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from ancient magnates, which cannot be verified on the spot. While it becomes all to know something about their ancestors, the information is best kept for the family circle or the private note-book.

2. The instance given by MR. IRVING, from the list of Nisbet's patrons, of the crowned and winged heart as the crest of the Dukes of Queensberry (so created in 1684) is a very late example indeed. I suspect he will not find it in the body of Nisbet's Heraldry as either the shield or crest of Drumlanrig, their predecessors, the former of which is fully described in the Lord Lyon's article in the Herald and Genealogist (Nov. 1866)

to which I referred.

Not being much of an etymologist, I cannot follow MR. IRVING in his guesses as to the origin of the wings of the Johnstones. My impression would be that Annandale, from its position, was colonised rather from the west than east. ANGLO-SCOTUS.

I much regret not having been present at the meeting of the Archæological Institute at which the meaning of these crowned hearts was discussed. I remember, however, hearing Canon Rock say, some years ago, that he believed them to be connected with the worship of the "Sacred Heart." This view is corroborated by the peculiar treatment of the design in a brooch which I procured at Hof, in Northern Bavaria, which is of silver, heart-shaped, and surmounted by a pot of lilies, the well-known emblem of the Virgin, arranged so as to resemble a crown or coronet. The

crowned heart

seems to have been common

over a considerable part of Europe. It is well

known that brooches of that form were and are

common in Scotland; and one which I procured at Augsburg is almost identical with another in my possession, which was found on some muirground in Aberdeenshire, and is undoubtedly ancient. I was told at Augsburg that in Bavaria they are only, or principally, used by the sect of "Wiedertäufern," or Anabaptists. They are also used in the Black Forest, and other parts of Southern Germany.

DISEMBOWELMENT. (4th S. ii. 9.)

C. E. D.

The judge who is mentioned in this query was a native of Wales, and though originally called David ap William, adopted the simpler appellation of David Williams when he removed into England, where he became celebrated for his legal acquirements. When King James I. determined to add a fifth judge to each bench, Mr. (then Serjeant) Williams was selected for the additional judge in the King's Bench. He died in Jan. 1612-3, and a tablet

in Kingston church records that his bowels were interred there, where he had his principal residence. His body was removed for burial to the church of St. John the Evangelist at Brecon, in his native country. The reason is thus apparent for his bowels and his body being thus deposited in different places. At Brecon there is a sumptuous monument to his memory, presenting his effigy in judicial habiliments. EDWARD FOSs.

The custom of embowelling was so common instances, and the query of your correspondent formerly that it may appear unnecessary to give W. J. C.'is not so much directed to the custom, but how the Taricheutæ of old disposed of the internals. To that I am not able to make any reply, but if instances of the bowels being buried apart from the body are of interest, I may refer to two recorded in the registers of this parish. The first is in the year 1599:

"Nov. 12. Mrs Elizabeth Ratcliff, one of the Maides of honor died, and her bowells buried in the Chancell at Richmont."

The other is that of Sir Anthony Poulet, son of the well-known Sir Amias. He died in the year 1600 at Kew, then a part of Richmond parish. In the register appears

"July 24, 1600. Sir Antony Paulet, Knight, died at Kew, whose bowells were interred at Richmounte."

In both these instances the bodies were probably conveyed to a distance, and as locomotion was not very easy in those days, embalming or embowelling must have been a necessary process.

The Prince of Wales no doubt intended to do

honour to the body of Sir John Falstaff, and promised to see him "embowelled by and bye,"-an honour which we know the fat knight emphatically declined; but the phrase evidently shows that the custom was well known in Shakspeare's time, who might have known both Elizabeth Ratcliff and Sir Antony Poulet.

Apropos of registers, let me add my testimony to the urgent necessity of some means being taken for their preservation. I do not want to say anything against the clergy, but worse registrars or more careless custodians cannot exist. W. C.

Richmond, Surrey.

