ulated by the thickness of the garboard streak.

KEEL-HAULING; a punishment inflicted for various offences in the Dutch navy. It is performed by suspending the culprit by a rope from one yard-arm, with a weight of lead or iron upon his legs, and having another rope fastened to him, leading under the ship's bottom, and through a block at its opposite yard-arm. He is then suddenly let fall from the one yardarm into the sea, where, passing under the ship's bottom, he is hoisted up on the opposite side of the vessel to the other. This punishment is not altogether unknown in British ships; but, as it is dangerous, it is very rarely, or, indeed, scarcely ever, now practised.

KEELSON, OF KELSON; a piece of timber forming the interior or counterpart of the keel, being laid upon the middle of the floor timbers immediately over the keel, and serving to bind and unite the former to the latter, by means of long bolts driven from without, and clinched on the upper side of the keelson. The keelson, like the keel, is composed of several pieces scarfed together; and, in order to fit with more security upon the floor timbers and crotchets, it is notched about an inch and a half deep, opposite to each of those pieces, thereby scored down upon them to that depth, where it is secured by spike-nails. The pieces of which it is formed are only half the breadth and thickness of those of the keel.

KEENERS; the name of the Irish singing mourners. The Irish have always been remarkable for their funeral lamentations, and once were celebrated for their musical art, in the last sad offices to their departed friends. Formerly, these duties were performed by dressing the body of the deceased in grave-clothes, ornamenting it with flowers, and placing it on a bier; when the relations and keeners, ranging themselves in two divisions, one at the head and the other at the feet of the corpse, the chief bard of the head chorus, softly accompanied by the harp, sung the first stanza of the caoinan, or funeral song. This being ended, the foot semi-chorus began the lamentation, or ullaloo, in which they were answered by the head semi-chorus, and then both united in one general chorus. After this, the chief bard of the foot semi-chorus began the second gol, or lamentation, in which he was answered by that of the head; and then, as before, both united in the general full chorus. Thus, alternately, were the song and choruses solemnly performed

during the night. But whatever merit or decorum there might formerly be in these vocal obsequies of the Irish, they have, at present, little to boast, either of melody, harmony or dignity. The keeners now generally consist of a motley multitude of men, women and children, and the caoinan is degenerated into a wild and hideous howl.

KEEP, in ancient military history; a kind of strong tower, which was built in the centre of a castle or fort, to which the besieged retreated, and made their last efforts of defence. It is also called the donjon, or dungeon.

To keep; a term used, on several occasions, in navigation; as, to keep the land aboard, is to keep within sight of land as much as possible.-To keep the luff, or the wind; to continue close to the wind; i. e. sailing with a course inclined to the direction of the wind as much as possible.-To keep off; to sail at a distance from the shore or a ship, &c.

KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL (see Chancellor, Lord High, of England; for the office and privileges of the French keeper of the seals (garde des sceaux), before the French revolution of the last century, see Chancellor). The garde des sceaux, or keeper of the seals, in France, is at present always minister of justice. On the continent of Europe, the department of justice is directed in the same way as the finances, &c., at the head of which stands a chef, or minister.

KEEPER OF THE PRIVY SEAL,in England, is a lord by virtue of his office, through whose hands pass all charters signed by the king, before they come to the great seal. KEEPER OF THE KING'S CONSCIENCE. (See Chancellor.)

Boat Keeper; one of the boat's crew who remains as a sentinel, in his turn, to take care of the boat and her contents when she is ashore, or along-side of a ship, or is towed astern of her.

KEEPING, in painting, is a technical term, which signifies the peculiar management of coloring and chiaro oscuro, so as to produce a proper degree of relievo in different objects, according to their relative position and importance. This may be effected either by shade or color, either by throwing a shadow across the inferior objects, or by tinting them with a color less bright than that given to others, and, in very skilful hands, it may even be done by the directly reverse practice. As the objects recede in the ground plane, the hue of the atmosphere, intermixing with their proper or local color, as it is termed,

will assist in their keeping. On keeping, relievo entirely depends; for, if the lights, shadows and half tints be not kept in their exact relative proportions of depths, no rotundity can be effected, and, without due opposition of light, shade and colors, no apparent separation of objects can take place. The celebrated Raphael has, in two instances, totally failed of proper keeping-in the Transfiguration, and the miraculous Draught of Fishes.-The word keeping is also sometimes used of works in other branches of the fine arts, as of a drama, to denote the just proportion and relation of the various parts.

