed a miracle since he had worked without a collection of specimens and without a library. A second edition, revised by M. Gerbe (2 vols. 8vo, 1867), strove to remedy, and to some extent did remedy, the grosser errors of the first, but enough still remain to make few statements in the work trustworthy unless corroborated by other evidence. Meanwhile in England the late Dr. Bree in 1858 began the publication of The Birds of Europe not observed in the British Isles (4 vols. 8vo), which was completed in 1863, and in 1875 reached a second and improved edition (5 vols.). In 1870-1 Dr. Anton Fritsch brought out his Naturgeschichte der Vögel Europas (8vo, with atlas in folio); and in 1871 Messrs. Sharpe and Dresser began the publication of their Birds of Europe, which was finished by the latter alone in 1879 (8 vols. 4to), and is unquestionably the most complete work of its kind, both for fulness of information and beauty of illustration-the coloured plates being nearly all by Mr. 1 There are several important papers on Dutch Ornithology by Albarda, Blaauw, Büttikofer, Crommelin, Jentink and others.

Copies are said to exist bearing the date 1814.

Keulemans or Mr. Neale. In so huge an undertaking mistakes and omissions are of course to be found if any one likes the invidious task of seeking for them; but many of the errors imputed to this work prove on investigation to refer to matters of opinion rather than of fact, while many more are explicable if we remember that while the work was in progress Ornithology was being prosecuted with unprecedented activity, and thus statements which were in accordance with the best information at the beginning of the period were found to need modification before it was ended. As a whole European ornithologists have been all but unanimously grateful to Mr. Dresser for the way in which he brought this enormous labour to a successful end. A Supplement to his work is now nearly finished. The late M. des Murs in 1886 completed his Description des Oiseaux d'Europe (4 vols. gr. 8vo), with coloured figures of the Birds and of their eggs, but it is rather a popular than a scientific work. The Contributions à la Faune ornithologique de l'Europe Occidentale of the late M. Olphe-Galliard, contained in 41 fascicules between 1884 and 1892, is an important work, involving a vast amount of research, and composed in a highly original way. The author was well read in oruithological literature, for he had the accomplishment, rare among his countrymen, of a good acquaintance with modern languages not his own, and was especially observant of the doings of foreign naturalists. Yet the work cannot be called wholly successful, and this chiefly, it would seem, through the want of autoptical acquaintance with many of the species treated, or at least with a sufficient series of specimens, whereby he has been led to rely too much on the descriptions of others, with the usual unsatisfactory result. Still the work fully deserves attention, and nothing need be said of the author's fanciful classification, for no one is likely to follow it. In 1890 Mr. Backhouse brought out a convenient little Handbook of European Birds.1

Coming now to works on British Birds only, the first of the present century that requires remark is Montagu's Ornithological Dictionary (2 vols. 8vo, 1802; supplement 1813), the merits of which have been so long and so fully acknowledged both abroad and at home that no further comment is here wanted. In 1831 Rennie brought out a modified edition of it (reissued in 1833), and Newman another in 1866 (reissued in 1883); but those who wish to know the author's views should consult the original. Next in order come the very inferior British Ornithology of Graves (3 vols. 8vo, 1811-21; ed. 2, 1821), and a better work with the same title by Hunt 2 (3 vols. 8vo, 1815-22), published at Norwich, but never finished. Then we have Selby's Illustrations of British Ornithology, two folio volumes of coloured plates engraved by himself, between 1821 and 1833, with letterpress also in two volumes (8vo, 1825-33), a second

1 Herr Gätke's remarkable Vogelwarte Helgoland (Braunschweig: 1891), which treats of much more than European ornithology, has been elsewhere (MIGRATION, p. 562) mentioned. It remains to say that a fair English translation by Mr. Rosenstock, with a preface by Mr. Harvie-Brown, has appeared under the title of Heligoland as an Ornithological Observatory (Edinburgh: 1895).

2 The text was written, I was told by the late Mr. Joseph Clarke, by R. C. Coxe, who was a schoolboy when it was begun, but died in 1863 Archdeacon of Lindisfarne.