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foolishly fancied it a secure passport to heaven, if they lost their lives in defence of the building. As it was their province to protect Christian pilgrims against the Saracens, and as they were originally instituted and stationed at the church of the holy Sepulchre, it seems extremely probable that they would imitate that structure, when they were afterwards distributed in companies over Europe, and when they had occasion to erect a new church. This appears actually to have been the case with those that settled in England; for we have already seen that they had circular churches at several places, and some of those were dedicated to the holy Sepulchre, Sanctum Sepulchrum. Perhaps the most ancient of these is that at Cambridge.

Architectural Nomenclature.

In Britton's architectural antiquities, part VI. there is a history of Maimsbury abbey church, and the author gives the following table of terms, &c. to characterize the various styles which prevail in ancient English buildings.

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In this essay, and in the subscqueut parts of the present work, I shall find it necessary to employ some precise terms, calculated to characterize the various styles of that ancient architecture, which pe culiarly belongs to Great Britain, and of which we are endeavouring to investigate the history and ascertain the principles. The usual com mon place terms of Saxon and Gothic, are not only extremely vague, but, from indiscriminate application, are completely nugatory. It is time this was remedied; and it is rather a reproach to antiquarian literature, that such improper and imperfect words should have so long continued in general use. Though almost every writer, on this subject, reprobates the latter term as applied to architecture, yet all continue to use it, as if it were criminal to correct inaccuracy, or oppose an ab. surd custom, that would be "more honourable in the breach, than in the observance." Though I am not disposed to employ an imperious dictatorial tone, to enforce the necessity of the following arrangement and classification, yet I am persuad ed that every one who feels the necessity of rendering language unequivocal, of being definite and pre

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"The German writer of Voyage en Sicile & dans la Grande Grèce addressé a l'Abbé Winckelman, Lausanne, 8vo. 1773, gives this description of a church of St. Sepulchre at Brindisi, the ancient Brundusium. On donne l'Eglise du St. Sepulcre pour un temple antique; c'etoit une rotonde; cet editice n'est point du bon tems de l'architecture: sa forme n'est pas parfaitement circulaire & il n'y a point de portique a l'entrée, et il decrit un demi circle différent, qui ne fait point Corps avec le reste du batiment; ce qui lui donne une irregularité désagréable. L'on reconnoit aussi le mauvais goût du tems de la decadence des arts aux ornemens de l'ancienne porte qui est murée aujourd'hui. Cet editice est vouté & soutenu entierement par des colonnes de marbre.'

"This person, who was over head and ears in Roman and Grecian antiquities, would not have thought it worth his while to have taken notice of an ancient Chris tian temple, as this is no doubt, had he not mistaken it for a Pagan one. description answers exactly to our church of the holy Sepulchre at Cambridge." British Museum, Cole's MSS. vol. II. p. 46.

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cise in his own writings, and who hopes to avoid all mistakes in construing the terms employed by others, will admit the propriety of the plan now suggested, or give it a better modification.

I would recommend that each decisive variety of style, in ancient buildings, be designated by one of the following phrases, agreeably to the era of its prevalence; and to be more precise in these, it may be necessary to specify five divisions, or eras of time; each of which is marked by a distinct style of architecture in the public buildings erected during the respective periods.

Sketch of a Nomenclature of Ancient Architecture, intended to affix precise terms to each peculiar style in English buildings.

First style.-Anglo-Saxon. This will embrace all buildings that were erected between the times of the conversion of the Saxons, and the Norman conquest, from A. D. 597, to A. D. 1066.

Second style-Anglo-Norman, by which will be meant that style which prevailed from 1066 to 1189, including the reigns of Williams I. and II. Henry I. Stephen, and Henry II.

Third style.-English, from 1189, to 1272, embracing the reigns of Richard I. John, and Henry 11I.

Fourth style. Decorated English, from 1272, to 1461, including the reigns of Edwards J. II. and III. Richard II. and Henrys IV. V. and VI.

Fifth style.-Highly decorated, or florid English, from 1461 to 1509, including the reigns of Edwards IV. and V. Richard III. and Henry VII.

From this era we lose sight of all style and congruity; and the public buildings erected during the reigns of Henry VIII. Elizabeth, and James I. may be characterised by the terms of Debased English, or Anglo-Italian.

Account of the Ruins of Carthage, and of Udena in Barbary, by John Jackson, Esq. F. 4. S. in a Letter to John Wilkinson, M. D. F. E S. and F. A. S.