KEHL; a village in the grand-duchy of Baden, formerly a fortress of the German empire, situated at the influx of the Kinzig into the Rhine, over which there is a bridge to Strasburg, about two miles distant. The fortress was built by the French, towards the end of the seventeenth century, and was intended to aid Louis XIV's plans of conquests on the right bank of the Rhine. By the peace of Ryswick, in 1697, Kehl was ceded to the margrave of Baden-Baden, the empire retaining the right to garrison it. In the middle of the last century, the fortifications were demolished, and Kehl became the seat of manufactures. Here Beaumarchais established his printing press, from which proceeded his edition of Voltaire and other magnificent editions. During the revolutionary war, the fortifications were rebuilt. Kehl has sustained several sieges (the severest in 1796), has been alternately in French and German hands, and has been three times burnt down. In 1808, it was included in the department of the Lower Rhine: in 1814, it was restored to Baden. In 1815, the works were again demolished. It has 980 inhabitants.

KEISER, one of the earliest German opera composers, born at Leipsic, in 1673, died 1739. He left 118 operas, besides much church-music, full of originality, and distinguished by a noble and pure style. Being, besides, self-formed, he deserves to be ranked among the first composers.

KEITH, James; a brave and experienced warrior, as well as an able and successful politician, field-marshal of Prussia, and the confidential friend of its sovereign. He was descended of a noble house in Scotland, being the youngest son of William Keith, earl-marshal of that kingdom, and was born in 1696. The breaking out of the rebellion, in 1715, developed his military propensities, and gave the future color to his fate. His mother, warmly

attached to the house of Stuart, added her persuasions to the dictates of his own inclination, and, at the age of 19, he joined the Pretender's standard. The issue of the battle of Sheriffinuir, so unfortunate to the cause he had embraced, drove him into voluntary exile; he escaped from the conflict wounded and with difficulty, and effected a retreat to France. Here he applied himself with great diligence to the study of mathematics and military tactics, having previously made considerable progress in classical and general literature, under the auspices of the celebrated Ruddiman. In 1717, he quitted Paris for Italy, whence he proceeded to Spain, in the capital of which kingdom he was fortunate enough to obtain the friendship of the duke of Liria, who procured him a command in Ormond's Irish brigade. He subsequently accompanied his patron, when appointed ambassador to Russia, where, through the duke's recommendation, he obtained the rank of lieutenantgeneral from the czarina, who also conferred on him the order of the black eagle. In the Russian service, he continued several years, distinguishing himself as well in the field as in the cabinet, during the wars with Turkey and Sweden. In the revolution, which ended by the elevation of the czarina Elizabeth to the throne, he also took a prominent part; but, at length, on some disgust, he obtained his dismissal. On leaving Russia, he went to Berlin, where the king of Prussia, to whom his abilities were well known, received him with open arms, and raised him to the post of governor of his metropolis, and field-marshal of his forces. He made him also his confidential companion, selecting him as his associate in a tour which he made incognito through part of the north of Europe. In the subsequent wars of that martial monarch, field marshal Keith continued to display the greatest military talents as well as zeal in his service, till his career was finally closed by a cannon-shot, in the unfortunate battle of Hochkirchen, Oct. 14, 1758.

KELLER, John Balthasar, was born at Zurich, and studied the art of casting in metal, during the most flourishing time of Louis XIV. Keller soon distinguished himself by the boldness with which he undertook to cast the most important works. Towards the end of the 17th century, Girardon made the model of an equestrian statue of the king, 21 feet high. The statues of Marcus Aurelius, Cosmo de' Medici, Henry IV and Louis XIII had been cast in several pieces; but

Keller undertook to cast the statue of the king in one piece. The work was successful, and did as much honor to Keller as to Girardon. The king rewarded him, and gave him the direction of the foundery of the arsenal. He died in 1702. His brother, John James Keller, born 1635, was likewise a skilful founder. He died at Colmar, in 1700.

KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy, marshal and peer of France, born at Strasburg, in 1735, entered the Conflans legion as a bussar, in 1752, and performed in it the first campaigns of the seven years' war. He went through all the degrees of service, up to the rank of maréchal de camp. At the breaking out of the revolution, he so distinguished himself by patriotism and judgment, that the citizens of Landau, in the garrison of which he was stationed, presented him with a civic crown. At the commencement of the war, he received the command of the army of the Moselle, formed a junction, in September, with the main army under Dumouriez, and sustained, Sept. 20, 1792, the celebrated attack of the duke of Brunswick. This cannonade of Valmy, as it is called, caused the allies to retreat, and perhaps decided, not merely the whole campaign, but also the fate of Europe and the supremacy of France, till 1813. In the following wars of France, Kellermann received various general commands. Napoleon loaded him with honors, and gave him Johannisberg. After the restoration of the Bourbons, he was appointed a member of the chamber of peers, where he espoused the liberal side. He died Sept. 12, 1820, 85 years of age. In his last will, he had ordered that his heart should be buried on the field of Valmy, and his simple monument be marked by the following inscription: Ici sont morts glorieusement les braves qui ont sauvé la France au Sept. 20, 1792. Un soldat, qui avait l'honneur de les commander dans cette mémorable journée, le maréchal Kellermann, duc de Valmy, dictant, après 28 ans, ses dernières volontés, a voulu que son cœur fût placé au milieu d'eux. This ceremony was performed in a solemn manner, Oct. 28, 1820.

KELLGREN, Henry, a Swedish poet and savant, was born in 1751, in Schonen, and studied at the university of Abo. Gustavus III protected him against the assaults of envy in Stockholm, and placed him beyond the reach of want. He was one of the first members of the academy of sciences, established by the same monarch, at Stockholm. Kellgren's assiduous study 27

VOL. VII.

was too much for his weak frame. He died in the Swedish capital, in 1795. On his tomb-stone are the words Poeta, philosopho, civi, amico lugentes amici. He is considered as a poet of a very rich imagination. His complete works appeared after his death at Stockholm. As editor of the literary part of the Stockholm Journal, he labored much to improve the taste of his countrymen, and his criticisms made him many enemies.

KELP, in commerce; the ashes of seaweeds or fuci. (See Fucus.) F. serratus and F. vesiculosus, the species used in the manufacture of this article, grow attached to rocks between high and low water mark, and are often termed rock-weed. On the Scottish coast, the sea-weed is cut close to the rocks, during the summer season, and afterwards spread out upon the shore to dry, care being taken to turn it occasionally, to prevent fermentation. It is then stacked for a few weeks, and sheltered from the rain, till it becomes covered with a white saline efflorescence, and is now ready for burning. This is usually accomplished in a round pit, lined with brick or stone; but the more approved form for a kiln is oblong, about two feet wide, eight to eighteen long, and from two to three deep: the bottom of this is covered with brush, upon which a little dried sea-weed is scattered, and fire is applied at one extremity; the sea-weed is now thrown on gradually, as fast as the combustion reaches the surface, and, should there be much wind, it is necessary to protect it by covering the sides with sods; after the whole is burnt, the mass gradually softens, beginning at the sides, when it should be slowly stirred up with a heated iron bar, and incorporated, till it acquires a semifluid consistence. This part of the process requires considerable dexterity; and, if the mass continues dry, a little common salt should be thrown on, which acts as a flux. When cold, it is broken up, and is now ready for sale.-Notwithstanding that kelp contains but two or three per cent. of carbonate of soda, while Spanish barilla often contains twenty or thirty, the manufacture of this article has increased prodigiously on the northern coasts of Great Britain and the neighboring islands. Small farms in the Orkneys, which formerly rented for £40 a year, have now risen to £300, on account of their kelp shores; and so much importance is attached to this branch of business, that, along sandy shores, stones have been placed within the flood-mark, which, in a short time, become covered with sea-weed. Many

