KERMES, in zoology. (See Coccus.) KERMES MINERAL. (See Antimony.) KERTSCH, OF KERCH; a fortress on a peninsula of the same name, in Eastern Taurida, on the bay of Taman, with a safe harbor, important for the commerce of the Black sea and the sea of Azoph, and which Alexander ordered to be opened in 1822. Kertsch and Jenikale, not far distant from it, have a common municipal administration, and contain together 4000 inhabitants, mostly emigrant Greeks. The environs are very fertile, and produce the caper tree without cultivation. The best wine of the Crimea is also made there. Horses, Angora and Astrachan goats, black and Astrachan sheep, are raised. Considerable quantities of salt are manufactured. This new place enjoys equal privileges with Taganrock and Feodosia. (See Caffa.) In the neighborhood are the ruins of Panticapæum, where Mithridates the Great died, and Nymphæum. Even to this day, the highest hill near Kerch is called the Chair of Mithridates, and the whole peninsula Taman, where the opulent cities of Cimmeria and Phanagoria formerly flourished, contains a treasure of antiquities for future investigators.

KESSELSDORF; a village about five miles distant from Dresden, celebrated for the battle fought there Dec. 15, 1745, in which the Prussians, commanded by prince Leopold of Dessau, defeated the Saxons. (See Frederic II.) Near the village are cousiderable coal mines.

KETCH; a vessel equipped with two masts, viz. the main-mast and the mizzenmast, and usually from 100 to 250 tons burden. Ketches are principally used as yachts for conveying princes of the blood, ambassadors, or other great personages, from one place to another. Ketches are likewise used as bomb-vessels, and are therefore furnished with all the apparatus necessary for a vigorous bombardment.Bomb-ketches are built remarkably strong, as being fitted with a greater number of riders than any other vessel of war; and, indeed, this reinforcement is absolutely necessary to sustain the violent shock produced by the discharge of their mortars, which would otherwise, in a very short time, shatter them to pieces.

KETCHUP, OF CATSUP, Mr. Todd defines as "a kind of Indian pickles imitated by pickled mushrooms." Doctor Kitchiner, in his Apicius redivivus, devotes 10 pages to different varieties of receipts for this sauce. There we may become acquainted with the composition and virtues of numerous catsups, whether they be

walnut, mushroom, quintessence of mushroom, quintessence of oysters, cockle, muscle, tomato, white cucumber or pudding. "Mushroom gravy," says the doctor," approaches the flavor of meat gravy more than any other vegetable juice, and is the best substitute for it in meagre soups and extempore gravies." Again, "What is commonly called catsup is generally an injudicious composition of so many dif ferent tastes, that the flavor of the mushroom is overpowered by a farrago of garlic, shallot, anchovy, mustard, horseradish, lemon-peel, beer, wine and spices. Readymade catsup is little better than a decoction of spice, and salt and water, with the grosser part of the mushrooms beaten up into a pulp."

KEW is situated on the Thames, about seven miles from London, and one and a half mile from Richmond. Kew palace was improved by Kent, and contains some pictures; but the gardens are the principal object of attraction. They are not very large, nor is their situation advantageous, as it is low, and commands no prospects; but they contain the finest collection of plants in the world, and are decorated with various ornamental buildings, most of which were erected by sir W. Chambers, about 1760. The first building which appears is the orangery, or green-house, 145 feet long. Near it, in a grove, is the temple of the sun, of the Corinthian order. There is also a physic garden, and, contiguous to it, the flower garden, of which the principal entrance forms one end. The two sides are enclosed with high trees, and the other end is occupied by an aviary of vast depth. From the flower garden, a short winding walk leads to the menagerie, the centre of which is occupied by a large basin of water, stocked with curious water-fowl, and enclosed by a range of cages for exotic birds. The gardens also contain the temple of Bellona, the temple of the god Pan, the temple of Eolus, the temple of Solitude, the house of Confucius, a Chinese octagon, painted with historical subjects relating to Confucius, and the Christian missions in China, near which is the engine that supplies the lake and basins in the garden with water, contrived by Mr. Smeaton (two horses raise upwards of 3600 hogsheads of water in 12 hours), the temple of victory, the great pagoda, (designed as an imitation of the Chinese Taa.) The base is a regular octagon, 49 feet in diameter; and the superstructure is likewise a regular octagon, of 10 stories, measuring, from the base to the top of the

