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LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 22, 1893.

CONTENT 8.-N° 69.

and the Ilissus-Indian Folk-lore, 303-N. Hone-Wed

fication are at once apparent. There is, of course, the river Aire; but then it is difficult to conceive how any obstruction in the navigation of the Aire NOTES:-Turnbrigg-Parliamentary Polls, 301-Cephisus could have possibly affected in those early days ding and Marriage, 304-Sidney and Shakspeare-Tobacco the interests of the inhabitants of the counties of at Windsor-Annesley-The Russian Language, 305-Low- Nottingham and Derby. A glance, however, at land Scotch-Rev. W. Thompson-New Testament, 306- an old map-Saxton's, for instance-will at once solve the mystery. We find that the Dike, or QUERIES:-Wife of Viscount Bourke-T. G. Wainewright Thornbrigg Dike, to all appearance an artificial "The White Christ "-Quotation in Lamb-W. Farren-water-course, formed an overflow channel for the Dibdin's Song-General Claye-George Eliot-Jonson's Masques-Abernethy-Waterloo-"Second Sight," 307- surplus waters of Thorne Mere, and that it had for Dallom-Lee-Tippins-Long-Sir Geo. Chudleigh-"Cura- its tributaries the rivers Don and Went, and distion"-Folk-tale-Source of Quotation-Quadruple Births -English Actress in Paris-Sir H. Langford-Anecdote of Queen Victoria, 308-Belt-Theodor Körner-Erasmus

Jacobite not Williamite, 307.

charged their combined waters into the river Aire opposite Eskholme. The bridge complained of by the four counties, or, to speak more correctly, the Lloyd-Old Book, 309. REPLIES: - Accurate Language, 309- Urian - Reeds one that replaced it, or possibly even a successor of Oldest Trees, 311-Judges' Robes-Turk's Island-Article the latter, is clearly shown over the Dike on the in Periodical-Recorder of Salisbury-Tananarivo-John road from Snaith to Rawcliffe, and its name is still Newton, 312-Folk-lore of Gems, 313-Cene'-Tithe preserved in the name of the hamlet Tunbridge, to Barns-Charles, Lord Sturton-Flowers on Graves, 314- the east of East Cowick. Thorne Mere has disMotto for Managers-Tennyson's 'Crossing the Bar,' 315"Hospitale Conversorum"-Alice Fitz Alan, 316-"Wig- appeared from the maps; it formerly occupied the gin"-Lely-Tumblers-Ghost Miners-Children of the site of the "Low Levels" to the south-east of Chapel-Feast of St. Michael, 317-Root of Scarcity-Thorne and north-east of Hatfield Turf Moors, Arthur Onslow-Francis, Duke of Leeds-Shakspeare between Sandtoft Grange and Brodholme. All that now remains of the Dike is the portion lying between Thorne Quay, at what was formerly an old mouth of the river Don, and New Bridge, at what is the present junction of the Don with the Dutch River, cut by Sir Cornelius Vermuyden, which discharges the waters of both rivers directly into the Ouse by the rising port of Goole.

and Molière, 318-Kearney, 319. NOTES ON BOOKS:-Ward's ' Vanbrugh's Works'-Robin

son's History of Coffee Houses'-Campbell's Puritan in Holland, England, and America'-Barine's ' Bernardin de

St. Pierre'-Mac Donald's ' Poems.' Notices to Correspondents.

Hotes.

TURNBRIGG IN YORKSHIRE,

1710

1713

L. L. K.

POLLS AT PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS
BEFORE 1832.
(Continued from p.
Hampshire.

Richard Chaundler
Thomas Lewis

George Pitt...

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Sir Simeon Stuart, Bart.
Marquis of Winchester
Thomas Jervoise

...

