age and military talents, so that, in 1803, he was made reporting adjutant-general to the king of Prussia. After the enterprise of Schill (q. v.), he was made commandant of Berlin—a post which required, at that time, much talent and skill. In 1812, Kleist commanded a corps of Prussians, auxiliary to Napoleon's grand army. He distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen (q. v.), May 20, 1813, and was one of the plenipotentiaries who concluded the armistice. When Napoleon forced the allies to retreat from Dresden into Bohemia, after the battle of Dresden (August 26), Kleist followed the general retreat; but Vandamme had entered Bohemia before him, with 40,000 men, and Kleist had only the alternative of surrendering his army, or fighting for life and death. He took the bold resolution of throwing himself down from the mountains into the rear of Vandamine (August 30), and was victorious at the village of Nollendorf. His success saved Bohemia, against which Napoleon had directed his masterly demonstrations. Kleist was afterwards known by the affix of Nollendorf. Feb. 14, 1814, he was victorious at Joinvillers, in France. In the engagement at Claye, March 29, he led a brigade to an assault in person. 'Kleist died in 1821.

KLEIST, Ewald Christian von, born March, 1715, at Zeblin, in Pomerania, studied for nine years at the Jesuit college at Kron, in Great Poland, then at the gymnasium at Dantzic, and went, in 1731, to Königsberg to study law. Besides his acquisitions in mathematics, philosophy, literature and law, he made great proficiency in modern languages. Having tried in vain, several times, to obtain a civil appointment, he entered the army, and became, in 1736, a Danish officer. He studied, with zeal, the mili tary art, and, when Frederic the Great, of Prussia, began his reign, Kleist entered his service. He always disliked the military profession, which, together with an unfortunate attachment, gave to his poems the tone of melancholy which distinguishes them. Few German poems, from an author without previous reputation, have met with such immediate success, as his Frühling (Spring), which was first printed in 1749, for his acquaintance only. In 1757, Kleist was made major. In 1759, he lost his leg in the battle of Kunnersdorf: he lay, during the whole night, with his wounds exposed, on the field of battle. The next noon, he discovered himself to a Russian officer, who was passing by, and who had him carried to Frankfort.

Eleven days after the battle, the fractured bones parted, and tore an artery, and be died August 24. Kleist was an amiable and upright man. He composed several war-songs, and liked to call himself a Prussian, grenadier. His admiration of Frederic the Great was deep, as many of his most beautiful compositions prove. Kleist enjoyed the friendship of many of the most talented men of his nation.

KLEPHTES, (κλέφτης, κλέπτης), properly a robber, is the name given to those Greeks who kept themselves free from the Turkish yoke, in the mountains, and carried on a perpetual war against the oppressors of their country, considering every thing belonging to a Turk lawful prize, often, as may be easily imagined, exercising their profession on Greeks. Such a population is very common in conquered countries, where there are mountains to afford a retreat to the vanquished.. At the time of the conquest of Greece, many inhabitants of the plain retreated to the highlands, where they even formed κλεφτοχωρία (klephtes villages), from whence they surprised and annoyed the Turks. By degrees, their independence was acknowledged by the Turks (as, for instance, in the case of the Mainots), and a militia acknowledged by the Turks was formed among them, which, under the pachas and other officers of the Porte, was intrusted with the maintenance of order in different parts of Greece. The members of this were called apparhof and quart (probably from the Latin and Italian word arma, as many words of this description have become incorporated in the modern Greek, partly through the conquest of the country by the Romans, partly by the predominance of Italian on the Mediterranean in later periods; or from appa, which is connected with the ancient Greek appevor). The leaders were called capitani (q. v.), and their dignity appears to have been hereditary. These armatoloi, also called pallikaris, from the ancient or nan, returned to their profession of klephtes, when their rights were attacked; as, for instance, when Ali Pacha of Janina attacked the Albanians. They retained a proud feeling of independence, and Greece would never have been freed, had it not been for these robbers, who were the first to take part in the struggle against the Porte in 1821, and furnished the few good soldiers in the land-service of Greece, their leaders becoming the best generals in the Greek service, as Niketas, Colocotroni, &c. (See Greece.) Whole tribes are to be counted among the klephtes; as the

