was, however, highly respected by those of opposite sentiments, and queen Anne bestowed on him a pension. He died in 1711. His works, consisting of sermons, poems, &c., were published in 4 vols., 8vo., 1721, with an account of his life.

KENAW HA, OF Kenhawa, Great; a river in Virginia, which has its sources in the western part of North Carolina, flows through the western part of Virginia, in a north-westerly direction, and joins the Ohio at Point Pleasant, 87 miles below Marietta, and 265 below Pittsburg. It receives Green Brier river in the western part of Monroe county, and, about 40 miles below the junction, it has a remarkable cataract, falling perpendicularly 50 feet. There are salt-works on the river, a little above the town of Charlestown. The river is navigable most of the year.

KENAWHA, LITTLE; a river of Virginia, which runs west into the Ohio, 178 miles below Pittsburg.

KENILWORTH (called, by corruption, Killingworth); a town in Warwickshire, England, 5 miles N. of Warwick, 6 S. S. W. of Coventry, and 101 N. W. of London, Lon. 1° 35′ W.; lat. 52° 21' N. Population, 2279. It consists chiefly of an irregular street nearly a mile in length, and has considerable manufactures of horn combs, and a market on Wednesday. The town is chiefly noted for its magnificent castle, which, along with its extensive chase and park, formed at one time the pride and ornament of this part of the kingdom. It was originally founded by Geoffrey de Clinton, chamberlain and treasurer to Henry I. Most of the buildings, of which remains are yet visible, were erected by John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV. It continued in the possession of the crown till the time of Elizabeth, who conferred it on Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester. He enlarged and adorned it at the expense of £60,000, and afterwards entertained the queen here for 17 days, in a style of extraordinary magnificence. The area within the walls of the castle contained 7 acres, and the circuit of the walls, manors, parks and chase, was 19 or 20 miles. The building was greatly injured during the civil wars; and the remains of the castle now present one of the most splendid and picturesque wrecks of castellated strength in England, and impart a melancholy grandeur to the town and neighborhood. The romance of sir Walter Scott has given it additional

interest.

KENNEBEC; the largest river in Maine, after the Penobscot. It has two principal

branches-the eastern and the western. The former rises from Moose-head lake; and the latter, called Dead river, interlocks with the sources of the Chaudiere, with which it is connected by a portage of only five miles. The two branches unite about 20 miles below Moose-head lake, and the river afterwards pursues a southerly course. It is joined by the Androscoggin 18 miles from the sea. The tide flows up as far as Augusta, and the river is navigable for ships to Bath, 12 miles, for vessels of 150 tons to Hallowell, 40 miles, for sloops to Augusta, 2 miles farther, and for boats to Waterville, 18 miles above Augusta. There are a number of handsome and flourishing towns on the river, among which are Bath, Gardiner, Hallowell, Augusta.

KENNICOTT, doctor, and professor of theology at Oxford, born in 1718, at Totness in Devonshire, where his father was a poor shoemaker and sexton, has become known by his extensive and valuable collection of readings from about 580 manuscripts, and 12 printed editions of the Hebrew Bible, which he annexed to his edition of the Hebrew text. This work is entitled Vet. Test. Hebr., cum variis Leetionibus (2 vols., fol., Oxford, 1776-80), To the 2d volume is prefixed a Diss. gener. in V. T. Hebr. In this laborious and expensive undertaking, Mr. Kennicott was assisted by a subscription of several thousand pounds, and thus enabled to send several scholars to Spain, Italy, Germany, &c., to collate manuscripts and editions. The work has many typographical errors. The author's plan, too, was defective, and he was not sufficiently acquainted with the Eastern languages and the true principles of criticism; but he rendered great service to the cause of science and religion by opening the way in this department of biblical criticism. At the time of his death, he was employed in preparing Remarks on select Passages in the Old Testament, which were subsequently published, accompanied by eight sermons.

