"And I," savagely replied Saint-Just, "will make him carry his like a Saint-Denis." The threat was not vain: Desmoulins accompanied Danton to the scaffold. same ferocious inflexibility animated Saint-Just with reference to the external policy of France. He proposed that the national convention should itself, through its committees, direct all military movements. This was agreed to, and Saint-Just was despatched to Strasburg, in company with Lebas, to superintend operations. It was suspected that the enemy without was being aided by treason within. Saint-Just's remedy was direct and terrible: he followed his experience in Paris, "organized the Terror," and soon the heads of all suspects were falling under the guillotine. The conspiracy was defeated, and the armies of the Rhine and the Moselle having been inspirited by success-Saint-Just himself taking a fearless part in the actual fighting and having effected a junction, the frontier was delivered. Later, with the army of the North, he wrought similar magical changes in the aspect of affairs. Before the generals he placed the terrible dilemma of victory over the enemies of France or trial by the dreaded revolutionary tribunal; and before the eyes of the army itself he organized a force which was specially charged with the slaughter of those who should seek refuge from the enemy by flight. Success again crowned his terrible efforts, and Belgium was gained for France. Meanwhile affairs in Paris looked gloomier than ever, and Robespierre recalled Saint-Just to the capital. As the storm was gathering Saint-Just gave it direction by mooting the dictatorship of his master as the only remedy for the convulsions of society. At last, at the famous sitting of the 9th Thermidor, he ventured to present as the report of the committees of general security and public safety a document expressing his own views, a sight of which, however, had been refused to the other members of committee on the previous evening. Then the storm broke. He was vehemently interrupted, and the sitting ended with an order for Robespierre's arrest (see ROBESPIERRE). On the following day, 28th July 1794, twenty-two men, nearly all young, were guillotined. Robespierre was one, aged thirty-six; Saint-Just another, aged twenty-six.

In 1800 there was published at Strasburg a work from the pen of Saint-Just entitled Fragments on Republican Institutions. It is a crude mixture of his opinions on social and political topics.

ST KILDA, the largest islet of a small group of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, 40 miles west of North Uist, in 57° 48′ 35′′ N. lat. and 8° 35′ 30′′ W. long. It measures 3 miles from east to west and 2 from north to south, and has an area of 3000 to 4000 acres. Except at the landingplace on the south-east, the cliffs rise sheer out of deep water, and on the north-east side the highest eminence in the island, Conagher or Conna-Ghair, forms a gigantic precipice, 1220 feet high from sea to summit. According to Professor Judd, St Kilda is probably the core of a Tertiary volcano; but, besides volcanic rocks, it is said to contain hills of sandstone in which the stratification is very distinct.1 While the general relief is peculiarly bold and picturesque, a certain softness of scenery is produced by the richness of the verdure. The inhabitants are an industrious Gaelic-speaking community (110 in 1851, and 77 in 1881). They cultivate about 40 acres of land (potatoes, oats, barley), keep about 1000 sheep and 50 West Highland cows, and catch puffins and other sea-fowl. Coarse tweeds and blanketing are manufactured for home use. The houses are collected in a little village at the head of the East Bay, which contains a Free church, a manse, and the factor's house. The island is practically inaccessible for eight months of the year.

ST KILDA, a watering-place in Victoria, Australia, on the east shore of Hobson's Bay, 3 miles south of Melbourne, with which it is connected by a railway. The borough had an area of 1886 acres and a population of 11,662 in 1881. The sea-beach is bordered by an esplanade; there is a large public park; and portions of the sea have been fenced-in to protect bathers from sharks. A town-hall, an assembly hall, a library, and the large Episcopal church of All Saints are among the public buildings. ST KITTS. See ST CHRISTOPHER.