elled for his amusement through several cantons. In Denmark, too, the three first cantos of his Messiah met with a very favorable reception; and Klopstock was invited by the minister Bernstorff to Copenhagen, with a small pension, to finish the poem. He departed in 1751, and travelled through Brunswick and Hamburg, where he became acquainted with a young lady, who was a great admirer of his poems-the talented Meta (properly Margaretha) Moller, the daughter of a merchant there. In Copenhagen, he was received with every mark of kindness and esteem. There he passed the winter, and was introduced, the next summer, by his friend Moltke, to king Frederic V; and, as the king was to go to Holstein in the summer of 1752, Klopstock took advantage of the opportunity to go to Hamburg, and visit Meta. He spent the whole summer there, and returned again with the king to Denmark. In the summer of 1754, he went back to Hamburg, and was married to Meta. The steps by which his acquaintance with this lady ripened into tenderness, are described with great beauty and simplicity in his well-known letters, written when she had become his wife, to Samuel Richardson, and afterwards published in that writer's correspondence. But he soon lost her. She died in child-bed, in 1758. He buried her in the village of Ottensen, near Hamburg, and placed over her remains this simple and beautiful epitaph:

Saat gesæet von Gott,

Am Tage der Garben zu reifen. (Seed sown by God,

To ripen for the harvest.)

From 1759 to 1763, he resided alternately at Brunswick, Quedlinburg and Blankenburg, and afterwards in Copenhagen. In 1764, he wrote his Hermann's Schlacht (Battle of Arminius), and sent it to the emperor Joseph, but not with the success which, in his patriotic enthusiasm, he had promised himself. After this, he entered upon his investigations of the German language. In 1771, after Bernstorff had received his discharge, he left Copenhagen for Hamburg, under the character of Danish secretary of legation and counsellor of the margraviate of Baden. In Hamburg, he finished his Messiah. In 1792, he mar<ried a second time. His principal amusement in winter was skating; and he was once in imminent danger of losing his life by it. Klopstock died with calmness and resignation, without pain or a groan, March 14, 1803. His body was buried with great pomp and solemnity, in the

presence of thousands. Purity and noble feeling were the characteristics of his mind. He was gay and animated; but his sportiveness was always tempered with a sort of dignity, and his satires were ever gentle. His disposition restrained him from intimacy with men of rank; for he hated the chilling condescensions of the great more than an open insult. He loved to retire into the country, with the families of his friends, and was always pleased to be among children. In the private welfare and happiness of his friends, he took the deepest interest; but dearest of all to him was the memory of his poetical brethren, with whom he had been associated in Leipsic, and whom he saw, one after another, dropping into the grave. (See Henry Döring's Life of Klopstock, Weimar, 1825.) As a lyrical writer, Klopstock is, perhaps, among the most successful of any age. He may well be called the Pindar of modern poetry; but he is superior to him in richness and deep feeling, as the spiritual world which he paints excels, in intrinsic magnificence, the subjects celebrated by the Grecian poet. His religious odes, as the Festival of Spring, exhibit the elevation of the psalmist. The elegiac odes to Fanny and Ebert are known to every refined reader, for the melancholy and elevated tone which reigns throughout them. In expressing joyful feelings, as in the ode to the lake of Zürich, and when his strains are almost Anacreontic, as in many small pieces to Cidli, he never oversteps the limits of Platonic love. His patriotism is strong and ardent, and his latter odes, called forth by the French revolution, in which, at first, he took the warmest interest, and those in which he speaks of the German language and poetry, are distinguished by bold and original turns of expression. Owing to these, and to his frequent allusions to the northern mythology, he is often obscure to many readers; but the most illiterate cannot fail clearly to understand and gratefully to venerate Klopstock as a writer of sacred poetry. He gained, however, the brightest and quickest fame by his epopee; the first cantos of which, by their prophetic grandeur and the magnificence of their description, their genuine patriarchal tone, and unfeigned sincerity of love and devotion, announced him a rival of Milton. Bardiete are dramatized epics, and lyrical scenes for the theatre, rather than trage dies. The choruses possess the highest lyrical beauty, and breathe the most ardent patriotism and independence of feeling.