KENSINGTON; a large and populous village of England, in the county of Middlesex, nearly two miles from Hyde-park corner, and chiefly distinguished for its royal palace and gardens. In former times, Kensington palace was a favorite royal residence; and king William III, queen Mary, queen Anne and George II, died here. Kensington gardens, attached to the palace, are well known, and much frequented as a fashionable promenade in summer. They form a great ornament to the metropolis. These gardens contained

KENT, Edward, duke of, fourth son of George III, king of Great Britain, was born Nov, 2, 1767. He was educated in England, at Göttingen and Geneva, where he remained until 1790, when he proceeded in a military capacity to Gibraltar. He subsequently went to America, and, in 1796, became lieutenant-general, and returned to England. In 1799, he was created duke of Kent and Strathern and earl of Dublin, and the same year revisited America, but returned again in 1800. In 1802, he was made governor of Gibraltar; but his rigid discipline produced a mutiny, and he was recalled the following year. In 1818, he married the youngest daughter of the duke of Saxe-Coburg, and the widow of the prince of Leiningen. In May, 1819, the duchess bore him a daughter, who was called Alexandrina Victoria, who is now heiress presumptive of the crown. The duke of Kent died Jan. 23, 1820. His widow, with her brother, prince Leopold, the husband of the late princess Charlotte, at present assumes the principal guardianship of the infant princess, who is likely to become the future sovereign of Great Britain.

KENT, William, an ingenious artist, was born in Yorkshire, in 1685. He was apprenticed to a coach-painter, but, conscious of superior talent, repaired to London, where he was enabled, by some gentlemen, to repair to Rome, and to study painting under cavalier Luti. In this art, however, he never obtained celebrity: his talent lay chiefly in ornamental architecture, some specimens of which at Holkham, Stowe and other places, are much admired. He is regarded by Horace Walpole as the inventor of modern gardening, which he rendered more natural, graceful and pleasing. He leaped the sunk fence, says the last-mentioned writer, and saw that all nature was a garden. He broke up the old uniformity of straight lines and corresponding parts, and threw wood, water and ground, into the beautiful shapes presented by nature. The taste of Pope is supposed to have aided that of the artist. He died at Burlingtonhouse in 1748, aged 63, and was buried at Chiswick.

KENT; a county of England, bounded north by the Thames, which separates it from Essex, east and south-east by the English channel, south by Sussex, and west by Surry; about 60 miles in length from east to west, and from 30 to 38 from

north to south; square miles, 1460. It is divided into 63 hundreds, which contain 2 cities (Canterbury and Rochester), and 24 market-towns. Its aspect is rich, diversified and beautiful; its climate mild, and its soil generally fertile.

KENTUCKY; one of the U. States, bounded north by the river Ohio, which separates it from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, east by Virginia, south by Virginia and Tennessee, and west by the river Mississippi; lon. 81° 50′ to 89° 20′ W.; lat. 36° 30 to 39° 10′ N.; 300 miles long, and from 40 to 180 broad; square miles, 42,000: population, in 1790, 73,677; in 1800, 220,959; in 1810, 406,511; in 1820, 564,317; and in 1830, 688,844; free white persons, 518,678; free colored persons, 4816; and slaves, 165,350. The first permanent settlement in Kentucky was begun by colonel Daniel Boone, in 1775. The country formed a part of the state of Virginia until 1790: in 1792, it was admitted into the union as an independent state. Frankfort is the seat of government. Lexington and Louisville are the largest towns. There is a penitentiary at Frankfort, in which are confined over 100 convicts. At Lexington, there is a lunatic asylum; at Danville, an asylum for the deaf and dumb; and at Louisville and Smithland on the Ohio, hospitals for sick and disabled boatmen. The most prominent literary institution is Transylvania university, at Lexington, which has about 150 students, besides the students of the law and medical schools, and of the preparatory department. There is a Roman Catholic college at Bairdstown, called St. Joseph's college; Centre college, at Danville, established by Presbyterians; and a college at Augusta, established by Methodists. There is also a Baptist college at Georgetown, and a Presbyterian college, called Cumberland college, at Princeton. The legislature has several times taken steps for establishing a system of common schools, but nothing effectual has been accomplished. There are two banks in the state, called the bank of Kentucky, and the bank of the commonwealth. There are also branches of the United States bank at Lexington and Louisville. The legislature is composed of a senate, consisting of 38 members, chosen by districts, for four years, and a house of representatives, not exceeding 100, chosen annually. The governor and lieutenantgovernor are chosen by the people for four years, but are not eligible for the succeeding seven years. The legislature meets on the first Monday in November. The princi