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M. Jusserand, in his 'English Wayfaring Life in the Fourteenth Century' (p. 414), quotes in extenso from the 'Rolls of Parliament' (vol. v. p. 43) a petition of the Commons of the counties of York, Lincoln, Nottingham, and Derby, in 20 Henry VI. (A.D. 1442), for the demolition and rebuilding of a 1705 Thomas Jervoise timber bridge, called Turnbrigg, over a tidal stream, called the Dike, in the parish of Snaith, in the county of York. Petitioners alleged that the bridge complained of was too narrow and too low for the "voiding" of flood waters, and in consequence about twenty miles of the country were flooded every year. Moreover, the bridge was a serious impediment to navigation, as at every time of "creteyne" (flood) and "abundance of water vessels could not pass it, and consequently their cargoes of wool, lead, stone, timber, victuals, and "fewaille" (fuel), intended "for the cities" of York, Hull, Hedon, Holderness, Beverley, Barton (-on-Humber), Grimsby, and other places, by the 1779 Vice Sir Simeon Stuart, dead. high sea, the coasts, into London and elsewhere were detained at the bridge for half a year or more. Neither M. Jusserand nor his learned translator Miss Lucy Toulmin Smith attempts to identify either the site of the bridge or the tidal river, and on consulting a modern map of the neighbourhood the difficulties of such an identi

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Thomas Lewis

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Sir Anthony Sturt, Knt.
Marquis of Winchester

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John Wallop

Edward Lisle

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Lord Harry Powlett

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Polls in Smith,1727, 1741, 1768, 1774.

2105

1484

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Newport.

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Richard Fleming

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31 1737 Vice John Conduit, dead.

3377

Adam Cardonnell

Thomas L. Dummer

Alderman Taunton

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Polls in Smith, 1734, 1741, 1774, 1780, 1790, 1794,

1698 Vice Lord Cutts, chose to sit for Cambridgeshire. 1802, 1806, 1812, 1818, 1820, 1830 (vice Chamberlayne), Henry Greenhill

John Acton.

1768 John Eames

...

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This was a double return, Bilson and Mitchell were declared duly elected.

1726 Vice Edmund Miller, made a Baron of the Ex

chequer in Scotland.

Joseph Taylor

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Edmund Miller

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This election was declared void.

1772 Vice Gen. Worge, resigned.

James Hare...

Ambrose Gilbert

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44

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Polls in Smith, 1774, 1775, 1780, 1790, 1796, 1826, 1830.

Whitchurch.

1702 Richard Wollaston

1707

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Vice Shrimpton, dead.

Frederick Tilney (with the Mayor)
Charles Whithers (without the Mayor)

On petition Whithers vice Tilney.

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Polls in Smith, 1741, 1818, 1820, 1830, 1831.

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219

Isaac Wollaston

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The first poll was that taken by the mayor, the second

This election was declared void, and Gibson was chosen that by the clerk of the legal freeholders. Vernon and

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29

"Many years ago, so long ago in fact that as yet no man had appeared in the country of the Slave Lake, the 29 animals, birds, and fishes lived in peace and friendship, 15 supporting themselves by the abundant produce of the 15 soil. But one winter the snow fell far more heavily than usual; perpetual darkness set in, and when the spring should have come the snow, instead of melting away, grew deeper and deeper. This state of affairs lasted many months, and it became hard for the animals to make a living; many died of want, and at last it was decided in a grand council to send a deputation to and in this deputation every kind of animal, bird, and Heaven to inquire into the cause of the strange events, fish was represented. They seem to have had no difficulty in reaching the sky, and passing through a trapdoor into a land of sunshine and plenty. Guarding the door stood a deerskin lodge resembling the lodges now in use among the Yellow Knives; it was the home of the black bear, an animal then unknown on the earth. The old bear had gone to a lake close at hand to spear caribou from a canoe, but three cubs were left in the lodge to take care of some mysterious bundles that were hung up on the cross-poles; the cubs refused to say what these bundles contained, and appeared very anxious for the return of

THE CEPHISUS AND THE ILISSUS.-Gautier, in 'L'Orient,' chap. v., in speaking of the neighbourhood of Athens and the Piræus, says: "Quant à la rigole vaseuse, je suis fâché de dire que c'était le Céphise, mais, comme Magnus dans les Burgraves, la vérité m'y pousse.