There is no difficulty in answering the inquiry of W. J. C. as to "How did the Taricheutæ of old dispose of the 'internals' of those bodies they practised their art on ?"

The bowels of Queen Eleanor of Castille were interred in Lincoln Cathedral, and a tomb, one of three to her honour, erected over them. Her heart was placed in Blackfriars' Monastery, London, the rest of her "remains" in Westminster Abbey.

Wrote Roger de Hoveden, of Richard I. —

"The king then gave orders that his brains, his blood, and his entrails should be buried at Chaluz; his heart at Rouen, and his body at Fontevraud, at the feet of his father."

It may be inferred that the same annalist intended to state that "the young King Henry, brother of Richard I., and with their father (Henry II.) co-King of England," was after death treated in a similar fashion; for he states

"The king's servants after having extracted his brains and the entrails, and buried them at Martel (where he died), sprinkled the body of the dead king with large quantities of salt, and then wrapped it in bulls' hides and lead, in order that they might take it to Rouen to be buried there."

born is the greatest ass, and the greatest liar, and the greatest canaille, and the greatest beast, in the whole world, and that I heartily wish he was out of it."-Hervey's Memoirs, i, 275. J. WILKINS, B. C. L.

ST. THOMAS A-BECKET AND SYON COPE. (4th S. i. 604.)

A letter dated July 6, 1846, addressed to me by the then Lord Shrewsbury, contains the following description of the cope from Sion House:

"It certainly is a very interesting relic, as old, they say, as the time of Edward III., and in excellent preservation. It is of course much more ancient than the

Matthew Paris tells us, of the interment of establishment of Sion House, which was a foundation of King John, that

"the Abbot of the Canons of Croxton, a man well-skilled in medicine, who was the king's physician at that time, opened the king's body that it might be better carried to the grave; and having well salted his entrails, had them carried to his abbey, and honourably buried there." Richard, Earl of Cornwall, King of the Romans, second son of John, dying at Berkhamstead Castle, his entrails were buried in the church of that place; his heart in the church of the Minorites at Oxford; his body in the monastery at Hailes, which he had founded, where, shortly before, the body of his son, who was assassinated by the brothers De Montfort in the church at Viterbo, was placed; the heart of the latter was deposited in an urn near the shrine of Edward the Confessor, at Westminster.

Another of your correspondents inquired who was "Rosarius," an exhibitor at the Royal Academy on three late occasions. I am at liberty to state that this was an assumed name of Miss Brett, sister of Mr. John Brett, landscape-painter. 1. G. STEPHENS.

10, Hammersmith Terrace, W.

"The Council ordered the bowels of Prince George to be put into a box covered with red velvet and carried in one of the Prince's coaches, by such attendants as his Groom of the Stole should appoint, and buried in Henry the VIIth's chapel. Ordered a Committee to settle the ceremonies of the funeral."-Doddington's Diary, March 22, 1750.

"But who is he,

Fresh as a rose-bud newly blown, and fair
As op'ning lilies; on whom every eve
With joy and admiration dwells? See, see
He reins his docile barb with manly grace.
Is it Adonis for the chase arrayed?
Or Britain's second hope?

This quotation is from the third book, line 383, of Somerville's Chase, third edition, published in 1735, when the Adonis would be the abovementioned Prince George (father of George III.), whose mother thus described him to Lord Hervey:

"My dear Lord,-I will give it you under my hand, if you are in any fear of my relapsing: that my dear first