pal rivers of Kentucky are the Ohio, which flows along the state 637 miles, following its windings; the Mississippi, Tennessee, Cumberland, Kentucky, Green, Licking, Big Sandy, Salt and Rolling. The Cumberland mountains form the southeast boundary of this state. The eastern counties, bordering on Virginia, are mountainous and broken. A tract from 5 to 20 miles wide, along the banks of the Ohio, is hilly and broken land, interspersed with many fertile valleys. Between this strip, Green river, and the eastern counties, lies what has been called the garden of the state. This is the most populous part, and is about 150 miles long, and from 50 to 100 wide. The soil is excellent, and the surface is agreeably diversified, gently rising and descending. These lands produce black-walnut, black-cherry, honeylocust, buckeye, pawpaw, sugar-maple, mulberry, elm, ash, cottonwood, whitethorn, with an abundance of grape-vines. There is a tract of country in the southwestern part of the state, east and north of Cumberland river, and watered by Green and Barren rivers, about 100 miles in extent, called the barrens, which, a few years since, was a beautiful prairie, destitute of timber. It is now covered with a young growth of various kinds of trees. These, however, do not prevent the growth of grass, and an almost endless variety of plants, which are in bloom during the whole of the spring and summer, when the whole region is a wilderness of the most beautiful flowers. The soil is of an excellent quality, being a mixture of clay, loam and sand. Through this country there runs a chain of conical hills, called knobs. It is also distinguished for some stupendous caves. Ancient fortifications and mounds of earth are found in almost all parts of Kentucky. The caves in the south-western part of the state are great curiosities. One, styled Mammoth cave, 130 miles from Lexington, on the road leading to Nashville, is said to be 8 or 10 miles in length, with a great number of avenues and windings. Earth strongly impregnated with nitre is found in most of these caves, and there are many establishments for manufacturing it. From 100 pounds of earth, 50 pounds of nitre . have frequently been obtained. A number of the rivers in this state have excavated the earth, so as to form abrupt precipices, deep glens, and frightful gulfs. The precipices formed by Kentucky river are, in many places, awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet, of solid limestone, surmounted with a steep

and difficult ascent, four times as high. The banks of Cumberland river are less precipitous, but equally depressed below the surface of the surrounding country.

Wheat, tobacco and hemp are the staple productions. Indian corn is, however, the principal grain raised for home consumption. Rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax, potatoes, &c., are cultivated. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries and plums are the most common fruits. The domestic animals are large and beautiful, particularly the horse. Great numbers of swine, horned cattle, horses and mules are annually driven to the neighboring states for a market, and large quantities of pork, bacon and lard are exported. The fattening of animals is the chief mode of consuming the surplus grain, on account of the expense of conveying it to market. Considerable quantities of whiskey are made. Marble, of excellent quality, abounds, and the whole state may be said to repose on a bed of limestone. Salt and iron are among the minerals of this state. The most extensive works for the manufacture of salt established west of the Alleghany mountains, are on the waters of Kentucky. These supply not only this state, but a great part of Ohio and Tennessee. Kentucky, from its position, has become a manufacturing state. (See United States.)

Kentucky; a river in Kentucky, which rises in the south-east part of the state, and runs north-west into the Ohio, 77 miles above the rapids at Louisville. It is navigable, in the winter, for small boats, about 180 miles. The current is rapid, and the banks are high and rocky.

KEPLER, John, a great mathematician and astronomer, to whom astronomy is indebted for much of its present perfec tion, was born in 1571, at Weil, in Würtemberg, and was descended from a noble family. Poverty, and the vicissitudes of his father's fortune (who was an inn-keeper), were the causes of the neglect of his education, and of the unhappiness of his youthful days. But, in his 18th year, after the death of his father, he left the monastic school of Maulbrunn, and succeeded in entering the university of Tübingen. Here he studied the course then prescribed-first philosophy and mathematics, and then theology. At the same time, he indulged his inclination for astronomy, and devoted himself especially to the investigation of the physical causes of the motion of the celestial bodies. From Tubingen, he was invited, in 1593, to become professor of mathematics and morals at Grätz, in Stiria, where he pursued his