His

He has idealized the German character as no other one has ever done. Klopstock created for the Germans a new, strong, free and genuine poetic language, and essentially influenced the form, by introducing the ancient classic measures, and especially the hexameter; but he was unduly prejudiced against rhyme. He acquired much reputation by his grammatical works. His fragments on Language and the Art of Poetry, his Republic of Letters, and his Conversations on Grammar, explain many difficulties in German grammar and German poetry, although his innovations in orthography, and, on the whole, several peculiarities of his style, cannot meet with general approbation. Klopstock's works were published at Leipsic, 1798-1817, 12 volumes, 4to. They have lately appeared in a pocket edition. The 100th anniversary of his birth was celebrated at Quedlinburg and Altona, July 2, 1824, and a monument has been erected to him in Quedlinburg. KLOTZ, Christian Adolphus, was born Nov. 23, 1738, at Bischofswerda, in Lusatia. He studied at Jena, and, in 1762, was appointed professor of philosophy in Göttingen. His patron, Quintus Julius, recommended him to Frederic the Great, and he went, in 1765, to Halle. The king esteemed him as an eminent scholar. Klotz distinguished himself chiefly by his Latin poems, his numismatic treatises, his works on the study of antiquity, and on the value and mode of using ancient gems. After having contributed much to the Deutsche Bibliothek, under the signature E, he established a paper in opposition to it, called Acta Literaria. Lessing was the acutest and wittiest of his opponents. His disputes with Lessing and Burmann took a tone of undue violence. Klotz was of an ardent temperament. Thorough in Greek and Latin, of modern languages he knew little. An irregular life hastened his death. He died Dec. 31, 1771.

KNEE; a crooked piece of timber, having two branches or arins, and generally used to connect the beams of a ship with her sides or timbers. The branches of the knees form an angle of greater or smaller extent, according to the mutual situation of the pieces which they are designed to unite. One branch is securely bolted to one of the deck-beams, and the other in the same manner strongly attached to a corresponding timber in the ship's side. By connecting the beams and timbers into one compact frame, they contribute greatly to the strength and solidity

of the ship, and enable her to resist the effects of a turbulent sea. In fixing these pieces, it is occasionally necessary to give an oblique direction to the vertical or side branch, in order to avoid the range of an adjacent gun-port, or because the knee may be so shaped as to require this disposition, it being sometimes difficult to procure so great a variety of knees as may be necessary in the construction of a number of ships of war. The scarcity of these pieces frequently obliges shipwrights to form their knees of iron.

KNEES, in Russia; noblemen of the first class, who, however, have no more authority over their vassals than other landholders. A number of these nobles are descended from the former ruling families of particular provinces of the Russian empire. Of such families, there are 18, as the Dolgorucky, Repnin, Scherbatow, Wazneskoy, Labanow, who are all descended from the family of Rurik. The czar allows them to retain the arms of the provinces which their forefathers ruled. Individuals of these families have been illustrious in the civil and military service of their country. There are also some nobles of this class sprung from collateral branches of the family of Jagellons, which formerly ruled in Lithuania or Poland, and is extinct in its principal line. There are others, who claim a descent from independent Tartar khans. The last class of Knees consists of the descendants of noble members of Tartar tribes, who, after the subjugation of the tribes, embraced the Christian religion, and received the above title from the Russian sovereigns.

KNELLER, Sir Godfrey, an eminent portrait painter, born at Lubeck about 1648, was designed for a military life, and sent to Leyden to study mathematics and fortification, but, showing a decided bent for painting, was placed under Bol and Rembrandt at Amsterdam. He visited Italy in 1672, where he became a disciple of Carlo Maratti and Bernini, and painted several historical pieces and portraits both at Rome and Venice. On his return, he was induced to visit England, in 1674; and, having painted a much admired family picture, which was seen by the duke of York, the latter introduced the painter to Charles II, by whom he was much patronised. He was equally favored by James II and William III, for the latter of whom he painted the beauties at Hampton court, and several of the portraits in the gallery of admirals. He also took the portrait of the czar Peter for

the same sovereign, who, in 1692, knighted him, and made him gentleman of the privy chamber. Queen Anne continued him in the same office, and George I made him a baronet. He continued to practise his art to an advanced age, and had reached his 75th year at his death, in 1723. His interment took place in Westminster abbey, under a splendid monument erected by Rysbrach, on which appears an epitaph by Pope. The airs of his heads are graceful, and his coloring is lively, true and harmonious; his drawing correct, and his disposition judicious. He displays a singular want of imagination in his pictures, the attitudes, action and drapery being insipid, unvarying, and ungraceful. (Sce Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting.)