Read Dec. 15, 1803.

Tonnisholm Hall, Nov. 25, 1803. Sir, The scite of ancient Carthage appears to have been a most excellent situation for commerce, no part of the world could afford better accommodation for shipping; here is a lake about ten miles long, and five broad at the widest part, in a di rect line between the ruins of Carthage, and the city of Tunis, and communicating with the sea, by s navigable canal at the Goletta, near Carthage. On examining this lake, I found that it had once been about eighteen feet in depth, with an hard bottom, except a part of the east side, lying near the sea between the Goletta and the Tunis. Here are the remains of houses for about three miles, their breadth at the broadest part does not appear to have been above a mile. I took a great deal of pains to satisfy my curiosity respecting these houses: having a boat belonging to a ship of war, nɔ other being permitted to navigate on this lake at low water. Some of the tops of them were not above a foot under the surface of the water; at the Goletta there is generally a rise and fall of the tide, about three feel; but the canal between the sea and the

lake

lake being very narrow, it does not raise the water in the lake so much. My people frequently got out of the boats, and walked on the tops of the houses, but were sometimes in danger, often meeting with places beyond their depth; one of them having shot at a flamingo, and broke its wing, pursued it over these houses, where the boats could not go, and had nearly lost his life by falling into some deep holes. Many parts of this lake are now scarcely navigable, and particularly towards Tunis, since the Moors will not take the trouble to clear away the immense quantity of mud and filth, that is continually washing into it, from the city of Tunis, and which has been accumulating for many centuries.

The ruins of ancient Carthage are about twelve miles north west from Tunis, in a pleasant situation, and reckoned very healthy, commanding an extensive prospect over the gulph of Tunis, as well as the interior of the country, but there are no fresh running streams of water near them; to remedy this inconvenience, the Carthaginians, at the time of their prosperity, were at immense labour and expence in conducting a considerable stream of fresh water from the mountain Zuan, about forty-five miles southeast from Carthage. This stream is still very remarkable for its good quality in dying scarlet, and the Tunisians are now obliged to carry all their articles that are to dyed of that colour, to Zuan. The length of this aqueduct is above seventy miles, and by means of it the Carthaginians conducted the stream through mountains and over valleys; considerable remains of it are still to be seen: near Udena there is a range of above one thousand

arches, where it had been conveyed across a valley: some of the arches in the middle of the valley are above one hundred feet high. I have every reason to believe this aqueduct, but more particularly this great range of arches near Udena, had been repair. ed by the Romans, every arch being regularly numbered in Roman characters. In building this aqueduct, they have made use of a strong cement, which seems to be as durable as the stones themselves, though they are harder than our linestene of a yellowish colour. In the conduit where the waters have run, there is a cement of about four inches thick, whieh in some places has fallen down in flakes one hundred feet in length, yet still adheres together. The con. duit is about six feet high within, and four feet broad, yet two people cannot conveniently walk abreast within it, by reason of its being arched to a point at top. At Uriana, a village four miles north-west from Tunis, many arches of the aqueduct are of a considerable height, but not in so perfect a state as at Udena, the Bey of Tunis having taken away many of the stones to build his palace at Manuba. Where the stream has been conveyed through a mountain, at every sixty yards, there is a round hole about four feet in diameter, and very neatly walled with hewn stone, and the wall is continued about four feet above the surface of the carth, to prevent any thing failing in; the stones are very neatly round. ed at top.

There is no difficulty in tracing the remains of this aqueduct, all the way from Zuan to Carthage, follow. ing the course of it through moun. tains and over valleys. In magni. tude it far exceeds any thing I have yet seen in Asia or Europe, of either ancient or modern architecture; it

has been neatly executed, and very bighly finished, which has been the cause of its lasting so many ages; in some places it is so very perfect, that it does not appear to have received the least injury. This country abounds in ruins, many of which are still very considerable; even in Carthage there are some remains of its former greatness. The reservoirs for water are still very perfect, being all arched over; they are not exposed, the walls being covered with a thick and strong cement in general. Those remains are in a tolerable state of preservation, which have not been exposed to the sun and air. I very frequently visited these ruins, and found, though they were very extensive, the greatest part to have been undermined, and supported by very strong arches; some of these have fallen in, which makes it rather dangerous to take a horse amongst the ruins. Through some of these broken places in the arches, I descended, and went into some neat square chambers, communicating one with another, being covered with a strong cement, still used in this country; its present name is gyps. Some of the rooms were so very perfect, that I could not discover the least flaw in the plaister, and very little discoloured, being still a tolerably good white. I was informed that the walls of some of those chambers were covered with handsome paint. ings, in a tolerably perfect state; but I did not discover any of those painted chambers, nor could I find any guideable to conduct me to them. The plough now passes over the greatest part of the ruins of Carthage. I have seen a very abundant crop of wheat, under which were many handsome apartments in a very perfect state, the floors of the chambers were all laid with gyps. It is rather

