Because it may easily happen, and in effect | thinks it necessary that man should be debarred,
will happen very frequently, that our own pri- because pain is necessary to the good of the uni
vate happiness may be promoted by an act inju-verse; and the pain of one order of beings ex-
rious to others, when yet no man can be obliged tending its salutary influence to innumerable
by nature to prefer ultimately the happiness orders above and below, it was necessary that
of others to his own; therefore, to the instruc-man should suffer; but because it is not suitable
tions of infinite wisdom it was necessary that to justice that pain should be inflicted on inno-
infinite power should add penal sanctions. That cence, it was necessary that man should be
every man to whom those instructions shall be criminal.
imparted may know, that he can never ultimate-
ly injure himself by benefiting others, or ulti-
mately by injuring others benefit himself; but
that however the lot of the good and bad may
be huddled together in the seeming confusion of
our present state, the time shall undoubtedly
come, when the most virtuous will be most happy.
I am sorry that the remaining part of this Let-
ter is not equal to the first. The author has
indeed engaged in a disquisition in which we
need not wonder if he fails, in the solution of
questions on which philosophers have employed
their abilities from the earliest times,

And found no end, in wandering mazes lost.
He denies that man was created perfect, be-
cause the system requires subordination, and
because the power of losing his perfection, of
"rendering himself wicked and miserable, is the
highest imperfection imaginable." Besides, the

This is given as a satisfactory account of the
Original of moral Evil, which amounts only to
this, that God created beings, whose guilt he
foreknew, in order that he might have proper
objects of pain, because the pain of part is, no
man knows how or why, necessary to the felicity
of the whole.

The perfection which man once had, may be
so easily conceived, that without any unusual
strain of imagination we can figure its revival.
All the duties to God or man that are neglected,
we may fancy performed; all the crimes that are
committed, we may conceive forborne.
will then be restored to his moral perfections:
and into what head can it enter, that by this
change the universal system would be shaken,
or the condition of any order of beings altered
for the worse?

Man

He comes in the fifth Letter to political, and in the sixth to religious Evils. Of political Evil,

the street regular gradations of the scale of being required if we suppose the Origin of moral Evil dislong pop somewhere "such a creature as man with all his covered, the account is by no means difficult:

infirmities about him, and the total removal of
those would be altering his nature, and when he
became perfect he must cease to be man."

I have already spent some considerations on
the scale of being, of which yet I am obliged to
renew the mention whenever a new argument is
made to rest upon it; and I must therefore again
remark, that consequences cannot have greater
certainty than the postulate from which they are
drawn, and that no system can be more hypo-
thetical than this, and perhaps no hypothesis
more absurd.

polity being only the conduct of immoral men in
public affairs. The evils of each particular
kind of government are very clearly and elegantly
displayed, and from their secondary causes very
rationally deduced; but the first cause lies still
in its ancient obscurity. There is in this Letter
nothing new, nor any thing eminently instruc-
tive; one of his practical deductions, that "from
government Evils cannot be eradicated, and
their excess only can be prevented," has been
always allowed; the question upon which all
dissension arises is, when that excess begins, at
what point men shall cease to bear, and attempt
to remedy.

Another of his precepts, though not new, well
deserves to be transcribed, because it cannot be
too frequently impressed.

He again deceives himself with respect to the
perfection with which man is held to be origi-
nally vested. "That man came perfect, that is,
endued with all possible perfection, out of the
hands of his Creator, is a false notion, derived
from the philosophers.-The universal system "What has here been said of their imperfec-
required subordination, and consequently com- tions and abuses, is by no means intended as a
parative imperfection." That man was ever en-defence of them; every wise man ought to re-
dued with all possible perfection, that is, with all
perfection of which the idea is not contradictory,
or destructive of itself, is undoubtedly false.
But it can hardly be called a false notion, because
no man ever thought it, nor can it be derived
from the philosophers; for without pretending to
guess what philosophers he may mean, it is very
safe to affirm, that no philosopher ever said it.
Of those who now maintain that man was once
perfect, who may very easily be found, let the
author inquire whether man was ever omni-
scient, whether he was ever omnipotent, whether
he ever had even the lower power of archangels
or angels. Their answers will soon inform him,
that the supposed perfection of man was not ab-
solute but respective, that he was perfect in a
sense consistent enough with subordination,
perfect, not as compared with different beings,
but with himself in his present degeneracy; not
perfect as an angel, but perfect as man.