astronomical studies. For the sake of freedom of conscience, he fled to Hungary, but returned some time after. Meanwhile the astronomer Tycho de Brahe had come to Germany, his acquaintance with whom had an important influence on Kepler's life. He resolved to relinquish his situation, and to prepare, at Prague, with Tycho, the famous Rodolphine tables, called after the reigning emperor Rodolph, which were first printed at Ulm, in 1626, and which Lalande (Ast. i, p. 474) calls an Ouvrage essentiel, et qui fut le fondement de tous les calculs de l'astronomie pendant un siècle. At Tycho's recommendation, he was established in that place; but, as his office and science did not afford him a subsistence, he studied medicine, in order to gain a livelihood by the practice of it. The emperor had assigned him a salary, but, in the period of trouble which preceded the thirty years' war, it was not paid. Even when he was appointed imperial mathematician, by Rodolph's successor, Matthias, his hope of recovering his arrears was disappointed. Controversies with the clergy, and the disturbed state of the Austrian dominions, made his situation very uncomfortable. He left Lintz, repaired to Ratisbon, declined an invitation to England, and was confirmed by the succeeding emperor, Ferdinand, in the office of imperial mathematician, and afterwards went to Ulm, in order to print his Rodolphine tables. In 1627, he returned to Prague, and received from the emperor 6000 guilders. He finally became a professor at Rostock, on the recommendation of Albert, duke of Wallenstein, at that time duke of Mecklenberg, but did not receive the promised compensation. He therefore went to Ratisbon, where he died, in 1630. Kepler was small of stature, thin, and of a weak constitution, and short-sighted. His manners were frequently gay and sportive. He was attached to his science with the deepest love: he sought after truth with eagerness, but forgot, in the search, the maxims of worldly prudence; and there was a certain love of mystery about him, which too often manifested itself in idle astrological visions. He had but a small share of what are commonly esteemed the pleasures of life, but he endured all calamities with firmness. "Kepler," says Lalande, "is as famous in astronomy, for the sagacious application which he made of Tycho's numerous observations (he was not himself an observer), as the Danish astronomer for the collection of such vast materials." The laws of the courses of the

planets, deduced by Kepler from those observations, are known in astronomy under the name of the three laws of Kepler (regula Kepleri), and on them were founded Newton's subsequent discoveries, as well as the whole modern theory of the planets. The first of these laws is, that the planets do not move, as Copernicus had imagined, in circles, but in ellipses, of which the sun is in one of the foci. For this, Kepler was indebted to the observations which Tycho had made on the planet Mars, whose eccentricity is considerable, and agrees particularly with this rule, in determining which, Kepler went through an indescribably laborious analysis. (See the astronomical works of Lalande, Schubert, and others.) The second law is, that an imaginary straight line from the sun to the planets (the radius vector) always describes equal sectors in equal times, By this rule, Kepler calculated his tables, imagining the whole plane of revolution divided into a number of such sectors, and, from this, investigated their respective angles at the sun. This was called Kepler's problem. The third law teaches that, in the motion of the planets, the squares of the times of revolution are as the cubes of the mean distances from the sun; one instance of the application of which law, in the want of other means, is in the determination of the distance of the planet Herschel from the sun, it having been ascertained, that its time of revolution amounts to little more than 82 years. Kepler's services in the cause of astronomy have placed him high among the most distinguished men of science on record. In Ratisbon, a monument was erected to his memory in 1808, by Charles Theodore von Dalberg. It consists of a Doric temple, in which is placed the bust of Kepler. The most important of his works is his Astronomia nova, seu Physica Cœlestis tradita Commentariis de Motibus Stella Martis (Prague, 1609, folio)—a work which secures immortality to the author, and is still regarded as classical by astronomers. An account of Kepler's life is prefixed to his Letters (printed at Leipsic, in 1718, in folio). We annex the epitaph which he composed for himself:

Mensus eram cælos, nunc terræ metior umbras ; Mens coelestis erat, corporis umbra jacet. (See the article Harmony of the Spheres.)