Henry V. The ground is of woven silk, divided into compartments of brown and green, each surrounded by a border in silk and gold. In each compartment is a group or single figure. The principal group (and which was under the hood, the hoods themselves being lost, having been moveable, and each probably adapted to the succesthe blessed Mother of God by her eternal and adorable Son. sive ecclesiastical festivals) represents the coronation of Immediately under this is the group of the Crucifixion, occupying the centre of the cope. Underneath that is St. Michael the Archangel slaying the Dragon. On one side of the group of the coronation of the Madonna is a representation of the death of the blessed Virgin, and on the other of her burial. In nine of the compartments are single figures of the Apostles: in one our Saviour is represented appearing to St. Mary Magdalen in the garden ; the rest, being the smaller compartments, are each occupied by a seraph with six wings standing on a wheel, as in Ezekiel. The orphrey is heraldic, consisting of a series of armorial bearings, all in the form of a lozenge; a much narrower border of armorial bearings, also lozenge-shape, runs along the hem of the cope. There is much gold in the dresses of the figures, which are not raised, but appear to have been worked by the same process as the ground. I had it direct from a branch of the nuns of Sion House, who came over to this country from Lisbon some years ago with a view of re-establishing their order amongst us, but in this they failed."

A chamberlain to the late Pope Gregory XVI. informed me that there were two chasubles of St. Thomas of Canterbury at Sens. He lamented to me that he had made no drawings of the vestments which came under his notice when in Germany. The following is his account of a superb chasuble at Aix-la-Chapelle, called St.

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"It is of rich purple silk, lined with red, and adorned with orfrays of seed pearl, worked in an exquisite pattern of foliage without any gold. It is so large that few of the clergy, although generally tall men in Germany, can wear it conveniently. The celebrant wears it on St. Bernard's Day in the cathedral. There is also at Aix an unique cope attributed to Pope Leo III., of crimson velvet most richly embroidered, and set round the edge with a fringe of lit le gold bells, like the vestments of the Jewish High Priest."

If your correspondent, JOHN PIGGOT, JUN., F.S.A., is anxious to ascertain particulars about any vestment embroidered with bells, he will be glad to be informed that there was a few years

since at Mawley Hall, near Bewdley, a chasuble of crimson silk velvet, the front of which was adorned with the figure of the blessed Virgin Mary surrounded with angels and rays of glory. The front of the chasuble had also wrought on it eight bells, and as many fleur-de-lis. Beneath the figure of the Virgin were three lilies issuing from a vase. The back of the chasuble had wrought thereon in gold and silk of various colours a figure of the blessed Virgin Mary; double-headed eagles, seraphs on wheels, and fleur-de-lis. This chasuble of course is still in the possession of the Blount family.

R. D. DAWSON-DUFFIELD, LL.D. 5, Belvoir Terrace, Cambridge.

But read it thus, and that's another sense:
Edwardum occidere nolite, timere bonum est.
Kill not the king, 'tis good to fear the worst.
Unpointed as it is, thus shall it go," &c.
Mr. Collier appends the following note:
"Sir J. Harington has an Epigram (L. i. E. 33) 'Of
writing with double pointing,' which is thus introduced.
Berkely Castle, prisoner; a cardinal wrote to his keeper,
It is said that King Edward, of Carnarvon, lying at
Edwardum occidere noli, timere bonum est, which being
read with the point at timere, it cost the king his life.""
JOHN ADDIS, JUNIOR.

QUOTATIONS WANTED (4th S. ii. 10.)—
"It has been well said that the Arch-flatterer with
whom all the petty flatterers have intelligence is a man's
self.'"

This saying is quoted by Bacon, Essay x., " Of Love" from Plutarch's De Adul. et Amico. It is twice repeated by Bacon, slightly varied in language, in Essay xxvii. "Of Friendship," and in Essay liii. "Of Praise." J. T. Glasgow.

In reference to MR. PIGGOT's notes respecting ancient copes, chasubles, &c., I beg to state that the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Waterford possessed a suit of copes, chasubles, &c., which were bestowed on the church by Pope Innocent III.; and some of which I heard were presented by the late Right Rev. Dr. Foran, Catholic Bishop of the see of Waterford and Lismore, to the Earl of Shrewsbury, Waterford, and Wexford, in whose collection they were placed in glass cases at Alton Towers. These copes, &c., were elaborately and richly embroidered; some of them contained figures of the Apostles, &c., worked in around the fringe or edge of the cope, and executed with a distinct-vity, ness which could not be excelled. I believe a few of them yet remain in the Roman Catholic cathedral church of Waterford. They are referred to in Ryland's History of Waterford.

