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and they refer the cause of the variation in geological climates to such fluctuations."

He rests in the Riverside Cemetery near Denver, Colorado; nor should this short notice close without reference to the kind attention which he received from Mr. and Mrs. James Duff of Denver, during his fatal illness.

LONDON, February 1888.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

THE following pages have been written in the intervals between arduous professional engagements. Begun on the Atlantic during my voyage home from Central America, the first half relieved the tedium of a long and slow recovery from the effects of an accident on board ship. The middle of the manuscript found me traversing the high passes of the snow-clad Caucasus, where I made acquaintance with the Abkassians, in whose language Mr. Hyde Clarke finds analogies with those of my old friends the Brazilian Indians. I now write this brief preface and the last chapter of my book on my way across the continent to the Urals, and beyond, to the country of the nomad Kirghiz and the far Altai mountains on the borders of Thibet; and when readers receive my work I shall probably have turned my face homewards again, and for weeks be travelling across the frozen Siberian steppes, wrapped in furs, listening to the sleigh bells, and wondering how my book has sped. It is full of theories-I trust not unsupported by facts: some thought out on the plains of Southern Australia;

some during many a solitary sleigh drive over frozen lakes in North America; some in the great forests of Central and South America; some on the wide ocean; and some, again, in the bowels of the earth when seeking for her hidden riches. The thoughts are those of a lifetime compressed into a little book; and, like the genie of the Arabian tale, imprisoned in an urn, they may, when it is opened, grow and magnify, or, on the contrary, be kicked back into the sea of oblivion.

This much is necessary; not to disarm criticism, but to excuse myself to those authors whose labours on some of the subjects I have treated of I may not have mentioned. I have, during my sojourns in England, worked hard to read up the literature of the various questions discussed, but I know there must be many oversights and omissions in referring to what others have done; especially with regard to continental writers, for I know no language but my mothertongue, and their works, excepting where I have had access to translations, have been sealed books to me.

I am indebted to Mr. H. W. Bates for much assistance, and especially for undertaking the superintendence of these sheets in their passage through the press; to Mr. W. C. Hewitson, of Oatlands Park, I am under many obligations, for taking charge of my entomological collections, for naming many of my butterflies, and for access to his magnificent collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera. Mrs. Osbert Salvin and Dr.

P. L. Sclater have named for me my collection of birds; and for much entomological information I am indebted to Professor Westwood, Mr. F. Smith, and Dr. D. Sharp; whilst, in botany, Professor D. Oliver, of Kew, has kindly named for me some of the plants. Through the assistance of these eminent authorities, I trust that the scientific names scattered throughout the book may be depended upon as correct.

NIJNI NOVGOROD,

October 9th, 1873.

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