KNIEPHAUSEN, a lordship on the Jade, in the duchy of Holstein-Oldenburg, containing about 32 square miles, and 2900 inhabitants, has belonged, since 1757, to the counts of Bentink; was formerly a sovereign state, but was attached, in 1807, to the department of East Friesland, in Holland; in 1810, to the department of Eastern Ems, in France; and was sequestrated, in 1813, on account of the lord having taken part with the allies. Subsequently, it was occupied by Oldenburg, which deprived the lord of his sovereignty, but left him in possession of the revenue, &c. In this condition he has been obliged to remain, as the German diet would not recognise him as an independent prince. The name Kniephausen is derived from a castle, to which belong eight houses with 50 inhabitants, and in which the chancery, archives, &c., of this Lilliputian government are kept. At the congress of Aixla-Chapelle, the lord of Kniephausen appeared, and gave rise to much ridicule, by assuming the airs of an independent prince.

KNIGGE, Adolphus Francis Frederic Louis, baron de, was born Oct. 16, 1752, at Brendenbeck, not far from Hanover. His father died in 1766, leaving him an estate deeply embarrassed. In 1769, he went to the university of Göttingen. In 1777, he was made a chamberlain at Weimar. He died at Bremen, May 6, 1796, after a rather unsettled life. Knigge wrote a variety of works. His novels were once very popular, on account of their easy style of narration, and a tinge of satire and popular philosophy. His Journey to Brunswick was, for a considerable time, much read. The work which gave him the greatest reputation was his Ueber den Umgang mit Menschen (On Intercourse

with Men) a book which contains some good advice, but is disfigured by a minuteness of petty precepts. Kuigge was also a member of the illuminati, and thus became implicated in some of the disputes relating to that order. (See Short's Biography of the Baron Adolphus von Knigge, Hanover, 1825.)

KNIGHT, Richard Payne; a patron of learning and the fine arts, to the study and encouragement of which he devoted a great portion of his time and ample fortune. His father, from a dread lest his son's constitution should be impaired by the discipline of a public school, kept him at home till his 14th year; but, on his decease, young Knight was placed at a large seminary, where he soon distinguished himself by his progress in classical literature, his favorite study. His splendid collection of ancient bronzes, medals, pictures and drawings in his museum at his house in Soho square, gave equal proofs of his taste and liberality. This collection he bequeathed, at his death, to the British museum. His principal writings are, Remains of the Worship of Priapus, lately existing in Naples, and its Connexion with the Mystic Theology of the Ancients (4to., 1786); an Analytical Essay on the Greek Alphabet (4to., 1791); Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (8vo., 1805); and Prolegomena in Homerum, reprinted in the Classical Journal He was also author of some poems. He died in 1824, aged 76.

KNIGHT, in chess. The move of this piece has given rise to an interesting problem, in regard to the various modes by which the chess-board may be covered by the knight. The path of the knight over the board is of two kinds, terminable and interminable. It is interminable whenever the concluding move of a series is made in a square, which lies within reach by the knight of that from which he originally set out, and is terminable in every other instance. Euler, in the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, for 1759, has given a method of filling up all the squares setting out from one of the corners. He has likewise given an interminable route, and has explained the method by which the routes may be varied, so as to end upon any square. Solutions of the same problem have also been given by Montmort, Demoivre and Mairan. KNIGHTHOOD. (See Chivalry.) KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN. (See John, Knights of St.)

KNIGHTS OF THE SHIRE, OF KNIGHTS OF PARLIAMENT, in the British polity, are two