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surface, and represented in a vivid man-
ner in their proper colors, shapes, &c.
CAMILLA, n ancient mythology, one of the
swift-footed servants of Diana, accustomed
to the chase and to war.

CAMPAGNA (kam-pan'-ya, the a pronounced
like a in father), a term applied to the
low lands of the Tiber about Rome in Italy.
The word simply means a flat, open
country. The Roman Campagna is quite
unhealthy at certain seasons.
CAMPBELL, Thomas, a great lyrical poet
(see Lyrical), was born in Glasgow, Scot-
land, in 1777; died 1844. He wrote his fine
poem of "The Pleasures of Hope" when
only twenty-two years of age.

Fr. "Pleasures of Hope," 309, 412,
310.

Lord Ullin's Daughter, 276.
CANAAN (Ca'nan), all that tract of land, on
each side of the Jordan in Palestine, which
God gave for an inheritance to the chil-
dren of Israel.
CANA'RIES, thirteen islands in the Atlantic

Ocean, about sixty miles from the west
coast of North Africa; known to the
ancients as the Fortunate Isles. They
were re-discovered in 1402, and seized by
the Spaniards in 1420, who planted vines
there. The canary-bird is a native of
these isles.

CANDOR, from the Latin word candere, to

be white, to shine, to glitter; hence sin-
cerity, purity. The word candle is of the
same genealogy.

CANDLES, candlestick. See Candor.
CAN'NIBAL, a person that devours human
flesh. The word is probably of Indian
origin.

CANNING, George, a highly accomplished
orator and writer, born in London in 1770,
died in 1827. See p. 270.

CAPACITY (from the L. capio, I hold, or
take), the power of containing or taking.
CAPE (from the L. caput, the head), a point
or head of land projecting from the main-
land into a sea or lake.

CARICATURE (from the Italian caricare, to
charge, to load), a distorted, exaggerated
likeness of any thing or person.
CARLYLE, Thomas, an eccentric writer, born
in Scotland in 1796. His style, at first
simple and eloquent, latterly became af-
fected and grotesque, though often vigor-

ous.

The Sword and Press, by, 255.
CARNIVAL (from two Latin words, carni and
vale, meaning, farewell to flesh), a fes-
tival celebrated with merriment and
revelry in Roman Catholic countries, dur-
ing the week before Lent.
CARNIVOROUS, feeding on flesh.
CARRIER-PIGEON, The, a poem by Moore,
137. The carrier-pigeon flies at an ele-
vated pitch, in order to surmount every
obstacle between her and the place to
which she is destined.

CASHIER (Fr. casser, to break), to dismiss
from service.

CASTLE-BUILDING, forming visionary proj-
ects; building "castles in the air," 71.

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CASS, LEWIS, On Labor, 427.
CATACOMBS (from the Greek words, kata,
down, and kumbos, a hollow), a cave for
the burial of the dead.

CATILINE, a Roman of great talents, but dis-
solute habits. He conspired against his
country, and was denounced by Cicero in
his most celebrated oration.

CATSKILL Mountains are in the vicinity of
Catskill, Green county, N. Y., on the
Hudson. They received their name from
the great number of catamounts formerly
killed there, 111.

CAVERN by the Sea, The, 183.
CECILIA. There are several saints of this
name in the Catholic church. The most
celebrated, who has been erroneously re-
garded as the inventress of the organ, suf-
fered martyrdom A. D. 220. How Cecilia
came to be the patron-saint of music is not
agreed.

Ode on Cecilia's Day, 416.
CENIS, Mount, a mountain of the Alps in
Savoy. It is eight thousand six hundred
and seventy feet above the level of the

sea.

CENTURY (from the Latin centum, a hun-
dred), in a general sense, anything con-
sisting of a hundred parts; a period of a
hundred years.

CHALMERS, Thomas, a celebrated Scotch
divine, born 1780, died 1847.

Planets and Heavenly Bodies, 224.
Ministry of the Beautiful, 317.
CHAMBERS, Robert, a distinguished Scottish
writer and publisher, born 1801.
Complaint of a Stomach, 157.
Self-killing, 171.

Kindness to Brute Animals, 195.
Best Kind of Revenge, 213.
Sound and Sense, 236.

