WM. INGHAM & SONS, Wortley, Leeds. Salt Glazed Sinks. GEORGE JENNINGS, Lambeth Palace Road, London, S.E. Hot and Cold Water Mixer, with Indicating Thermometer. JOHN JONES, 40, Sydney Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. Deep Seal Gullies, with extra large Top and 4-inch Outlet. JOHN GEO. KIRTLEY, 9, St. Thomas' Street, Sunderland. THE LEEDS STEEL WORKS, LIMITED, Hunslet, Leeds. THE LONDON AGENCY, St. Mary Axe, London, E.C. Abel Apparatus for Testing Flashing Points of Oils. SANITATION IMPROVEMENT COMPANY, Canal Street, Wolverhampton. Day's Stafford Closet. SHANKS & Co., Tubal Works, Barrhead, N.B. Shanks' “Fin de Siecle" Bath, with "Modern” Waste. SHANKS & CO., Tubal Works, Barrhead, N.B. Shanks' Urinals with Enamelled Fireclay Backs for Automatic THE SMOKELESS FIRE CO., LIMITED, 100, Shaftesbury Avenue, Smoke Consuming Cooking Range. HY. WALKER & SON, LIMITED, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Bowes' Well-fire. HY. WALKER & SON, LIMITED, Westgate Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. New Ventilator and Draught Regulator attached to Eagle Range. CHARLES WILSON & SONS, Carlton Works, Leeds. Canopy Gas Stoves. EXHIBITS SELECTED FOR PRACTICAL TRIAL. BRITISH ELECTROZONE CORPORATION, LIMITED, Trafalgar Buildings, Charing Cross, London, W.C. Electrozone Preparations. RICHARD CLARKE & Co., Beehive Mills, Heckmondwike. Eureka" lead encased Block Tin Water Pipe. G. & F. COUZENS, 14, Tudor Street, Cardiff. Tidal Valve Interceptor. CROSIER, STEPHENS, & Co., 58 and 60, Collingwood Street, Newcastleon-Tyne. Judge's Valve, for preventing the waste of water. J. DEFRIES & SONS, LIMITED, 147, Houndsditch, London, E.C. J. DEFRIES & SON, LIMITED, 147, Houndsditch, London, E.C. J. DUCKETT & SON, Blannel Street, Burnley, Lancashire. J. DUCKETT & SON, LIMITED, Blannel Street, Burnley, Lancashire. Twenty Gallon Automatic Flushing Tank. J. DUCKETT & SON, LIMITED, Blannel Street, Burnley, Lancashire. 10 Gallon Overhead Bufferless Tilting Vessel. EMLEY & SONS, LIMITED, Westgate Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. O. L. FALCONAR, 32, Collingwood Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. W. FERGUSSON & SON, Prudhoe Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne. THE HORSFALL REFUSE FURNACE Co., Athenæum Buildings, Park Model of Refuse Destructor and Wall Diagram. GEORGE JENNINGS, Lambeth Palace Road, London, S.E. 66 Siphonic" Closet, without waste Preventing Supply Valve. GEORGE JENNINGS, Lambeth Palace Road, London, S.E. "Siphonic" Closet with Waste Preventing Overflow Regulating JEYES' SANITARY COMPOUNDS Co., LIMITED, 64, Cannon Street, Jeyes' Preparations. JEYES SANITARY COMPOUNDS Co., LIMITED, 64, Cannon Street, Jeyes' Fluid. JOHN JONES, 40, Sydney Street, Chelsea, London, S.W. JOHN JONES. Stopper to Clearing Arm of Intercepting Trap. JOHN JONES, 40, Sydney Street, Chelsea, London, S. W. "Sydney" Water Waste Preventer. THE KILLGERM CO., LIMITED, Cleckheaton. Killgerm Co.'s Preparations. THE KILLGERM CO., LIMITED, Cleckheaton. Killgerm Fluid. LEVER BROS., LIMITED, Port Sunlight, Birkenhead. "Lifebuoy" Royal Disinfectant Soap. THE "CANNON" HOLLOW-WARE CO., LIMITED, Deepfields, Bilston. Chemically Enamelled Iron Evaporating Bowl. The "Loco "DRAINING APPARATUS CO., LIMITED, 25, Cross Street, Manchester. "Loco" Lavatory Basin, with Self-flushing Overflow Pipe. THE LONDON AGENCY, St. Mary Axe, London, E.C. Petroleum Products. NESS & Co., Darlington. "Thymo-cresol " Disinfecting Soap. NESS & Co., Darlington. 66 "Thymo-cresol" Disinfecting Fluid and Powder. THE NORTH EASTERN GLAZED BRICK AND TILE CO., LIMITED, 8, Railway Arches, Westgate Road, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Opalite. SHANKS & Co., Tubal Works, Barrhead, N.B. Shanks' Simple "Barrhead" Siphonic Closet. "Stott Thorp" Reflex Light and Ventilating Sun Burner. JAMES STOTT & Co., Vernon Works, Oldham. The Stott Gas Governor. JAMES STOTT & Co., Vernon Works, Oldham. The "Stott" Power Driver and Electric Air Propellers. THRESH DISINFECTOR CO., Chelmsford. Portable Disinfecting Apparatus. THE THRESH DISINFECTOR CO., Chelmsford. Thresh Current Steam and Disinfecting Apparatus. THE TORPEDO VENTILATOR CO., 32, Eyre Street, Sheffield. Torpedo Ventilator, Upright Pattern. THE TORPEDO VENTILATOR COMPANY, 32, Eyre Street, Sheffield. THE TORPEDO VENTILATOR COMPANY, 32, Eyre Street, Sheffield. Connel's Flue Ventilator. H. WATSON & SONS, 37, High Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Trott's Bib Valves. H. WATSON & SONS, 37, High Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne. H. WATSON & SONS, 37, High Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne. H. WATSON & SONS, 37, High Bridge, Newcastle-on-Tyne. E. WHITE WALLIS, Secretary. HENRY LAW, M.INST.C.E., Chairman. REVIEWS OF BOOKS. "DISINFECTION AND DISINFECTANTS." Since the passing of the Public Health Act, 1872, which created a New Era in Local Government, there has been published quite a library of volumes-official and non-official-all being directly on subjects relating to the functions of a Sanitary Authority. One of the earliest was a Manual-the joint work of four distinguished * "Disinfection and Disinfectants," by Samuel Rideal, D.Sc. (Lond.), F.I.C., F.C.S., Member of The Sanitary Institute. 