fleuron, 163 feet. The walls are composed of very hard bricks; the outside of graystocks, laid with such care, that there is not the least crack or fracture in the whole structure, notwithstanding its great height. The staircase is in the centre of the building, and from the top is a very extensive view, in some directions upwards of 40 miles, over a rich and variegated country. There are also the mosque, besides a Gothic building, representing a cathedral, and the gallery of antiques, the temple of Arethusa, and a bridge from one of Palladio's designs. The ruin, which forms a passage for carriages over one of the principal walks, is built in imitation of a Roman antiquity. These gardens are opened every Sunday, from midsummer to the end of autumn.

KEY, OF KEY NOTE, in music; a certain fundamental note or tone, to which the whole of a movement has a certain relation or bearing, to which all its modulations are referred and accommodated, and in which it both begins and ends. There are but two species of keys; one of the major, and one of the minor mode, all the keys in which we employ sharps or flats, being deduced from the natural keys of C major and A minor, of which they are mere transpositions.

KEYS of an organ; movable projecting levers in the front of an organ, so placed as to conveniently receive the fingers of the performer, and which, by a connected movement with the valves or pallets, admit or exclude the wind from the pipes. (See Organ.)

Keys, are also certain sunken rocks lying near the surface of the water, particularly in the West Indies, from the Spanish cayo (an islet, rock).

KEY-STONE of an arch or vault; that placed at the top or vertex of an arch, to bind the two sweeps together. This, in the Tuscan and Doric orders, is only a plain stone, projecting a little; in the Ionic, it is cut and waved somewhat like consoles; and in the Corinthian and Composite orders, it is a console, enriched with sculpture.

KEY WEST; a small island, sometimes called Thompson's island, belonging to the U. States, situated within the reef extending from the Tortugas islands to cape Florida, in lat. 24° 25′ N.; 60 miles from cape Sable, the nearest main land of Florida, and 70 miles from the northern shore of Cuba. It is 10 miles long, and has an area of about 2000 acres. It has a good soil, which has been yet but little cultivated, and the climate has in general proved

extremely healthy. It has, however, in certain seasons, been subject to desolating fevers, which have been attributed to accidental causes. The first settlement upon it was made about the year 1820, after the cession of Florida to the U. States. It has now about 100 buildings, some of which are large and commodious, and 300 inhabitants. It has a good harbor, easy of access, and of sufficient water for vessels of the largest size. It is advantageously situated for commerce, and it is already the seat of a considerable trade with the island of Cuba. The commerce between the Atlantic coast and the islands of Cuba and Jamaica, and the ports on the gulf of Mexico, all passes near the island. It is a military post of the U. States, and is frequently visited by the ships of war on the West India station. It is the seat of the territorial court of the southern district of Florida, which has frequent jurisdiction of cases of wreckers. It has a marshal and attorney of the U. States, and a collector of the customs. The name Key West is said to be derived from cayo hueso (bone islet), a name given to this island by the Spaniards, on account of its shape.

KHALIF. (See Caliph.)

KHAN; the Turkish name for caravansary. (q. v.) We will only add, to what was said under that article, that the caravansaries in towns are of two kinds, those for travellers and pilgrims,where a lodging is furnished gratis, and those for traders, which are usually handsomer and more convenient, and have doors to the apartments, which are well secured, but a small charge is made for each chamber, usually not more than a half-penny or a penny per day. There is also a droit of entry, which is more considerable, and a duty on whatever is sold in the caravansary. These establishments belong either to government, or to private individuals, and each is appropriated to some particular country, or to the dealers in some particular kind of merchandise.

Khan is also the name of an officer in Persia, answering to governor in Europe. There are khans of countries, provinces and cities, who have different additions to distinguish them. In the north of Asia, this title expresses the full regal dignity.

Kнон; a Persian word for bald. It has been suggested that the name Caucasus may be from khoh kasp (bald mountain), having the summit without vegetation. This metaphor is very frequent in geographical names. Chaumont, ia France, Kahlenberg, in Germany, signify the same.