Passage of Beresina, 326.
Idleness, Jesting, &c., 370.
Common Errors, 408.

CHANNING, Wm. Ellery, a celebrated Ameri-
can clergyman and writer, born at New-
port, R. I., 1780; died 1842.

On the Teacher's Calling, 186.
The Free Mind, 277.

Effects of Irreligion, 316.
The Worth of Books, 398.
CHASE on the Ice, 131.
CHATHAM, Wm. Pitt, Earl of (or Lord), was
one of the greatest orators and statesmen
of England, and a stanch friend of the
American colonies in their difficulties with

the British government. He was born
1708, died 1778.

Described by Hazlitt, Grattan, 245, 6.
On Taxing America, 267.
CHA-ME-LEON, a species of lizard, found in
Asia and Africa. It has the remarkable
power of changing its color, producing a
succession of rich and varied tints over
the whole body. On this peculiarity
Merrick's admirable fable (see p. 413) is
founded.

CHAPMAN, a trafficker, a cheapener. CHAPS (chops), the mouth of a beast. CHAPTER (from the Lat. caput, a head), a division of a book or treatise; as Genesis contains fifty chapters. CHARLATAN, & quack; from an Italian word, meaning to prate. CHARLEMAGNE (Shar-le-man), King of the Franks, and subsequently Emperor of the West, was born 742, died 814. His name means Charles the Great. Although he did not know how to write, he was a friend to learning. See p. 395. CHARLES the Twelfth of Sweden; born 1682; killed by a cannon-ball, 1718. He was a military hero, who was lavish of human blood whenever his selfishness or ambition was to be gratified. CHICANERY (she-kän-er-y), trickery, by which a cause is delayed or perplexed. CHILLON (Shillong), 142. See Bonnivard. CHIROGRAPHY (kirog'rafy), the art of writ ing; from the Gr. cheir, the hand, and grapho, I write.

CHOCK, a wedge used to secure anything with, or for anything to rest on. The long-boat, when it is stowed, rests on two large chocks.

CHO'RUS, a number of singers; verses of a song, in which all present join. CHRISTENDOM, all the countries of the world, the people of which profess Christianity.

CHRISTIANITY, Obligations to, 313. CHRONOMETER (Gr. chronos, time, and metros, measure), an instrument measure time with great exactness. CRUм, a chamber-fellow.

to

CICERO, the most famous of Roman orators; born 106 B. C., murdered by soldiers 43 B. C.

Compared with Demosthenes, 243.
Extract from, 267.

CINCINNATUS, a consul of ancient Rome; he was repeatedly taken from his plough and farm to assume the highest offices of the state. A society of American revolutionary officers took their name from him, calling themselves Cincinnati, whence the great city of Ohio has its

name.

CIRCUMFERENCE (from the Lat. circum, around, and fero, I carry), a line that bounds the space of a circle.

CIRCUMSTANCE (from circum, around, and stans, standing), an incident, a state of affairs.

CIVILIZATION, Progress of, 338.

CLASSICS (from the Latin classis). The Romans were divided into six classes, and classici was the name given to the first class; whence the best Greek and Roman authors have been, in modern times, called classics, that is, first-class writers. CLASS Opinions; those of a certain set or class of mutual admirers and supporters, 72.

CLAY, Henry, an American orator and statesman, born in Va. 1777, died 1852. For many years he represented Kentucky in Congress.

Extract from his Speeches 271. CLEAVE; as used p. 265, this is an in transitive verb, or one in which the action is confined to the agent, and does not pass over to an object.

CLERK; the English pronunciation of this word (as if clark) is now repudiated. CLEVER, dexterous, expert; the meaning good-natured seems peculiar to Amer.

ica.

CLIFF (now generally spelt clef), a charac ter in music; from the L. clavis, a key. CODE. With the ancient Romans that part of the wood of a tree next to the bark was called coder; and the laws written on this wood, smeared with wax, took its name; whence is our word code, a collection of laws.

COGNAC (kỏn-yak), a French brandy. COLERIDGE, Samuel Taylor, an English poet and philosopher, b. 1770, d. 1843.