dress them to the utmost of his power; which
can be effected by one method only; that is, by
a reformation of manners: for as all political
Evils derive their original from moral, these can
never be removed until those are first amended.
He, therefore, who strictly adheres to virtue and
sobriety in his conduct, and enforces them by
his example, does more real service to a state,
than he who displaces a minister, or dethrones a
tyrant; this gives but a temporary relief, but
that exterminates the cause of the disease. No
immoral man then can possibly be a true patriot:
and all those who profess outrageous zeal for the
liberty and prosperity of their country, and at
the same time infringe her laws, affront her reli-
gion, and debauch her people, are but despicable
quacks, by fraud or ignorance increasing the dis-
orders they pretend to remedy."

Of religion he has said nothing but what ho
has learned, or might have learned from the dr
From this perfection, whatever it was, hel vines; that it is not universal, because it must

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bi

REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF POLYBIUS.

613

be received upon conviction, and successively re- | admit copiousness than to affect brevity. Many ceived by those whom conviction reached; that informations will be afforded by this book to the its evidences and sanctions are not irresistible, biographer. I know not where else it can be because it was intended to induce, not to compel ; found, but here and in Ward, that Cowley was and that it is obscure, because we want faculties doctor in physic. And whenever any other instito comprehend it. What he means by his asser-tution of the same kind shall be attempted, the tion, that it wants policy, I do not well under-exact relation of the progress of the Royal Sostand; he does not mean to deny that a good ciety may furnish precedents. cnristian will be a good governor, or a good subect; and he has before justly observed, that the good man only is a patriot.

Religion has been, he says, corrupted by the wickedness of those to whom it was communicated, and has lost part of its efficacy by its connexion with temporal interest and human passion.

He justly observes, that from all this, no conclusion can be drawn against the divine original of christianity, since the objections arise not from the nature of the revelation, but of him to whom it is communicated.

These volumes consist of an exact journal of the Society; of some papers delivered to them, which, though registered and preserved, had been never printed; and of short memoirs of the more eminent members, inserted at the end of the year in which each died.

The original of the Society is placed earlier in this history than in that of Dr. Sprat. Theodore Haak, a German of the Palatinate, in 1645, proposed to some inquisitive and learned men a weekly meeting for the cultivation of natural knowledge. The first Associates, whose names ought surely to be preserved, were Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Wallis, Dr. Goddard, Dr. Ent, Dr. Glisson, Dr. Merret, Mr. Foster of Gresham, and Mr. Haak. Sometime afterwards Wilkins, Wallis, and Goddard being removed to Oxford, carried on the same design there by stated meetings, and adopted into their society Dr. Ward, Dr. Bathurst, Dr. Petty, and Dr. Willis.

All this is known, and all this is true; but why, we have not yet discovered. Our author, if I understand him right, pursues the argument thus: the religion of man produces evils, because the morality of man is imperfect; his morality is imperfect, that he may be justly a subject of punishment; he is made subject to punishment, because the pain of part is necessary to the hap- The Oxford Society coming to London in 1659, piness of the whole; pain is necessary to happi-joined their friends, and augmented their numness, no mortal can tell why or how.

ber, and for some time met in Gresham-College. After the restoration their number was again increased, and on the 28th of November, 1660, a select party happening to retire for conversation to Mr. Rooke's apartment in GreshamCollege, formed the first plan of a regular society. Here Dr. Sprat's history begins, and therefore from this period the proceedings are well

Thus, after having clambered with great labour from one step of argumentation to another, instead of rising into the light of knowledge, we are devolved back into dark ignorance; and all our effort ends in belief, that for the Evils of life there is some good reason, and in confession, that the reason cannot be found. This is all that has been produced by the revival of Chry-known.* sippus's untractableness of matter, and the Arabian scale of existence. A system has been raised, which is so ready to fall to pieces of itself, that no great praise can be derived from its destruction. To object is always easy, and it has been well observed by a late writer, that the IN FIVE BOOKS, TRANSLATED FROM THE GREEK, hand which cannot build a hovel, may demolish a temple.*

REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE ROYAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON,

REVIEW OF THE GENERAL HISTORY OF
POLYBIUS,

BY MR. HAMPTON.