328 pp. Price 12s. 6d. London: Charles Griffin & Co. sanitarians, a physician, a lawyer, a journalist, and a chemist. To the last-mentioned was entrusted the parts relative to disinfection, which had at that time only just commenced to be dealt with in a scientific inanner by representatives of the Sanitary Authorities. This was twenty years ago, and since then the subject has received more and more attention in the excellent works on Hygiene, which have been published by well-known Medical Officers of Health. But it has remained for Dr. Rideal in the book entitled "Disinfection and Disinfectants," to attempt a fairly comprehensive account of what is known to men of science respecting the methods and materials which are so termed. The great advances in the study of epidemics and the natural history of infectious diseases, as well as the establishment of bacteriology as a science relative to medicine, should enable us to review the methods of disinfection under the comparatively exact conditions which those branches of knowledge have rendered possible. The time cannot be far distant when the importance of effectual disinfection will be recognized by Local Authorities. The work will then be directed by scientifically qualified men, instead of being relegated, as it generally is at present, to assistants of the "Inspector" of the Sanitary Authority. In this brief review of Dr. Rideal's comprehensive work, it would obviously be impossible to do more than indicate its scope and general character. It consists of several sections in which the objects and processes of disinfectants are considered in logical order. The influence of light on bacteria is first considered, then the use of inert substances such as sand, lime, carbon and sawdust, for the removal of bacteria by mechanical straining or filtration, or for the absorption of noxious emanations. The use of the micro-organisms of putrefaction for destroying infection-and filth itself-receives notice. The chapter on disinfection by heat is full of information in the preparation and arrangement of which Mr. Herbert Ransom's practical knowledge of the engineering details of different forms of disinfecting plant has no doubt been of much value to the Author. It would have been more complete if an account had been given of the attempted arrangements for burning or cremating infected materials such as bedding, or the discharges of enteric fever cases. In this connexion it is interesting to note that "dry heat machines for disinfection are likely to be little used in the future, and it is, therefore, unnecessary to describe them at length." The chapters on chemical disinfection contain a great deal of useful information conveniently arranged. The description of the uses of chlorine for purposes of disinfecting at the present day, necessitates a consideration of the possible advantages of the sea or salt water electrolytic processes as applied to the contents of sewers. Indeed, the question of sewage treatment and disposal immediately it reaches the outfall, or even before that stage, demands the constant attention of Sanitary Authorities and responsible persons. To such the chapters on the halogens and the metallic salts will prove useful and instructive. The whole of the chapters on chemicals inorganic and organic, may be studied with advantage by those who are charged with the duty of advising sanitary committees on the adoption of chemical processes as a preliminary to sewage purification, as well as the application of doses of chemicals to infectious matters of all kinds. It is becoming daily more evident that in order to ensure an effectual and inoffensive system of sewage disposal, chemical treatment is essential. It may be added that without the assistance of skilled analysts and their intelligent assistants, systems of sewage deodorization and clarification are sure to prove unsatisfactory. In all departments of chemical disinfection therefore sanitary committees require the continuous advice and assistance of competent analysts, and those who are fitted to carry out their directions conscientiously and with intelligence. The need for "continuous control" where chemicals are in use is exemplified in the case of " disinfectants," advertised as such and as being of a certain definite strength and bactericidal activity. Dr. Rideal quotes an instance which came under the notice of Dr. Barwise, the well-known Medical Officer for Derbyshire, a short time ago, which of itself clearly shows that with disinfectants there is distinct danger to health in taking for granted the statements of advertisers and their agents. Details are given throughout this volume of the laboratory experiments by which the germicidal properties of mercuric chloride, formalin, and other scientifically established disinfectants are based. On the other hand the information afforded the reader as to the facts actually observed in the spread of infectious diseases under known conditions of climate, season, lodgment, &c., is somewhat scanty. The study of disinfection needs to be approached from two distinct points of view, viz., experiment and observation. If the first named branch of study belongs exclusively to the chemist and bacteriologist, the second must also be regarded as the special province of the sanitary physician or epidemiologist, whose guidance in all matters relating to true disinfection is of course indispensable. Perhaps not the least valuable parts of the volume now under notice are those which tell us of the composition of various "patent disinfectants," which are so widely advertised, and which, judging from the account of this excellent authority, are many of them utterly worthless for the purpose they are supposed to serve, and consequently worse than useless to the uninformed. Briefly it may be said of Dr. Rideal's book that it represents a successful effort to bring together a large part of the information which it is essential that the advisers of sanitary authorities should have at hand, and that it is one with which at the present day those qualifying for the Diploma of Public Health may be expected to be familiar. WATER AND WATER SUPPLIES.* E. C. S. This is a remarkable book, inasmuch as it is very unusual to find one in which the balance is held evenly with respect to the various * Water and Water Supplies, by J. C. Thresh, D.Sc. (London), M.B. (Victoria), D.P.H. (Cambridge), M.O.H. Essex County Council. xvi. 438 pp., 8vo. Price 8. London, 1896. The Rebman Publishing Co. |