Translation from Schiller, by, 343. COLOSSAL, gigantic, like a Colossus; an ancient statue of Apollo, which stood across the entrance of the harbor at Rhodes, being so called. It was of brass, one hundred and five feet high, so that ships could pass under its legs. COLOSSEUM (col-os-se'um), The, 386. COLLINS, Wm., an English poet, b. 1720, d.

1756. His odes, written when he was quite young, show great genius.

Ode to the Passions, 402. COLUMBUS, Christopher, was born at Genoa, 1437; died 1506. See America. COMBUSTIBLE, capable of burning. COMET (from the Gr. kome, hair), a celes tial body, with a luminous train. COMMONS. In countries having kings and nobles, the common people, or their representatives, are thus called.

COMPANION (from the Lat. commu'nis, common, and panis, bread), literally, one with whom we share bread. CONCAVE, hollow; opposed to convez, spherical.

CONCIERGERIE (kon-se-airzh'-re), the name of a prison in Paris. CONCISE (from the Lat. conci'do, to cut down), brief, containing few words. CONCRETE (Lat. concres-ce-re, to grow together, to coalesce in one mass).

As an

adj., formed by coalition of separate particles in one body. In logic, existing in a subject; not abstract; as the white snow. As a noun, a compound, a mass formed by concretion.

CONFUSED. As used by Heywood, p. 294, the accent is on the first syllable. In his day, usage had not settled the accent of a large class of English words. CONGREVE, WM., an English dramatist and poet, b. 1672, d. 1729. His reputation, very great in his day, has deservedly dwindled.

The Preacher who Failed, &c., 286. CONJURE; when it means to call on solemnly (as on p. 372), the accent is on the last syllable; when it means to affect by magic, or to practise the arts of a conjurer, the accent is on the first syllable.

CONSCIENCE; derivation explained, 125. CONSENTA NEOUS, agreeing, accordant. CONSONANTS; derivation of, &c., 15, 16, 21. CONSTANCE', a lake between Germany and Switzerland, ten leagues long, and three in its greatest breadth.

CONSTELLA'TION (from the Latin con, together, and stella, a star), a group or cluster of fixed stars.

CONTEM PLATE. The Lat. word templum, a temple, a place set apart for meditation, enters into the derivation of this word. CONTEMPORARY, sometimes written cotemporary (from the Lat. con, together, and tempus, time); living at the same time. CONTENT (from con, and teneo, I hold). He who is content is literally one who contains; who holds enough; satisfied. CONTINENT (Lat. continens, containing), that which contains or holds; hence, in geography, a great extent of land not disjoined by the sea. The word is much used by British writers to signify the countries of Europe other than Great Britain and Ireland.

CONTRARY. This word should not be used as if the same in meaning as opposite. "Opposites" complete, while "contraries" exclude each other. Opposite qualities may meet in a person, but not contrary. CONVERSATION SPOILERS, 248.

COPSE (from the Gr. kopto, I fell, cut down), a wood of small growth, because of being cut.

CORDUROY, a thick cotton stuff, corded or

ribbed.

CORONACH (kor'-o-nak), a wild expression of lamentation among the Scotch Highland ers; poured forth by mourners over the dead body of a friend, 258.

CORNUCOPIA (L. cornu, a horn, copia, plenty), the horn of plenty. CORREI (kor'ray), the hollow side of the hill, where game usually lies.

CORTEGE (kor-tā'zjlı), a train, a retinue. COTERIE (ko-te-ree), a set, clan, circle of people.

COTTLE, JOSEPH, a publisher and author, of Bristol, Eng. His tribute to Henderson, p. 167.

COULTER (kōl'ter), the sharp iron of a plough. It is from the Latin culter, a plough-share, which is from colo, I culti

vate.

COUP-DE-MAIN (hoo-dūhr-măng), a bold stroke; literally a hand-stroke.

COURAGE, from the Lat. cor, the heartthe heart being the seat of courage, 242. COURIER, PAUL LOUIS, a witty French writer, born 1773, assassinated 1825.

An Adventure in Calabria, 305. COWPER, WM., one of the truest and best of English poets, was born 1731, died 1800. Ode to Peace, 137. Reciprocal Kindness, 197.