THIS appears to be one of the books which will long do honour to the present age. It has been by some remarker observed, that no man ever grew immortal by a translation: and undoubtedly translations into the prose of a living language must be laid aside whenever the lan

FOR IMPROVING OF NATURAL KNOWLEDGE, FROM ITSguage changes, because the matter being always FIRST RISE. IN WHICH THE MOST CONSIDERABLE

PAPERS COMMUNICATED ΤΟ THE SOCIETY, WHICH

HAVE HITHERTO NOT BEEN PUBLISHED, ARE INSERTED

IN THEIR PROPER ORDER, AS A SUPPLEMENT TO THE
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. BY THOMAS BIRCH,
D.D. SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY. 2 VOLS. 4TO.

to be found in the original, contributes nothing to the preservation of the form superinduced by the translator. But such versions may last long, though they can scarcely last always; and there is reason to believe that this will grow in reputation while the English tongue continues in its

THIS book might more properly have been en-present state. titled by the author a diary than a history, as it proceeds regularly from day to day so minutely as to number over the members present at each committee, and so slowly, that two large volumes contain only the transactions of the eleven first years from the institution of the Society.

The great difficulty of a translator is to preserve the native form of his language, and the unconstrained manner of an original writer. This Mr. Hampton seems to have attained in a degree of which there are few examples. His book has the dignity of antiquity, and the easy flow of a modern composition.

I am yet far from intending to represent this work as useless. Many particularities are of It were, perhaps, to be desired that he had importance to one man, though they appear tri-illustrated with notes an author which must have fling to another, and it is always more safe to many difficulties to an English reader, and par

* New Practice of Physic.

From the Literary Magazine, 1756

of thought, and liberty of press. Our clamor ous praises of liberty sufficiently prove that we enjoy it; and if by liberty nothing else be meant, than security from the persecutions of power, it is so fully possessed by us, that little more is to be desired, except that one should talk of it less, and use it better.

But a social being can scarcely rise to complete independence; he that has any wants, which others can supply, must study the gratification of them whose assistance he expects; this

REVIEW OF MISCELLANIES ON MORAL AND is equally true, whether his wants be wants of

RELIGIOUS SUBJECTS,

IN PROSE AND VERSE, BY ELIZABETH HARRISON.

nature or of vanity. The writers of the present nor often the hirelings of a patron. They protime are not always candidates for preferment, fess to serve no interest, and speak with loud contempt of sycophants and slaves.

THIS volume, though only one name appears upon the first page, has been produced by the contribution of many hands, and printed by the encouragement of a numerous subscription, both which favours seem to be deserved by the mo- ence neither they nor their predecessors have There is, however, a power, from whose infludesty and piety of her on whom they were be-ever been free. Those who have set greatness

stowed.

When an opinion has once become popular, very at defiance, have yet been the slaves of fashion. few are willing to oppose it. Idleness is more willing to credit than inquire; cowardice is afraid of controversy, and vanity of answer; and he that writes merely for sale, is tempted to court purchasers by flattering the prejudices of the public.