There were three

the old bear.

rivers of this name. We must, therefore, hope that the Cephisus to which Wordsworth alludes in his beautiful lines in the fourth book of 'The Excursion' was either the Cephisus in Phocis and Boeotia or the Cephisus in Argolis. To hear that the "running river" to which the votary "pre- "Now the idea of spearing caribou did not find favour sented his severed hair," and the "crystal lymph" with the deputation from below, and as the canoe was which "refreshed his thirsty lip," is really a seen lying on the shore of the lake the mouse was dis"rigole vaseuse" and "la boue noire," is a colder patched to gnaw through the paddle, and as he had douche than to hear that Belted Will, the pic-down in pursuit of a band of caribou that had put off nearly accomplished this feat the bear came running turesque warrior of Scott's poem, paid poor-rate from the far shore. When he was close up to his inin the county of Middlesex (see 'N. & Q.,' 7 S. tended victims, and was working his best, the paddle viii. 418). "There's no romance in that!" It suddenly broke, the canoe capsized, and the bear disis no doubt possible that the Attic Cephisus is appeared beneath the water. Then the animals, birds, and fishes grew bold, and pulling down the bundles found rigole vaseuse." I think I have that they contained the sun, moon, and stars belonging not always a read somewhere that Gray's "cool Ilissus" dis- to the earth; these they threw down through the trapappears, or nearly so, during the summer months; door to lighten the world and melt the snow, which by and yet the Ilissus has obtained most "honourable this time covered the tops of the tallest pine-trees. mention," not only in Gray's glorious ode, but in 'Paradise Regained' (book iv. line 249).

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I see that Dr. Smith, in his 'Student's Greece,' ed. 1871, says :—

"On the eastern and western sides of the city [Athens] there run two small streams which are nearly exhausted before they reach the sea by the heats of summer and by the channels for artificial irrigation. That on the east is the Ilissus, which flowed through the southern quarter of the city that on the west is the Cephisus."

Ropley, Alresford.

JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

YELLOW - KNIFE INDIAN FOLK-LORE.-I have culled a few flowers in the 'Barren Ground of Northern Canada' (London, 1892) by Mr. Warburton Pike, in the hope that they may be sweet to readers of N. & Q' who may not have seen them, or who, having seen them, may have neglected to secure specimens. The story of the Deluge,

"The descent from Heaven was not made without some small accidents. The beaver split his tail and the blood splashed over the lynx, so that ever afterwards till the present day the beaver's tail is flat and the lynx is spotted; the moose flattened his nose, and many other casualties occurred which account for the peculiarities of various animals, and the little bears came tumbling down with the rest.

"And now the snow began to melt so quickly that the earth was covered with water, but the fish found for the first time that they could swim, and carried their friends that could not on their backs, while the ducks set to work to pull up the land from beneath the water.

"But it was still harder to make a living, so the raven, then the most beautiful of birds, was sent to see if he could find any place where dry land was showing; but on coming across the carcase of a caribou he feasted upon it, although the raven had never before eaten anything but berries and the leaves of the willow. For this know, and to this day is despised of every living thing; offence he was transformed into the hideous bird that we even omnivorous man will not eat of the raven's flesh unless under pressure of starvation. The ptarmigan was

then sent out, and returned bearing in his beak a branch of willow as a message of hope; in remembrance of this good action, the ptarmigan turns white when the snow begins to fall in the Barren Ground, and thus warns the

animals that winter is at hand.

"But the old life had passed away, and the peace that had reigned among all living things was disturbed. The fish, as the water subsided, found that they could no longer live on the land, and the birds took to flying long distances. Every animal chose the country that suited it best, and gradually the art of conversation was lost. About this time too, in a vague and indefinite manner about which tradition says little, the first human being appeared on the shore of the Great Slave Lake."-Pp. 79, 80.81.

The North American reindeer :

"The caribou afford a wide scope for the superstitions 80 ingrained in the Indian nature, and the wildest tales without the least foundation are firmly believed in. One widely-spread fancy is that they will entirely forsake a country if any one throws a stick or stone at them, and their disappearance from the neighbourhood of Fort Resolution is accounted for by the fact of a boy who had no gun joining in the chase when the caribou were passing in big numbers, and clubbing one to death with a stick; this belief holds good also down the Mackenzie River, as does the idea that these animals on some occasions vanish either into the air or under the ground. The Indians say that sometimes when following close on a herd they arrive at a spot where the tracks suddenly cease and the hunter is left to wonder and starve. It is very unlucky to let the dogs eat any part of the head, and the remaining bones are always burnt or put up in a tree out of reach, the dogs going hungry, unless there happens to be some other kind of meat handy. Another rather more sensible superstition, preoumably invented by the men, is that no woman must eat the gristle of the nose (a much-esteemed delicacy) or she will infallibly grow a beard."-Pp. 55, 56.