SAINT-LAMBERT, JEAN FRANÇOIS DE (1716-1803), French poet, was born at Nancy in 1716, and died at Paris in 1803. During great part of his long life he held various employments at the court of Stanislaus of Poland, when that prince was established in Lorraine. He also served in the French army, and then betook himself to literature, producing among other things a volume of descriptive verse, Les Saisons (wildly overpraised at the time, and now never read), many articles for the Encyclopédie, and some miscellaneous works in verse and prose. SaintLambert's chief fame, however, comes from the strange fate which made him the successful rival in love of the two most famous men of letters in France, not to say in Europe, during the 18th century. The infatuation of the marquise du Châtelet for him and its fatal termination are known to all readers of the life of Voltaire. His subsequent courtship of Madame d'Houdetot, Rousseau's Sophie, though hardly less disastrous to his rival, was less disastrous to the lady, and continued for the whole lives of himself and his mistress. They survived till the present century as a kind of irregular Baucis and Philemon, illustrating the manners of the vanished régime, which had been not unjustly celebrated, and vindicating its constancy from a very general opinion.

ST LAWRENCE. The river St Lawrence 2 in North Plate

America, taken in connexion with the great lakes, offers to IV. trading vessels the most magnificent system of inland navigation in the world. Its total length from the source Length of the St Louis river, which discharges into Fond du Lac at the head of Lake Superior, to Cape Gaspé is 2100 miles. The river St Louis springs from the same spacious plateau in Minnesota that gives birth to the Mississippi and the Red River of the North. The intermediate distances between the source of the St Lawrence and its mouths are shown in Table I. According to the most recent surveys the approximate area of the basin of the St Lawrence is 510,000 square miles, of which 322,560 belong to Canada and 187,440 to the United States.

Lake Superior, the most westerly of the lakes, is the Lake largest body of fresh water in the world. In addition to Superior. the river Nipigon, which may be regarded as the chief source of the upper St Lawrence, and the St Louis and Pigeon rivers, which constitute the international boundary, it receives its waters from 200 rivers, draining an aggregate of 85,000 square miles,3 including its own area of 32,000. 2 The name given by Jacques Cartier, who ascended the river in 1535 as far as Montreal.

3 The magnitudes and altitudes of the great lakes are derived from the Report of the Canadian Canal Commission, February 1871; the engineering data relating to canals have been mainly obtained from,

the annual reports of the chief of engineers, United States army.

St

Its length is 390 miles, its greatest breadth 160, and its mean breadth 80. Its mean depth is 900 feet and its altitude above the sea-level 600 feet. Its coast is generally rockbound. Numerous islands are scattered about the north side of the lake, many rising precipitously to great heights from deep water, some presenting castellated walls of basalt and others rising in granite peaks to various elevations up to 1300 feet above the lake. The Laurentian and Huronian rocks to the north along the shore abound in silver, copper, and iron ores. The United States side is generally lower and more sandy than the opposite shore, and is also especially rich in deposits of native copper and. beds of red hæmatite iron ores. Both these minerals are extensively worked. Unfossiliferous terraces occur abundantly on the margin of the lake; at one point no fewer than seven occur at intervals up to a height of 33 feet above the present level of the water. Lake Superior is subject to severe storms and the effect of the waves upon the sandstone of the "picture rocks" of Grand Island sents innumerable fantastic and very remarkable forms. The lake never freezes, but cannot be navigated in winter on account of the shore ice. At the west end of the lake, at the mouth of the St Louis, is situated the city of Duluth,

pre

a place of considerable importance as the eastern terminus of the Northern Pacific Railway, and of the St Paul and Duluth Railway, which runs to St Paul on the Mississippi,

155 miles south of Duluth.2

St Mary's river, 55 miles long, is the only outlet from Mary's Lake Superior, and its course to Lake Huron is but a river and succession of expansions into lakes and contractions into rivers. St Mary's rapids, which in a distance of half a mile absorb 18 feet out of the total fall of 22 feet between

canal.

the two lakes, are avoided by a ship canal, constructed

in 1855.