KEPPEL, Augustus, an English admiral, the second son of William earl of Albemarle, entered the sea service at an early age, and accompanied admiral Anson round the world. In 1778, he was appointed to the command of the Channel

fleet. July 12, in that year, he fell in with the French fleet, under count D'Orvilliers, off Ushant, when a short but warm engagement ensued. A short delay becoming necessary to repair damages, when that labor was accomplished, the admiral made signal for his van and rear divisions to assume their proper stations. Sir Hugh Palliser, commanding the rear, took no notice of the signal, and refused to join his commander, until night prevented a renewal of the battle. The conduct of the rear-admiral being fiercely attacked, and Keppel refusing a disavowal of the charges brought against him, Palliser immediately exhibited articles of accusation against him. Keppel was honorably acquitted, and received the thanks of both houses of parliament for his services. Palliser was next tried, and reprimanded; but the public indignation was so great, that he was obliged to resign his seat in the house of commons, and to vacate several offices which he held under government. In 1782, admiral Keppel was raised to a peerage, under the title of viscount Keppel, baron Elden, and was, at two different periods, appointed first lord of the admiralty. He died in October, 1786, unmarried. He was regarded as very able in his profession, and a man of great integrity and humanity.

KERATRY, August Hilarion, member of the French chamber of deputies, celebrated, as a writer and orator, for his spirit and liberality, was born at Rennes, 1769, of a noble family, studied at Quimper, and afterwards in his native city, where he became acquainted with general Moreau, at that time (1787-88) an instructer in the law school in that city. During the session of the constituent assembly (1789), Kératry, who had inherited a patrimonial estate in the department of Finisterre, presented a petition in favor of the equal division of estates in noble families, and the abolition of the privileges of primogeniture. During his residence in the capital, he became connected with many distinguished literary men. He was arrested, on his return home, by the terrorist Carrier, but was liberated at the request of the commune. From this time, he devoted himself to the sciences, and held many municipal offices. In 1818, he was chosen deputy of the department of Finisterre by a unanimous vote. Here he defended the fundamental principles of the revolution, although its excesses had never received his approbation. All efforts to undermine the foundations of the fundamental laws, found in him a firm

and bold opponent. It was in this spirit that he wrote his Documens historiques; La France telle qu'on l'a faite, and Sur la Loi des Municipalités. This last work, which was written (1821) in connexion with Lanjuinais, was directed against a proposition, which threatened to cut off one of the best guarantees of the rights of the people, by a limitation of the municipal privileges. As an orator in the chamber of deputies, he belonged to the moderate liberal party. Among his writings, which are political, poetical and philosophical, are his idyls and tales (after the manner of Gesner); his Inductions morales et philosophiques; his Voyage de 24 Heures; his Habit mordoré (a description of manners, in the spirit of Sterne); his excellent Traité de l'Existence de Dieu; his commentary on Kant's observations on the sublime; his work Sur le Beau dans les Arts de l'Imitation (Paris, 1822, 2 volumes). His works prove him to be a man of a cultivated mind, and a close thinker. His Les derniers des Beaumanoirs, ou la Tour d'Helvin, is a true picture of the manners and character of the “good old times” in France.

KERGUELEN TREMAREC, Ives Joseph de; an eminent French navigator, born at Brest, about 1745. He entered young into the navy, and obtained the rank of lieutenant in 1767. After being employed on an expedition to the coast of Iceland, to protect the whale fishery, he was sent, by his government, on a voyage of discovery, to the South sea. On his return, he gave a flattering account of a supposed continent towards the south pole, some points of which he had visited. He was sent, in 1773, to make farther discoveries; but the result of his researches only served to show the little value of the country he discovered; and he was arrested and confined in the castle of Saumur, after his return to France, on the charge of having ill-treated one of his officers. In his prison, he wrote several memoirs relative to maritime affairs; and, having at length obtained his liberation, he again engaged in the sea service. He died in 1797 Kerguelen published accounts of his voyage to Iceland, and likewise of his southern expeditions. His name is preserved in the appellation of an island in the southern hemisphere-Kerguelen's Land, or the Isle of Desolation.

KERKE, OF KERQUE (the Flemish corruption of the German Kirche, the Scottish kirk); a church. It occurs in proper names; for instance, Steenkerque, Dunkerque, &c.