Extracts from, 177, 248, 311, 410, 414. CRABBE, REV. GEORGE, a very original English poet; b. 1754, d. 1832. His descriptions of life among the poor are severely true.

Practical Charity, by, 257

CRAVEN, a coward; from to crave, because supposed to crave his life. CREASY, E. S., on Demosthenes, 343. CROLY, REV. GEORGE, a poet of great elegance and power of diction, born in Ireland about 1790. Extract from, 283. CROMWELL, OLIVER, one of the greatest characters in English history; born 1599, died 1658. Being elected to Parliament, he attached himself to the Puritans, became one of the principal leaders against King Charles I., and joined in bringing that monarch to the block. As a military leader, he obtained important victories, which placed him at the suminit of power, so that he dissolved the Long Parliament (see p. 283), and, in 1653, assumed the supreme authority in England, under the title of Lord Protector. At one period of his life he was on the point of emigrating

to Massachusetts.

CRUCIFIX (from the Lat. cruci, to a cross, and fixi, I have fixed), a cross on which the body of Christ is fixed in eiligy. CUMBER, perplexity, distress. CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, a miscellaneous writer, b. in England 1732, d. 1811.

Affectation, by, 144.

CURFEW (from the French couvre-feu, cover fire), a bell anciently rung at eight o'clock in the evening, when people were obliged to extinguish their fires and lights; accidents from fire being then very frequent and fatal, as houses were built mostly of wood. King Alfred once ordained that, at the ringing of the Curfew, or Cover-fire, Bell, all the inhabitants of Oxford should cover up their fires and go to bed. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." See p. 272. There is no good authority for the punctuation which would here make tolls an intransitive verb.

CURSES. The proverb (p. 64) simply means that the heart that can give vent to a curse against another is cursing itself most, by giving strength and development to evil and malignant feelings. CU'RULE (from the Lat. currus, a chariot). The curule chair, among the Romans, was a stool without a back, conveyed in a chariot, and used by public officers. CYCLE, a circle; in chronology, a periodical space of time.

CYLINDER, a long, circular body, of uniform diameter. Adj., cylindrical.

DAFFODILS (Gr. asphodelos), a species of Narcissus, with beautiful flowers of a deep yellow hue. It flowers in April or May. Some of the more hardy species grow wild.

The Daffodils, a poem, 70. DAGUERREOTYPE (da-ger'ro-type), so called from M. Daguerre (dah-ghair'), a French artist, who gave publicity to his invention in 1839. An apparatus somewhat similar to his was contrived about the same time by M. Niepci, also a Frenchman, with whom the honor should be partially shared. See p. 379.

DAHLIA, a well-known plant, which receives its name from Dahl. a Swedish botanist. DANTE (Dan-te), the sublimest of the Italian poets, was born at Florence, 1265; died

1321.

DARLING, GRACE, an heroic girl, daughter of the keeper of the North Sunderland lighthouse, on the coast of England. A steam-vessel having been wrecked in 1838 on the rocks known as the Great Harkars, Grace, who was then twenty-two years old, persuaded her father to go with her to the rescue of the crew in an open boat. There was a raging sea; but they went, and saved nine persons, who otherwise would have perished. Grace died a few years after this event. See Wordsworth's poem on her, p. 201. DAUPHIN formerly the title of the eldest son of the King of France. The editions of the classics which were made for the use of the dauphin are entitled in usum delphini.

DAVY, SIR HUMPHREY, an eminent chemist, b. in England 1778, d. 1829. He was an agreeable writer and poet. 317. DEATH, Thoughts on, 309, 318. DECEMBER, the twelfth month of our year, from the Latin decem, ten, because in the Roman year it constituted the tenth month, the year beginning with March. DEFLECT, to turn aside, deviate. DEGERANDO, a French writer, author of an excellent work on self-education. He died in 1842. He was a distinguished member of the French Institute.

The Mind its own Educator, 322. DEIST, one who believes in the existence of God, but not in revealed religion. DEMOSTHENES, Character of, 243.