Reverence for the stars, which in Europe strengthens the superstition that it is wrong to stare at them, is probably latent in the Barren Ground. Mr. Pike records :

"I was awakened by hearing the universal Indian chant (Hi, hi, he, Ho, hi, he) and much clapping of hands......I looked out to see what was going on, and found everybody sitting in the snow shouting; Saltatha had discovered a single star, and the noise I had heard was the applause supposed to bring out one of the principal constellations, so that we might get an idea of our direction."-P. 113.

ST. SWITHIN.

and Queries,” and as it has elicited no satisfactory reply, and appears to me to deserve one, I beg leave to forward it to the "mother and mistress" of all minor 'N. & Q.'s.' The result, I hope, will go to show that the "old original" still stands facile princeps as the best field in which to plant all such inquiries:

"I wish to know, from some one who is more acquainted with medieval English terms than I am, what was the difference, if any, say from about the year 1100 to 1500, in meaning between wedding and marriage. I ask the question because in the course of my reading our old romances of chivalry I have come across passages where the words seem to be used in different senses. In the 'Romance of Partenay, or Tale of Melusine,' occurs the following passage :

Honestly was done

Ll. 1542-3.

The mariage and weddying greabilly. If the two words in question mean exactly the same thing, why does the poet use them in such close connexion? Further we have:The mariage had with all the weddying Which endured eight days plenerly, They had ioustes and tornements myghty. LI. 1930-2.

Here again the two words are used in combination, inclining still more to two different meanings. It is not now simply the marriage and the wedding, but the marriage with the wedding, and not only that, but with all the wedding, and the two ideas are linked one to the other as two separate and distinct things. In the same poem the poet, speaking of a certain earl, uses the words: Never after thens went

To no place here ne there thys Erle reuerent.
LI, 6369-71.

As by wifing ne by mariage. Where wifing and mariage seem to mean different things. As we got our word marriage through the French word, which French word is not derived immediately from the Latin word matrimonium, as many might suppose, but from the medieval Latin maritagium, it might be worth our while to make some research into the history and meaning of this word. Maritagium, as its form shows, comes from maritus, a husband, and means the dowry given by the bride's parents to the bridegroom. (See Glanville, vii. 1.) The word also occurs in this sense in the laws of Edward the Confessor. Formerly then both in France and England the word mariage referred to the temporal and material part of the ceremony, and was only used vulgarly of the sacramental part, for which the more respectable word nopces (noces) was used in vulgairement appellez mariage" (Cout. Gén.,' ii. 726). France. We find the following expressions: "Nopces

NATHANIEL HONE, R.A. (1718-1784), PAINTER. -The register of York Minster records the mar-La dot ou donation pour noces est vulgairement appellé riage, by licence, on Oct. 9, 1742, of Nathaniel Hone, of the city of York, with Mary Earl, of the parish of St. Michael le Belfrey in the same city. He was buried in Hendon Churchyard, co. Middlesex, on Aug. 20, 1784. This note will serve as an interesting addition to the account of him appearing in 'Dict. Nat. Biog.,' vol. xxvii. p. 242. DANIEL HIPWELL.

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mariage' (Laurière). 'Mariage divis, c'est la dot ou le mariage prefix et distinct et separé du reste des biens des pere et mere' [sic]. As far as I can make out, the of William the Conqueror, namely, the word wedding was opposite course was followed in England after the time used for the material part, the dowry, the joys, the feasting, &c. (note the word wad, root of wedding), and the word marriage was used of the ecclesiastical ceremony, though the Latin word maritagium was used in legal documents in the same sense as it was in France. In the example quoted above, where both terms occur

together, marriage comes before wedding, as we should expect if my notion be correct, wedding including all the external acts. My question is this: Did our ancestors, within the period stated, attach two different meanings

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