The authors of the essays in prose seem generally to have imitated, or tried to imitate, the copiousness and luxuriance of Mrs. Rowe; this however is not all their praise: they have laboured to add to her brightness of imagery her purity of sentiments. The poets have had Dr. Watts before their eyes, a writer, who, if he stood not in the first class of genius, compensated that defect by a ready application of his century, to defame and vilify the house of Stuart, It has now been fashionable for near half a powers to the promotion of piety. The attempt and to exalt and magnify the reign of Elizabeth. to employ the ornaments of romance in the deco- The Stuarts have found few apoligists, for the ration of religion was, I think, first made by Mr. dead cannot pay for praise; and who will, with Boyle's Martyrdom of Theodora, but Boyle's out reward, oppose the tide of popularity? Yet philosophical studies did not allow him time for there remains still among us, not wholly extin the cultivation of style, and the completion of the guished, a zeal for truth, a desire of establishing great design was reserved for Mrs. Rowe. Dr.right, in opposition to fashion. The author, Watts was one of the first who taught the dis-whose work is now before us, has attempted a senters to write and speak like other men, by vindication of Mary of Scotland, whose name showing them that elegance might consist with has for some years been generally resigned to piety. They would have both done honour to a infamy, and who has been considered as the better society, for they had that charity, which murderer of her husband, and condemned by her might well make their failings forgotten, and with which the whole Christian world might own letters. wish for communion. They were pure from all the heresies of an age, to which every opinion is become a favourite that the universal church has

hitherto detested.

confesses the importance to be such, that if they
Of these letters, the author of this vindication
be genuine, the queen was guilty; and if they be
spurious, she was innocent. He has, therefore,
his treatise into six parts.
undertaken to prove them spurious, and divided

This praise the general interest of mankind requires to be given to writers who please and do not corrupt, who instruct and do not weary.ters, from their discovery by the earl of Morton, In the first is contained the history of the letBut to them all human eulogies are vain, whom their being produced against queen Mary, and I believe applauded by angels, and numbered their several appearances in England, before with the just.t queen Elizabeth and her commissioners, until they were finally delivered back again to the earl of Morton.

ACCOUNT OF A BOOK ENTITLED, AN HISTO.
RICAL AND CRITICAL INQUIRY INTO THE
EVIDENCE PRODUCED BY THE EARLS OF

MORAY AND MORTON AGAINST MARY
QUEEN OF SCOTS:

WITH AN EXAMINATION OF THE REV. DR. ROBERTSON'S
DISSERTATION, AND MR. HUME'S HISTORY, WITH RE-
SPECT TO THAT EVIDENCE.§

We live in an age in which there is much talk of independence, of private judgment, of liberty

From the Literary Magazine, 1756.

Goodall's arguments for proving the letters to bẹ The second contains a short abstract of Mr. spurious and forged; and of Dr. Robertson and Mr. Hume's objections by way of answer to Mr. Goodall, with critical observations on these authors.

The third contains an examination of the arguments of Dr. Robertson and Mr. Hume, in support of the authenticity of the letters.

The fourth contains an examination of the confession of Nicholas Hubert, commonly called French Paris, with observations showing the same to be a forgery.

From the Literary Magazine, 1756.-There are other Reviews of Books by Dr. Johnson in this Magazine, but, in general, very short, and consisting chiefly of a few introductory remarks, and an extract. That on Mrs. Harrison's Miscellanies may be accounted somewhat interesting from the notice of Dr. Watts. Written by Mr. Tytler, of Edinburgh. Printed in the Gentlemen's Magazine, October, 1760. question. And,

The fifth contains a short recapitulation or summary of the arguments on both sides of the

The last is an historical collection of the direct or positive evidence still on record, tending to show what part the earls of Murray and Morton, and secretary Lethington, had in the murder of the lord Darnley.

The author apologizes for the length of this book, by observing, that it necessarily comprises a great number of particulars, which could not easily be contracted: the same plea may be made for the imperfection of our extract, which will naturally fall below the force of the book, because we can only select parts of that evidence, which owes its strength to its concatenation, and which will be weakened whenever it is disjoined.

time, to declare them false and feigned, jorged and invented, observing that there were many that could counterfeit her hand.

To counterfeit a name is easy, to counterfeit a hand through eight letters very difficult. But it does not appear that the letters were ever shown to those who would desire to detect them; and to the English commissioners a rude and remote imitation might be sufficient, since they were not shown as judicial proofs, and why they were not shown as proof, no other reason can be given than they must have then been examined, and that examination would have detected the forgery.

These letters, thus timorously and suspiciously

Mary; for the servants of Bothwell, executed for the murder of the king, acquitted the queen at the hour of death. These letters were so necessary to Murray, that he alleges them as the reason of the queen's imprisonment, though he imprisoned her on the 16th, and pretended not to have intercepted the letters before the 20th of June.