unpleasant searching amongst these ruins; to get down into the chan bers, I was frequently obliged to creep upon my hands and knees, but after I got into them often found t cool and pleasant. I never saw any scorpions, or other venomous rep tiles, in any of the chambers, though they were very numerous on the sur face; to guard against them, I wore boots and strong gloves.

There are no very considerable remains of buildings to be seen on the surface: the principal is what I

was told were the ruins of the tem ple of Esculapius, but I am of opinion that must be merely con jecture. There are now only some massy walls, about twelve feet thick, and no part above thirty feet in height; the whole is lying in such confused heaps, I could not trace the form or extent of the building. These ruins lie near the sea at the lower part of Carthage towards the Goletts, along the shore facing the gulph Tunis, where for above one mile and a half the sea has made some er croachment on the land: here I dis covered the foundations of houses The stones were in general very large, some above and some below the sur face of the water; the sea being very clear, I could discern the whole very perfectly. The foundations are t oblong square, their greatest length projecting towards the sea. They have been at least three times large as the rooms I saw in the midst of the ruins, which were in general about eighteen feet square. There are still a great many ancient coin and antiques discovered amongst the ruins; they are chiefly found by the Bedouins, who are not well acquainted with their value: the Bedouins sell them to the Jews.

The present Bey of Tunis is very jealous, and will not permit any

Christian

Christian to dig amongst the ruins, though it has often been proposed to him, to return the same weight of whatever valuable metal might be found.

In this country they have plenty of naphtha, or bitumen, but I never found that they had made use of it in any of their buildings, as I have seen at Ctesiphon, Seleucia, and other ancient ruins, in that part of Asia; here the gyps appears to have been generally used.

It is very difficult to form an accurate idea of the extent of ancient Carthage, but it does not appear to have been above nine miles in cir. cumference; the principal part lies on the side of a hill, which narrows as it rises, almost to an angle on the north side, towards Porta Farina; from the top of this hil there is a very extensive and most beautiful prospect. This promontory, or cape, is still distinguished on the charts by the naine of Cape Carthage.

On the north side of the hill down to the sea, it is very steep, and does not appear ever to have been much inhabited; it continues very steep on the east side towards the sea, to a considerable distance.

At present, the Bey of Tunis employs a great many Christian slaves in carrying stones from the east side to the pier now making at the Goletta; the slaves roll the stones down the steep, then put them into sandals, a sort of flat-bottomed craft used in that country; they have only to carry them a few miles on the gulph of Tunis, then throw them overboard, to form the pier at the Goletta. This pier now extends a considerable way into the sea, and is a very great improvement to the port of the Goletta, and an accomVOL. XLVIII.

modation to vessels of an easy draft of water, as they may now lie in perfect safety; and it is intended to carry the pier further out into deep water, where the largest ships may be protected by it, and lie in perfect safety.

Amongst the ruins of Carthage I have found marble of almost every description, but mostly in small pieces.

The principal cause which has contributed so much to reduce the ruins of Carthage to its present insignificant appearance, is its proximity to Tunis, and the palace of Bardo, &c. The beys and the prin cipal people have, for a considerable' time past, built their palaces from the ruins, and they have always been particularly careful to collect the most beautiful marbles.

Uden is situated about twenty miles south from Tunis; it appears to have been a city of some consequence, though it has never been mentioned by Lee, Dr. Shaw, or any other traveller or historian. The remains of this city are still in a more perfect state than any other ruins in Barbary. Having no guide to instruct me what this city was formerly, or even its ancient name, or whether it has always been distinguished by the name it bears at present, I could form no other idea of it, than what fell within my own observation. The Tunisiaus at present call it Udena; it is situated upon a hill, having an easy ascent to it on every side; from the best observations I could make upon the spot, the ruins still visible do not exceed five miles in circumference. The cisterns, or reservoirs for water, are in a much more perfect state than those of Carthage; they scarcely appear to have received any inju y, 3 S

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