KIACHTA; a town of Siberia, in the government of Irkoutsk (q. v.), on the river Kiachta, which forms the boundary between China and Russia, situated in a barren country, destitute of water and wood. Population, 4000, in 450 houses. Kiachta and the Chinese town of Maimatchin, situated opposite, on the other bank of the river, are the medium of the Russian over-land trade with China, as settled by the treaty of 1727. The duty on the trade yields an annual income of 7,000,000 roubles to Russia. The whole amount of import and export is estimated at about 30,000,000 of roubles annually. 3,000,000 pounds of tea are imported. Kiachta is 1532 versts from Pekin, and 6512 from St. Petersburg. A commercial outfit and return, between Kiachta and St. Petersburg, requires generally two years. The Chinese government often interrupts the commerce, when it thinks it has any cause of complaint against Russia. China lays a duty of five per cent. on all exports and imports.

KIANG; a Chinese word signifying river; e. g. Kiang-yuen (country of rivers). KIANGKU. (See Yangtse.)

KIDDERMINSTER; a market town of England, on the Saffordshire and Worces tershire canal, which was finished in 1774, and passes within 100 yards of the marketplace. Kidderminster has long been noted for its manufactures. That of broadcloth prevailed in the reign of Henry VIII. But the carpet manufacture is that which has taken the firmest root here, has flourished best, and promoted most essentially the trade, wealth, and population of the town. Population, 10,709.

KIDNAPPING is the forcible and wrongful seizing upon any person, with intent to carry him away out of the country or jurisdiction within which he is seized, or to confine him, or sell him into slavery. This is a heinous offence, and was punished by fine, imprisonment and pillory, by the common law. The statute of 11 and 12 William III, c. 7, provides a punishment by imprisonment for three months, in case the captain of a merchant vessel shall, while abroad, force any person on shore, and wilfully leave him behind, or shall refuse to bring home any one whom he may have carried out, when the person shall be able and desirous to return. The laws of the U. States, also, provide that the captains of vessels shall not, unnecessarily and purposely, against the will of any sailors, leave them on shore in a foreign port. But this is not equivalent to kidnapping or

manstealing, which is applied to the forcibly seizing upon persons, with intent to sell them into slavery. This crime is punishable by the laws of every one of the U. States, though it is not made the subject of so specific provisions in all of them, as its enormity, and the temptations to committing it, in many of the states, would seem to require. It is the subject of a specific provision, in the revised code of New York (Part IV, c. 1, a. 2, 5, 28), whereby it is provided, that every person who shall, without lawful authority, forcibly seize and confine any other, or shall inveigle or kidnap any other, with intent to cause such person to be secretly confined or imprisoned in the state, against his will, or sent out of the state, against his will, or to cause such person to be sold as a slave, or in any way held to service against his will, shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprisonment not exceeding ten years.

KIDNEY; one of the abdominal viscera, consisting of two voluminous glands, the office of which is to secrete the urine from the blood. One of these glands lies on the right, and the other on the left, of the vertebral column (or back bone). They are both contained in a fatty, cellular substance (suet), and are situated behind the peritoneum, and before the diaphragm and the quadratus lumborum. They are penetrated with blood-vessels and nerves, are of a reddish color, and more consistent than the other glands. An external cellular membrane, and an internal fibrous membrane, envelope each kidney, which is divided into the cortical substance and the tubulous substance. The former constitutes the exterior part of the kidney, and extends between the cones formed by the latter. It secretes the urine, that is, separates its elements from the blood, and combines them, while the latter pours it into the pelvis, a membranous bag situated at the middle of the kidney, from which it is conveyed by the ureter, a membranous tube, into the bladder. From the bladder, the urine is evacuated by the urethra, a membranous canal passing through the penis. The kidneys are not mere filters or sieves, as was anciently supposed, and as some modern physiologists have maintained; they are glands, that is, a vascular nervous apparatus, having a particular action for the production of a peculiar fluid. The kidneys are subject to an inflammation, called nephritis, and to a nervous pain, called nephralgia. The kidney sometimes contains stones, gravel or sand in the pelvis,

true

and also in the cortical and tubulous substances (see calculus), which occasion the most excruciating pain. Diseases of the kidneys are generally occasioned by excess in eating and drinking, particularly in subjects addicted to venery, or accustomed to violent riding, or much walking. Temperance, vegetable diet, warm bathing, abstaining from equitation, &c., are preventives.