The account of the seizure of these controvert-communicated, were all the evidence against ed letters is thus given by the queen's enemies: "That in the castell of Edinburgh thair was left be the Erle of Bothwell, before his fleeing away, and was send for be ane George Dalgleish, his servand, who was taken be the Erle of Mortoun, ane small gylt coffer, not fully ane fute lang, garnisht in sindrie places with the Roman letter F. under ane king's crowne: wharin were certane letteris and writings weel knawin, and be aithis to be affirmit to have been written with the Quene of Scottis awn hand to the Erle."

The papers in the box were said to be eight letters in French, some love sonnets in French also, and a promise of marriage by the Queen to Bothwell.

To the reality of these letters our author makes some considerable objections, from the nature of things; but as such arguments do not always convince, we will pass to the evidence of

facts.

On June 15th, 1567, the queen delivered herself to Morton, and his party, who imprisoned her.

June 20th, 1567, Dalgleish was seized, and six days after he was examined by Morton; his examination is still extant, and there is no mention of this fatal box.

December 4th, 1567, Murray's secret council published an act, in which is the first mention of these letters, and in which they are said to be written and subscrivit with her awin hand. Ten days after Murray's first parliament met, and passed an act, in which they mention previe letters written halelie [wholly] with her awin hand. The difference between written and subscribed, and wholly written, gives the author just reason to suspect, first, a forgery, and then a variation of the forgery. It is indeed very remarkable, that the first account asserts more than the second, though the second contains all the truth; for the letters, whether written by the queen or not, were not subscribed. Had the second account differed from the first only by something added, the first might have contained truth, though not all the truth; but as the second corrects the first by diminution, the first cannot be cleared from falsehood.

In October, 1568, these letters were shown at York to Elizabeth's commissioners, by the agents of Murray, but not in their public character as commissioners, but by way of private information, and were not therefore exposed to Mary's commissioners. Mary, however, hearing that some letters were intended to be produced against her, directed her commissioners to require them for her inspection, and in the mean

Of these letters, on which the fate of princes and kingdoms was suspended, the authority should have been put out of doubt; yet that such letters were ever found, there is no witness but Morton, who accused the queen, and Crawford, a dependent on Lennox, another of her accusers. Dalgleish, the bearer, was hanged without any interrogatories concerning them; and Hulet, mentioned in them, though then in prison, was never called to anthenticate them, nor was his confession produced against Mary till Ideath had left him no power to disown it.

Elizabeth, indeed, was easily satisfied; she' declared herself ready to receive the proofs against Mary, and absolutely refused Mary the liberty of confronting her accusers, and making her defence. Before such a judge, a very little proof would be sufficient. She gave the accusers of Mary leave to go to Scotland, and the box and letters were seen no more. They have been since lost, and the discovery, which comparison of writing might have made, is now no longer possible. Hume has, however, endeavoured to palliate the conduct of Elizabeth, but his account, says our author, is contradicted almost in every sentence by the records, which, it appears, he has himself perused.

In the next part, the authenticity of the letters is examined; and it seems to be proved beyond contradiction, that the French letters, supposed to have been written by Mary, are translated from the Scotch copy, and, if originals, which it was so much the interest of such numbers to preserve are wanting, it is much more likely that they never existed, than that they have been lost.

The arguments used by Dr. Robertson, to prove the genuineness of the letters, are next examined. Robertson makes use principally of what he calls the internal evidence, which, amounting at most to conjecture, is opposed by conjecture equally probable.

In examining the confession of Nicholas Hubert, or French Paris, this new apologist of Mary seems to gain ground upon her accuser. Paris is mentioned in the letters, as the bearer of them to Bothwell; when the rest of Bothwell's servants were executed, clearing the queen in the last moment, Paris, instead of suffering

his trial with the rest at Edinburgh, was con-
veyed to St. Andrew's, where Murray was abso-
lute, put into a dungeon of Murray's citadel, and
two years after condemned by Murray himself
nobody knew how. Several months after his
death, a confession in his name, without the regularly and judicially given in, and therefore
gular testifications, was sent to Cecil, at what
exact time nobody can tell.

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