thousand tons are thus manufactured an-, nually, and are sold in the various ports of Great Britain, at the rate of from 7 to £10 per ton. One of the products of kelp we have not yet adverted to, is iodine. (q. v.) The uses of soda are, in general, the same with those of potash, but there are certain branches of manufactures to which it is indispensable, as to the making of plate and crown-glass, and all hard soaps. Both alkalies are consumed in immense quantities by soap-boilers, bleachers and glass-makers; but it is said that in France the use of potash has very much diminished since the culture of barilla has been introduced. New England, being the only part of the U. States which has a rocky coast, would seem to be the only part of our country fitted for the manufacture of kelp. The greater rise of the tides north of cape Cod, and especially in the more eastern parts, is also a favorable circumstance; indeed, this branch of business has been carried on in the state of Maine. On the other hand, the thousand sounds and estuaries of the more southern coast open an almost unlimited field for the culture of barilla. It is well known that the shores of the sea, and saltmarshes, as well as the margins of interior salt lakes and salines, and, in general, all places to which water holding muriate of soda in solution gains access, are inhabited by peculiar plants. Several entire genera are confined to such situations. In these maritime plants, soda replaces the potash, which is always present in those growing in ordinary situations, and it is even said that if they are removed to a distance from the sea-shore, they gradually lose their soda, and acquire potash in its stead. The barilla obtained in France from the salicornia annua yields 14 or 15 per cent. of soda; and that from salsola tragus, S. kali, statice limonium, atriplex portulaccoides, &c., yields only from 3 to 8 per cent. The Spanish barilla is the most esteemed, particularly that from Alicant, and is obtained from the salsola sativa, which is carefully cultivated in light, low soils, embanked on the side next the sea, and furnished with flood-gates, through which the salt water is occasionally admitted. So anxious are the Spaniards to monopolize this trade, that the exportation of the seed is prohibited under pain of death. (See Barilla.) Carbonate of soda is also found abundantly in a mineral state in many countries, as in Hungary, the southern parts of Siberia, Persia, China, North Africa, and the environs of Smyrna; but the native salt has not hitherto

become important as an article of commerce.

KEMBLE, John Philip; one of the most eminent tragedians of the British stage since the days of Garrick. He was the eldest son of Roger Kemble, manager of a company of comedians at Prescot in Lancashire, in which county he was born, February, 1757, and received the rudiments of education at the Roman Catholic seminary of Sedgeley park, Staffordshire. With the view of qualifying him for one of the learned professions, he was afterwards placed by his father at the college of Douay, where he early distinguished himself by his proficiency in elocution. On his return to England, having completed his academical pursuits, he entered immediately upon the profession of an actor, for which he had long exhibited & decided predilection. At this period, he produced a tragedy on the story of Belisarius, which was acted at Liverpool, and printed a volume of Fugitive Pieces, in verse, with which he was, however, so dissatisfied, that, on the day after their publication, he destroyed every copy he could recover. Mr. Kemble appeared, for the first time in London, on the Drury-lane boards, Sept. 30, 1783, in the part of Hamlet, and was received with great applause. It was not, however, till the retirement of Smith from the stage, in 1788, that he took a decided lead in tragedy. He afterwards obtained the management of Drury-lane theatre, which he enjoyed, with only a short interruption, till 1801. In 1794, he brought out a musical entertainment of his own, entitled Lodoiska, which had a great run, and has since been revived with benefit to the theatre. In 1802, he visited the continent, and having passed 12 months at Paris and Madrid, returned to London, when he purchased a sixth share of Covent-garden theatre, and became manager of that establishment. Here he continued his career with great success, till the destruction of the theatre by fire in 1809. In the autumn of the same year, the present edifice, being constructed, opened with an increase of prices, which, together with certain obnoxious arrangements in regard to the private boxes, created, for a series of nights, the disturbances known by the name of the OP riots. Mr. Kemble took his farewell of the stage July 23, 1817, on which occasion he was complimented with a public dinner and other honorable tokens of esteem, and shortly after retired to the continent, where he died at Lausanne, in Switzerland, Feb. 26, 1823, of a paralytic attack, after a few hours' ill