As originally built, the canal was 1 mile long, had a width of 100 feet at the water line and a depth of 12 feet. The locks were two in number, combined, each 350 feet in length, 70 in width, with a lift of 9 feet. At the time the canal was made these dimensions were sufficient to pass any vessel on the lakes fully laden, but by 1870 it became necessary to provide for more rapid lockage and for the passage of larger vessels. Accordingly the old canal was

1 The distance from Belle Isle to Liverpool is 2234 statute or 1942 geographical miles.

2 Lake Nipigon is situated 50 miles to the north of Lake Superior, into which it drains by the river Nipigon; it is still very little known except from the report of Professor Bell of the Geological Survey. It

widened and deepened, and a new lock constructed, 515 feet long and 80 wide,-the width of the gates being 60 feet, the lift of the lock 18, and the depth of water on the mitre sills 17. There is now everywhere a navigable depth of 16 feet from Lake Superior through St Mary's Falls Canal and St Mary's river to Lake Huron. In 1883 the registered tonnage passing the canal was 2,042,295 tons, the annual increase of tonnage during the previous fifteen years having averaged 107,313 tons. The United States Government engineers have already presented a project for still further improvements, namely, to replace the old locks by one only with a length of 700 feet and a width of 70, and with a depth of 21 feet on the sill.

Lake Huron is 270 miles long and 105 broad and has Lake an area of 23,000 square miles (the area of its basin, Huron. including the lake, being 74,000), a mean depth variously stated at from 700 to 1000 feet, and an altitude above the sea of 574 feet. Georgian Bay on the north-east lies entirely within the region of Canada, whilst Thunder Bay and Saginaw Bay on the west and south-west are in the State of Michigan. The north and north-east shores of Lake Huron are mostly composed of sandstones and limestones, and where metamorphic rocks are found the surface is broken and hilly, rising to elevations of 600 feet or more above the lake, unlike in this respect the southern shores skirting the peninsulas of Michigan and south-western Ontario, which are comparatively flat and of great fertility. As in Lake Superior, regular terraces corresponding to former water-levels of the lake run for miles along the shores of Lake Huron at heights of 120, 150, and 200 feet; and deposits of fine sand and clay containing freshwater shells rise to a height of 40 feet or more above the present level of the water. At several places these deposits extend to a distance of 20 miles inland. The chief tributaries of the lake on the Canadian side are the French river from Lake Nipissing, the Severn from Lake Simcoe, the Muskoka, and the Nottawasaga, all emptying into Georgian Bay; and on the United States side the Thunder Bay river, the Au-Sable, and the Saginaw.

Lake Michigan is entirely in the territory of the United Lake States. It has a maximum breadth of 84 miles and its Michi length is 345 miles from the north-west corner of Indiana gan. and the north part of Illinois to Mackinaw, where it communicates with Lake Huron by a strait 4 miles wide at its narrowest part. Its depth is variously stated at from 700 to 1800 feet. Its altitude above sea-level is 578 feet. Its basin is 70,040 square miles in area, of which the lake occupies 22,400. Five of its tributaries are from 135 to 245 miles in length. The country round Lake Michigan is for the most part low and sandy. The rocks are limelying in horizontal strata and never rising into bold cliffs. stones and sandstones of the Sub-carboniferous groups, Along the south shore are Post-tertiary beds of clay and sand lying a few feet above the level of the lake, the waters of which probably at one time found their way by the valleys of the Illinois and the Mississippi into the Gulf of

Mexico.

In 1883 the export of grain by the lakes amounted to 6,850,722 quarters (of which 68.1 per cent. were shipped direct to Buffalo and only.6.8 per cent. to Kingston and Montreal) as against 3,146,000 sent by rail. The first appropriation for the harbour of Chicago, is 313 feet above the level of Lake Superior, and in some parts is upwards of 500 feet in depth. The lake is thickly studded with islands; its shores are undulating and sometimes hilly; and owing to its numer ous indentations its coast-line measures 580 miles.