Limerick.

MAURICE LENIHAN.

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ADAM OF ORLETON'S SAYING (4th S. i. 411, 495.)-I cannot refer to historians, but it seems worth while, perhaps, to quote a version of the story about fifty years older than the first edition of Baker's Chronicle. The following passage occurs in Marlowe's Edward II. (Dodsley's Old Plays, ii. 393):

"Mortimer Jun. This letter, written by a friend of ours,

Contains his death, yet bids them save his life.
Edwardum occidere nolite timere, bonum est.
Fear not to kill the king, 'tis good he die,

"And she hath smiles to earth unknown," &c. worth's "Louisa." In the latest edition of his These lines form the second stanza in Wordsworks they do not occur. The lines (beautiful enough in themselves) were probably expunged as being hardly in harmony with the rest of the poem, giving the idea of repose rather than actisuch as that of her who

"Down the rocks can leap along,
Like rivulets in May."

W. F.

"STRADELLA " (4th S. i. 436.)-Niedermeyer (composer of "Il Reo per Amor," &c.) produced an opera entitled Stradella, in Paris, 1836. ETA.

SULTAN DYING OF ENNUI (4th S. i. 605; ii. 47.) The story of the Sultan Mourad forms the introduction to the first number of the Welcome Guest,

which appeared on the 1st of May, 1858. It was written, I believe, by Mr. George Augustus Sala. The point of the story is this: The sultan and his courtiers are dying of ennui, when a strange dervish makes his appearance, and delights them all by his songs, stories, and jokes. The only reward he will accept is one penny, and addressing the sultan he says,

"I will undertake to amuse you, your whole court, and your whole people for a penny a week. Once a week will my tales and stories, my songs and anecdotes, my narraI visit these halls of dazzling light, when you shall hear tives of travel and adventure, my jokes and odd sayings, shall see the pictures from my magic portfolio, and for the remaining six days yawning shall be impossible, and boredom out of the question."

In answer to the sultan he adds,

"You shall call me the Welcome Guest, for I mean to be a guest, and a welcome one too, in thousands of your subjects' homes-and now farewell for the present. Give me

my penny and let me be off, and each week you shall have another visit from your Welcome Guest."

THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A.

This historiette, beginning" The Sultan Mourad was dying," was but an artful prospectus for a periodical called The Welcome Guest, the first number of which appeared some ten years since. C. W. BINGHAM should find it bound up with vol. i. of The Welcome Guest in the British Museum; and some mention of it, as a specimen of the "puff insidious," appeared in Blackwood's Magazine in the spring of 1858. I wrote this trifle; but, as I am not ambitious to claim its authorship now, am content to sign myself

NEMO.

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MODERN INVENTION OF THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET (4th S. i. 610.)-Your correspondent W. E. takes no notice of the Arabic collection of alphabets upon which my proposition was based, but contends-if I understand him rightly-that the Sanskrit is derived from the Lât or Pâli character, in which Asoka's edicts are written, of about the third century B.C.

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Asoka, the great Budhist monarch referred to, belonged to the Maurya or Mori Râjput tribe, founded by and called after Mayur Varma, who, according to Wilson, lived about a thousand years ago-a dynasty of Southern India, to whom the series of coins having a peacock on one side and a Budhist tope on the other would appear to belong.

Will W. E. be good enough to explain the nature of any historical evidence by which Asoka can be referred to any earlier period, quoting any eclipses given in grants, or inscriptions by which the earlier date claimed for him can be established? R. R. W. ELLIS.

Starcross, near Exeter.