KIDNEY BEANS. (See French Beans.) KIEL; a city and fine harbor on a bay of the Baltic, in the Danish duchy of Holstein, until 1773 the chief place of the Gottorp (or Imperial Russian) part of Holstein. It contains 7000 inhabitants, and 800 houses. Lat. 54° 19 43 N.; lon. 10° 18′ 20′′ E. Its university was established in 1665, by Christian Albert, duke of Holstein; hence its name, Christiana Albertina. It has, at present, over 250 students, a library of 100,000 volumes, an observatory, and a museum of natural history. There are, also, a seminary for teachers, and other excellent institutions. The environs of Kiel are picturesque. The inhabitants are engaged in commerce. The peace of Kiel, between Denmark and Sweden, and between Denmark and Great Britain, Jan. 14, 1814, was connected with the treaties of Hanover, Feb. 8, 1814, between Denmark and Russia, and that of Berlin, Aug. 25, 1814, between Denmark and Prussia. Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, and received in return Swedish Pomerania, with the promise of 600,000 Swedish dollars. Great Britain gave back all the Danish colonies,but retained the fleet and Heligoland. Denmark contracted to send 10,000 men against Napoleon, for which England paid £33,333 per month subsidies. Prussia ceded Saxe-Lauenburg to Denmark, and undertook to pay the 600,000 Swedish dollars already promised by Sweden, and 2,000,000 more of Prussian dollars, at certain periods, besides 3,500,000 of Prussian dollars to Sweden; in return for which she received Swedish Pomerania with Rugen. (See Schöll's Hist. des Traités de Paix, x, 219, seq.; xiv, 215, seq.; and xi, 144, seq.)

KIEN-LONG, emperor of China, distinguished for his love of literature, was born in 1710, and succeeded his father, Yuntschin, in 1735. He favored the Christian feligion in private, but, in 1753, interdicted its exercise by a formal order; and he had previously even persecuted those who openly professed it. The missionaries were, in consequence, obliged to proceed with great caution, although several of them were in the emperor's service, and

treated with great respect as men of science and learning. On the suppression of the Jesuits, in 1774, China was less visited by scientific persons than formerly, which induced Kien-Long to send to Canton, and invite artists and learned men of all the European nations, and particularly astronomers. This sovereign possessed, on his own part, a taste for poetry and natural history. Resolving to immortalize the remembrance of his victories by the graver, he engaged French artists to copy some Chinese paintings, in which they were represented; but Louis XV had them engraved for him at his own expense. The larger Chinese collection on agriculture contains several poems of this monarch on rural occupations and incidents; and he established a library of 600,000 volumes, containing copies of all the most interesting works in China. Into this collection he admitted three books, written by the Jesuits, on the Christian religion. A description of the Chinese empire, which appeared in Busching's Magazine, was also compiled by his order. He died at Pekin, in 1786, after a reign of 50 years.

KILDA, ST. Under this general name is comprised a group of islands belonging to the Hebrides. The principal island gives its name to the rest, and is about three miles long, from east to west, and two broad, from north to south, and about nine miles and a half in circumference. The islands, altogether, are supposed to be capable of pasturing 2000 sheep; but the quantity maintained scarcely amounts to one third of this. St. Kilda is about 140 miles from the nearest point of the mainland of Scotland. Population, 1692.

KILLIGREW. Three brothers of this name, distinguished by their loyalty, wit and talents, flourished under the two Charleses. They were the sons of sir Robert Killigrew.-William, the eldest, was born in 1605, at Hanworth, Middlesex, and, after going through the usual course of a university education at St. John's college, Oxford, made the tour of Europe. On his return to England, he obtained a place at court, as one of the gentlemen ushers of the privy chamber to Charles I. During the civil wars, he suffered materially, both in purse and person, in consequence of his adherence to the royal cause; in recompense for which he received, after the restoration, the honor of knighthood, and, on the marriage of Charles II, obtained the post of vicechamberlain. He composed four playsSelindra, the Siege of Urban, Ormasdes, and Pandora (Oxford, folio, 1666), popu