Democracy of Athens, 266. DEMURE (from the French des mœurs, of good manners), sober, downcast. D3 QUINCEY, THOMAS, a powerful but eccentric writer, born in England about 1790. The account of Joan of Arc (p. 259) is chiefly taken from his masterly review of Michelet's (Meesh-la's) narra tive in his History of France. DERIVATIVE (from the Lat. de, from, and rivus, a small stream), flowing or proceeding from. A derivative word is one which takes its origin in another word. DER'VIS, a Persian word, meaning poor; in Mahom'etan countries, a religious person leading an austere life. DERZHA'VIN, GABRIEL, a Russian poet and statesman, born 1743, died 1819. His Ode to the Deity (see p. 153), as we learn from the translator, Dr. Bowring, has been translated into Japanese, by order of the emperor, and is hung up, embroidered with gold, in the Temple of Jeddo. It has also been translated into the Chinese and Tartar languages, written on a piece of rich silk, and suspended in the imperial palace at Pekin'. DUM, the accusative case of the Latin word Deus, God. "Te Deum" are the first words of a celebrated Latin hymn, begin

ning "Te Deum laudamus," We praise thee, O God.

DEWEY, REV. ORVILLE. On Death, 318. DIALOGCE (from the Gr. dia, and legein, to discourse together), a conversation be. tween two or more persons. The following are dialogues:

Adam and Orlando, 319.

A Sister Pleads for a Brother, 320.
Gil Blas and the Archbishop, 340.
The Trade of War, 343.
Brutus and Cassius, 350.
Franklin and the Gout, 355.
From Hamlet, 371.

Wolsey and Cromwell, 421.

DIAMETER, from the Gr. dia, through, and metros, measure; a straight line passing through the centre of a circle, and dividing it into two equal parts. DIAMOND, the most valuable of gems. The word is pronounced either in three syllables (di'-a-mond) or in two (di'mond). DIAPASON (Gr. dia, through, and päsön, all), in music, the octave or interval which includes all the tones. By a bold metaphor, Dryden has beautifully availed himself of this expression in his Ode, p. 416.

DICKENS, CHARLES, a popular English author, born in Portsmouth, 1812.

The World of Waters, 206. The Wind and Rain, 208. Alfred the Great, 244. DILEMMA (Gr.), a puzzling situation, where each alternative is bad. MOGENES (Di-ōj'e-nēs), surnamed the Cynic, was a philosopher of ancient Greece; porn 414 B. C. He is said to have had an interview with Alexander the Great at Corinth, at which, on the king's asking him if he could oblige him in any way, the Cynic replied, "Yes, you can stand out of the sunshine." The Cynics were so called from the Greek word kunikos, dog-like, because of their morose, snarling mode of speech.

DIPLOMA (from the Gr. diploë, I fold up), a document, signed and sealed, conferring some privilege, right or honor. Thus a letter or writing of an university, conferring a degree, is called a diploma. DIPHTHONGS. See p. 16. DISC, or DISK (from the Gr. diskos, a round plate, a quoit; diskos being derived from dikein, to throw, whence its application to the form of the thing thrown. The word dish has a similar derivation). Disk, in astronomy, means the face of the sun and moon, as they appear to observers on the earth.

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covered" the circulation of the blood; but
Watt "invented" the steam-engine.
Dock, the place where a criminal stands in
court; also, a ship-builder's yard. A
dry dock has flood-gates to admit the
tide, or prevent its influx, as occasion
may require.

DOGMA, an opinion; that which seems true
to one (from the Gr. dokein, to seem).
Dogmatism, positive assertion, without
proof.

DOUBLOON, a Spanish coin of the value of
two pistoles.

DRAGOON', to force to submit.

DRAMA (drama, or dram-a). This word is
from the Gr. drao, I act or do; and
means a composition in which the action
or narrative is not related, but represent-
ed. Adj., dra-matic. See extracts, p.
383; also Dialogues.

DRAWING-ROOM, a room to which the com-
pany withdraw from the dining-room.
DRYDEN, JOHN, a celebrated English poet.
Born 1563; died 1631.

Futurity, by, 113.

Ode on Cecilia's Day, 416.
DUMAS, ALEXANDER, a French miscellaneous
writer, very voluminous.

Inconvenient Ignorance, 181.
Fall of a Mountain, &c., 106.
Imprisonment of Bonnivard, 142.
DUMPS, a gloomy, depressed state of mind.
It is not an elegant word.
DYMOND, JONATHAN, on Duelling, 330.