FONTS MADE TO LOCK (4th S. i. 509, 566.)-Is it, and was it, not always the custom in the Roman Catholic church to keep the cover of the font locked? not to prevent the water being taken for magical purposes, but, being consecrated, to prevent visitors profanely touching it. The marks or remains of such fastenings can be seen on all old fonts.

S. W.

ANCIENT AND MODERN SUPERSTITIONS (4th S. i. 574.)—I was, a few years since, the clergyman of a parish within ten miles of Birmingham, much frequented on holidays by a low class of mechanics, and I invariably noticed that, whenever I passed, some one or more of them spit aside; giving me the idea that they belonged to some sect or society which enjoined the rule to spit whenever a clergyman passed, or perhaps any known churchman. S. W.

CURIOUS ORTHOGRAPHIC FACT (4th S. i. 571; ii. 19.)-The following ways of representing the sound an may be added to J. C.'s list: aen (aens?), am, ams, ean, eans, end, ends, and han (as in hanchoan). G. A. SCHRUMPF. Whitby.

MORTLAKE POTTERIES: TOBY JUGS (4th S. i. 160, 615.)-The song

"Dear Tom, this brown jug,

Which now foams with mild ale,"

is given, with a few verbal alterations from the copy of A. S., in Mrs. Inchbald's selection of Farces (vol. ii.), as sung by Dermot in The Poor Soldier, by John O'Keeffe, Esq. If the statement of MR. CHAPPELL be correct, as it undoubtedly is, O'Keeffe must have conveyed it from the Rev. Francis Fawkes, with or without leave or acknowledgment.

S.

DISCOVERY OF AN OLD MEDAL (4th S. i. 483, 568; ii. 18.)—I have an impression from one side of an engraved piece, which is apparently similar to those described. It is exactly one inch in diameter, and bears the effigy of Prince Henry, and the legend as described in vol. ii. p. 18. May not these medals have been engraved as counters? Simon Pass was employed by Hilliard to engrave sets of the royal family as such. I should be glad to know if there are variations in size of this particular medal. GEO. CLULOW.

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Derby. MONOGRAM "A. E. I." (4th S. ii. 10.) These are intended for the Greek capital letters à e í, ever, always, for ever. Thucydides (i. 22) uses this expression in reference to his own work (Zuyypapń): KTμá Te és áeí. "It is composed as a possession for ever," and is equivalent to our modern word history. The phrase ὁ ἀεὶ χρόνος means eternity; οἱ ἀεὶ ὄντες means the immortals. On a trinket or letter-paper A EI is equivalent to "Ever yours." It is used by Homer, Pindar, Lucian, &c.; and is deì are equivalent to els ací, as Aristotle wrote, and in Homer and some of the Attic poets to eis aiel.

T. J. BUCKTON. These letters form the Greek word AEI, dei, "always," "for ever;" the full stops, which so disguise the word, have, of course, been introduced Wilson's Vishnu Purána, p. 469; and Wilson's through ignorance of its meaning. This word has Mackenzie Collection, vol. i. p. 96.

been brought into modern use by the fashion of

imitating Etruscan and Roman jewelry, on numerous specimens of which it has been found. It signifies constancy, and was therefore frequently used on tokens of love and friendship.

J. H. M.

These letters do not constitute a monogram, but a Greek word, AEI semper, perpetuo, ever- an appropriate inscription for a love-token. I should not have sent this reply were it not for the sake of preserving the bon-mot of a friend, to whom a young lady addressed SIGMA's very question. "The letters A E 1," said he, "signify An Engaged Individual." W. J. BERNARD SMITH. Temple.

ENAMELLING THE FACE (4th S. ii. 33.) - This practice, which at any rate dates as far back as the time of the notorious Jezebel, is partly described in a fragment of Ovid, "De Medicamine Faciei." After enumerating the produce of various herbs, flour, roots, gums, &c., he speaks of cerussa (red lead), nitre, sal ammoniacum, poppy juice, and other things, which the late Mr. Sheridan would have described as 66 a mess for a mad dog." Can any votary of Madame Rachel narrate whether any of these ingredients are now in use, or what the "medicamina faciei" of the present day are ? The information might be curious many years hence.