lar in their day. His other writings are, Midnight and Daily Thoughts, and the Artless Midnight Thoughts of a Gentleman at Court (8vo.). He died in 1693.Thomas, the second, was born in 1611, and died before his elder brother, in 1682. He was one of Charles I's pages, and accompanied the prince of Wales into exile. During his absence from England, he visited France, Italy and Spain, and, after the restoration, was appointed by the new king (with whom he was a great favorite), one of his grooms of the bedchamber. A vein of lively pleasantry, combined with a certain oddity, both of person and manner, placed him high in the good graces of Charles, who would frequently allow him free access to his person, when characters of the first dignity in the state were refused it, till Killigrew, at length, became almost the inseparable companion of his monarch's familiar hours. He wrote eleven pieces for the stage, which have been collected and printed in one volume folio (1664); but we look in vain in them for traces of that facetiousness and whim, which, together with the encouragement he received from royalty, procured him the appellation of king Charles's jester. He lies buried in Westminster abbey.-Henry, the youngest of the three, was one year younger than his brother Thomas, whom he survived about six years. He was educated for the church at Christ-church, Oxford, and acted as chaplain to the cavaliers. In 1642, he graduated as doctor in divinity, and obtained a stall at Westminster. On the reestablishment of monarchy, he obtained the living of Wheathamstead, Herts, and the mastership of the Savoy. He wrote a tragedy when only 17 years old, called the Conspiracy. In 1652, he published a corrected version of this piece, changing the name to that of Pallantus and Eudora.The females of this family were also distinguished.--Dame Catharine Killigrew, wife of sir Henry, was celebrated as one of the most accomplished scholars of her day. She was the daughter of sir Anthony Cooke, born about the year 1530, and, to a familiar acquaintance with the classical, as well as some of the Oriental languages, united considerable poetic talent. Her death took place in 1600.Anne Killigrew, daughter of the divine already mentioned, was born in 1660. She gave strong indications of genius at an early age, and became equally eminent in poetry and painting, as well as distinguished for her piety and unblemished virtue amidst the seductions of a

licentious court. She fell a victim to the small-pox, in the summer of 1685, and has been characterized by Wood as "a grace for beauty, and a muse for wit," and celebrated by the greatest of her literary contemporaries, John Dryden.

KING (Old Frankish, chünig, chunig, kuning; Anglo-Saxon, cyning, cynig, cyng; German, könig; Danish, konge; Swedish, konung; Finlandish, kuningas) is a word of uncertain derivation. The title of majesty belongs exclusively to kings and emperors; other privileges, likewise, principally of a ceremonial kind, are connected with the regal title, included in diplomacy under the name of royal honors (honneurs royaux, honores regii). · These honors, however, are sometimes enjoyed by states, where the princes do not bear the royal title; thus the late republics of Venice and of the United Netherlands (and now that of Switzerland), the electors (as the elector of Hesse), the grand-dukes, possessed them, at least in part. Previous to the French revolution, the following countries gave their princes the regal title: Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Naples and Sicily (or the Two Sicilies), Sardinia, Prussia, Bohemia, Hungary, Galicia and Lodomiria, Poland, England, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. After the French revolution broke out, France was struck out from the list of kingdoms, and, soon after, Poland; and, on the other hand, while Napoleon stood at the head of France, new kingdoms arose, though some of them enjoyed only an ephemeral existence. Thus the kingdom of Hetruria was formed from the ancient grand-duchy of Tuscany, and a new kingdom of Naples sprung into being, while the old family in the Sicilies still retained the royal dignity (not acknowledged, indeed, by Napoleon). Thus there was a kingdom of Italy, a kingdom of Holland, and, at the beginning of 1806, the kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg, which were followed, in 1807, by the kingdoms of Saxony and Westphalia. The son of Napoleon was called king of Rome, in imitation of the custom which prevailed in the German empire, where the person elected, during the life of the emperor, to succeed at his death, was styled king of the Romans. The existence of Hetruria and Holland as kingdoms, however, was soon terminated by France itself; and of Westphalia by the enfranchisement of Germany from the dominion of the French. After the fall of Napoleon, the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Hanover were established. In place of the