ness. As an actor, Kemble was distinguished for dignity, precision, and studious preparation. His merits were differently appreciated, but by all he was regarded as a highly gifted actor, and the impression which he made in characters more immediately adapted to his style of excellence, such as Cato, Coriolanus, Hamlet, John, Jaques, Penruddock, was very great. His management both of Drurylane and Covent-garden theatres, but especially of the latter, was also marked by the exhibition of much refined and accurate taste, in the rectification of scenic decoration, and the adoption of appropriate costume, adding thereby both to the splendor and illusion of the drama. The learning, elegant manners and accomplishments of Mr. Kemble introduced him into the best company, by whom he was at once courted and esteemed. (See Boaden's Life of Kemble.)

KEMPELEN, Wolfgang, baron von, famous as the inventor of the automaton chess-player, was a native of Presburg in Hungary. He displayed much talent, when young, as a mechanic; and, as early as 1769, he announced the completion of his automaton or androides, which has since attracted so much attention. In 1783, the chessplaying figure was first exhibited at Paris; and it afterwards made its appearance in London, where it surprised and puzzled those who witnessed its performance. Baron Kempelen or his assistant was always present, to direct, by some incomprehensible method, the motions of the machine. It consists of a figure in a Turkish dress, seated at a table, the top of which is marked as a chess-board. The arm of the automaton, by means of internal machinery, is capable of executing about a dozen motions, which it appears to perform spontaneously, so as to play a game at chess with any visitor. While the movements are taking place, the noise of a fly-wheel is heard; and, after a certain time, the machinery requires winding up like a clock, before it can again be brought into action. Various conjectures have been advanced as to the means by which the action of this machine is directed. The most probable of which is, that a child or small man is concealed in a drawer under the table which supports the chess-board. It is true that the whole cavity beneath the table, as well as the body of the figure, is opened and exhibited to the spectators previously to the commencement of an exhibition; but as the inside of the automaton and the space under the table are not shown at the same

time, an individual within might move from one part to the other, so as to deceive those who witness the performance. It is easy to conceive that, by means of some audible signal, the evolutions of the automaton may be directed. This very ingenious man also constructed a speaking figure, of which he published an account in a curious work, entitled Le Mécanisme de la Parole, suivi de la Description d'une Machine parlante, et enrichi de 27 Planches (Vienne, 1791, 8vo.), also printed in German. He contrived, likewise, a printingpress, for the use of mademoiselle Paradies, a famous blind musician. He also published German poetry; a drama, called Perseus and Andromeda; the Unknown Benefactor, a comedy, &c. He died at Vienna in 1804. The chess-player is now in the possession of Mr. Mälzel, who has himself invented several ingenious automata, which, together with the chess-player, have been exhibited for some years past in the U. States.

KEMPIS, Thomas à. (See Thomas à Kempis.)

KEN, Thomas, a learned and pious dignitary of the English church, was educated at Oxford. About 1679, he went to Holland to officiate as chaplain to the princess of Orange, and afterwards to Tangier, as chaplain to the earl of Dartmouth. In every station which he held, he exhibited a conscientious propriety of conduct and unyielding morality, which procured him the respect of the licentious court of Charles II, and, strange as it may appear, conciliated the favor of that profligate prince; for, residing at Winchester when the king, attended by his female favorites, visited that city, his house was destined by his majesty's harbinger for the lodging of Nell Gwynn; but doctor Ken, thinking such an inmate unsuitable for a man of his function, positively refused to admit her. When the king was informed of his conduct, he coolly said, "Mrs. Gwynn must find lodgings elsewhere;" and, to the surprise of his courtiers,he took the first opportunity to promote this conscientious supporter of the dignity of his character. Doctor Ken became a chaplain to Charles II, in whose reign he was made bishop of Bath and Wells. He was one of the seven bishops sent to the Tower for resisting the dispensing power claimed by king James, and for petitioning in behalf of their own and the people's rights. After the revolution, bishop Ken refused to take the oath of allegiance to king William, in consequence of which he was deprived of his preferment. He