(Of) Poets' Corner.

A. A.

EARLIEST BIRD (4th S. ii. 47.)-The nightingale is the earliest bird I ever heard. On inquiry of a man employed to watch the fires of a country pottery by night, he tells me that it is so: that from twelve to one o'clock, all nature is silent; that at the latter hour, "Philomel begins her song," then the lark, cuckoo, and robin, and then the whole winged choir. A. A. (Of) Poets' Corner.

On this interesting subject, I extract the following from the Food, Use, and Beauty of British Birds, by C. O. G. Napier :

"If the Naturalist rises betimes in midsummer like the French academician M. Dureau de la Malle, he will find the greenfinch astir at 4 in the morning; the linnet from 2 to 3; the quail from 2 till 3; the blackbird from 3 to 4; the redpole from 3 to 3; the sparrow from 5 to 5; the blue tit from 5 to 54; a strong inducement it is surely to rise early to enjoy the song of the birds." From this it would appear that the linnet is the earliest bird, and he is most sure of his breakfast, for the proverb says, the earliest bird gets the GROOM.

worm.

66

8, Chippenham Terrace, W. CLEANLINESS (4th S. ii. 47.)-The late respected and talented Joshua Watson told me that he had heard the saying should be "Cleanliness is next to goodliness," not "Godliness"; that is, next to

personal beauty, neatness was the most attractive quality. Can any of your readers refer me to a proper version of this proverb? A. A. (Of) Poets' Corner.

find a long account of the discovery of the bodies LADY KILSYTH (4th S. ii 28.)—W. H. C. will of Lady Kilsyth and her infant in the Appendix p. 685; also a slightly different account in the to Mark Napier's Memoirs of Dundee, p. 672 to Domestic Annals of Scotland, R. Chambers, pp. 97 to 99. I believe W. H. C. will also find that Lady Kilsyth was not the daughter of the first, but of the second Earl of Dundonald. F. ROBERTSON.

Highfield, Liscard, Cheshire.

similar peculiarity appears, quite unmistakeably, NAKED LEGS AT COURT (4th S. ii. 36.) — A in the portrait of Sir Thomas Lee, No. 631, in the National Portrait Gallery at the South KensingShould the above query obtain any reply, I trust ton Museum, and is mentioned in the catalogue. that the bare legs of Sir Thomas, who otherwise is handsomely appareled, may be explained at the same time. C. W. M.

This, I suppose, must be the same picture we tion. If so, I should say decidedly that the artist saw last year in Paris at the Universal Exhibidid not mean to represent naked legs, but only flesh-coloured "unmentionables." No French courtier would ever have thought, surely, of appearing before a virgin queen en sans-culotte!

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P. A. L.

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CITY OF LINCOLN (4th S. ii. 33.) — Why I can form a distinct mind-picture of a "rugged" and not "ragged," MR. T. J. BUCKTON? town: as, when from the main-street branch off, ragged at right angles, thoroughfares of unequal length; thus giving to the contour of the place a frayed or ham. In an old ballad I have read a village street "ragged" aspect. Such is Brentford, such Lewisis described as "jagged ". from the angularity, I suppose, of the houses, and the unevenness of the pavement. G. A. SALA.

Putney.

CALVIN AND SERVETUS (4th S. ii. 40, &c.)-I am not disposed to be harsh with the theologians of the sixteenth century for killing one another. Nearly all the earnest men wished to burn those who differed from them, and the bold were ready to prove their sincerity by being burned. I think, however, that the praise or blame of burning Servetus is due to Calvin alone. When we consider the power which he exercised at Geneva, it mattered as little who pronounced the sentence that Calvin shrunk from the responsibility. Meas who lighted the faggots, and I do not find lanchthon and Beza did not offer him their bation as "counsel for the prosecution," and he

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