EAGLE. The figure of an eagle was the
standard of the Romans; and has been
adopted as the emblem of the United
States.

EARLY RISING, Thoughts on, 225.

ECHO (Gr.), the return or reverberation of a
sound. Plural, echoes.

ECLAT (èk-kla', the a as in father), a burst-
ing forth; hence, applause, pomp, show.
ECLIPSE (Gr. ekleipo, I cease, faint away,
or disappear), the obscuration of the light
of a heavenly body, 174.

ECLIPTIC, the sun's path in the heavens. It
has been called the ecliptic because eclips-
es only happen when the moon is on the
same plane, or very near it.

ECONOMY (Gr. oikos, a house, and nămōs, a
law), originally, the thrifty management
of a family; hence applied to individual
and public concerns.

EDUCATION. This important word is traced
to the Latin e, from, and duco, I lead.
Thus education must educe; and that
(says Trench) is to draw out, and not to
put in. To draw out what is in the
child, the immortal spirit which is
there, this is the end of education; and
so much the word declares.

Thoughts on, 184, 322.
EDWARD, the Prince of Wales, surnamed
the Black Prince, son of Edward III. of
England, was born in 1330, died 1376.
While in France, in 1856, he won the great
battle of Poictiers (pronounced in French
Pwa-te-a', the first a as in water).
F'ER (ar), a contraction for ever. Do not

confound this contraction with Ere, which

see.

ELECTRICITY (Gr. elektron, amber), the
substance in which the property of at-
traction after friction was first noticed.

Electric Telegraph, The, 378.
EL'EGY, commonly a plaintive poem, as is
implied by the Greek name, which signi
fies to cry alas ! alas! (E! E! legcin)

Elegy in a Country Church-yard, 272.
ELEMENTARY SOUNDS, Table of, 17.
ELEUSINIAN, from Eleusis, an ancient city of
Attica, north-west of Athens, and famous
for the celebration of certain heathen
religious rites, the chief design of which is
said to have been to inculcate a belief in
the immortality of the soul, and in the
unity of the Deity.

ELIZABETH, Queen of England, was the
daughter of Henry VIII. by his queen
Anne Boleyn. She was born 1533, died
1602. See pp. 145, 247.

ELLIOTT, EBENEZER, sometimes called the
"Corn-law rhymer" and "the poet of
the poor," was born in England in 1781;
died 1849.

Woman's Mission, by, 359.
ELLIPSE, an oval figure; the curve in
which the planets perform their revolu
tions about the sun. It presents to the
eye, at once, variety and regularity, and
is, therefore, preferred by painters to the
circle for the outline of their pictures.
For the grammatical use of the word, see
p. 54.

ELLIPTICAL, having the form of an ellipse.
ELOQUENCE, the art of clothing thoughts in
the most suitable expressions, in order to
produce conviction or persuasion.

Eloquence of Statesmen, 266.

Moral and Religious Eloquence, 313.
Eloquence of Science, 404.

EMERALD, a mineral of a beautiful green
color, obtained in greatest perfection from
Peru. In value it is rated next to the
ruby.

EMERSON, R. W., The Snow-storm, 433.
EMPHASIS, see pp. 39, 40.
EMPORIUM, a Greek word, meaning a trad-
ing-place. It is now adopted into Eng
lish, and signifies a city or place where
great commercial transactions are made.
EMPYREUMA, a Greek word, meaning the
offensive smell produced by fire applied
to organic matters, chiefly vegetable, in
close vessels. Empyreumatic oil is ob-
tained from various substances in this
way.

ENCYCLOPEDIA (from the Gr. en, in, kyclos,
a circle, and paideia, instruction), a circle
of instruction; a dictionary of science, the
arts, &c.

ENDICOTT, JOHN, governor of the colony of
Massachusetts, 1644.

ENGHIEN, Duc d' (Duke D'ang-ghe-ang';
the first a as in father), son of the Duke
of Bourbon, was born in France in 1772.
Being accused of conspiracies against
Bonaparte as First Consul, although
nothing was proved against him, he
underwent sentence of death, 1804.

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