that city, the death of the king, and was immediately reestablished in his place by duke William. He remained in this office until his death. Orlando was equally celebrated for his sacred and his secular music. He was the improver of figured counterpoint. His productions were numerous, but are, at present, rarely to be met with. His sons published a collection of his motets, under the name Magnum Opus Musicum (Munich, 1604, 17 volumes, folio). In the royal library at Munich, is the richest collection of his works. LATAKIA (anciently Laodicea); a seaport in Syria, 50 miles south Antioch, 70 south-west Aleppo, lon. 35° 44' E.; lat. 35° 32′ N.; population, in 1810, about 10,000; since reduced to 4000. It is a Greek bishop's see. It is situated at the base, and on the south side of a small peninsula, which projects half a league into the sea. Its port, like all the others on this coast, is a sort of basin, environed by a mole, the entrance of which is very narrow. It might contain 25 or 30 vessels, but the Turks have suffered it to be so choked up as scarcely to admit 4. Ships of above 400 tons cannot ride there, and hardly a year passes, that one is not stranded in the entrance. Notwithstanding this, Latakia carries on a great commerce, consisting chiefly of tobacco, of which upwards of 20 cargoes are annually sent to Damietta. The returns from thence are rice, which is bartered, in Upper Syria, for oil and cottons. This place is subject to violent earthquakes. One, in 1796, destroyed a great part of the city, and 2000 of the inhabitants; another, in 1822, overthrew a third of the buildings.

LATERAN; a square in Rome, so called from an ancient Roman family of the same name. Nero put to death the last possessor, Plautius Lateranus, and seized his estates. Thus the Lateran palace became the property of the emperor. Constantine the Great gave it to the popes, who occupied it for 1000 years, until the removal of their residence from Rome. to Avignon. The church of St. John of Lateran, connected with this palace, was built by Constantine. It is the episcopal church of the pope, and the principal church of Rome; hence the inscription over the principal door—“ Omnium urbis et orbis ecclesiarum mater et caput (the mother and head of all the churches of the city and the world). It is also called the Lateran. Its great antiquity, the recollection of 11 councils which have been held in it, the rare relics which are preserved in it, and its splendid architect

ure, render this church particularly worthy of observation. At the portal is the balcony, from which the pope bestows his blessing upon the people. At the chief altar of this church, none but the pope can read mass; for within it is a wooden one of great antiquity, upon which the apostle Peter is said to have read mass. In this church, also, are to be seen the two stools of red marble, which have an opening in the middle of the seat, and which are said to have been used for the investigation of the sex of the newly elected pope; but, in the baths of Caracalla, where they were found, they were probably put to an entirely different use. At the present time, every newly elected pope takes solemn possession of this church, accompanied by a cavalcade. Upon the Lateran Place stands a chapel, to which belongs the Scala santa (a staircase of 28 steps, which is said to have come from the house of Pilate, and which believers ascend on their knees), and the chapel of San Giovanni in Fonte, built by the emperor Constantine, the cupola of which consists of eight porphyry pillars, considered the most beautiful in Rome.

LATE WAKE; a ceremony used at funerals, in some parts of the Highlands of Scotland. The evening after the death of any person, the relations and friends of the deceased meet at the house, attende ! by a bagpipe or fiddle. The nearest of kin, be it wife, son or daughter, opens a melancholy ball, dancing and greeting (i. e. crying violently) at the same time, and this continues till daylight; but with gambols and frolics, among the younger part of the company. If the corpse remains unburied for two nights, the same rites are renewed.

LATIMER, Hugh, an eminent English prelate and reformer in the sixteenth century, was the son of a respectable yeoman at Thurcaston, in Leicestershire, where he was born about the year 1470. He received his early education at a country school, whence he was removed to Cambridge in his 14th year. He first became openly obnoxious to the enemies of innovation, by a series of discourses, in which he dwelt upon the uncertainty of tradition, the vanity of works of supererogation, and the pride and usurpation of the Roman hierarchy. At length, the bishop of Ely interdicted bis preaching within the juris diction of the university; but doctor Barnes, prior of the Augustins, being friendly to the reformation, licensed Latimer to preach in his chapel, which was exempt from episcopal interference. The

progress of the new opinions was represented to cardinal Wolsey, who, at the importunity of archbishop Warham, created a court of bishops and deacons to put the laws in execution against heretics. Before this court, Bilney and Latimer were summoned, and the former, who was deemed the principal, being induced to recant, the whole were set at liberty; and Latimer was licensed, by the bishop of London, to preach throughout England. Bilney afterwards disclaimed his abjuration, and suffered martyrdom at Norwich. The fate of his friend by no means intimidated Latimer, who had the courage to write a letter of remonstrance to Henry VIII, on the evil of prohibiting the use of the Bible in English. Although this epistle produced no effect, Henry presented the writer to the living of West Kinton, in Wiltshire. The ascendency of Anne Boleyn, and rise of Thomas Cromwell, proved favorable to Latimer, and he was, in 1535, appointed bishop of Worcester. It was then the custom for bishops to make presents, on new-year's day, to the king, and, among the rest, Latimer waited at court with his gift, which, instead of a purse of gold, was a New Testament, having the leaf turned down to this passage "Whoremongers and adulterers God will judge." Henry was not, however, offended; and, when the sturdy prelate was, some time after, called before him to answer for some passages in a sermon which he had preached at court, he defended himself so honestly, that he was dismissed with a smile. The fall of Anne Boleyn and Cromwell prepared the way for reverses, and the six articles being carried in parliament, Latimer resigned his bishopric, rather than hold any office in a church which enforced such terms of communion, and retired into the country. Here he remained in privacy, until obliged to repair to London for medical advice. There he was discovered by the emissaries of Gardiner, and imprisoned for the remainder of Henry's reign. On the accession of Edward, he was released, and became highly popular at court by his preaching, during that reign, but never could be induced to resume his episcopal functions. He took up his abode with archbishop Cranmer, at Lambeth, where his chief employment was to hear complaints and procure redress for the poor. Soon after Mary ascended the throne, Latimer was cited to appear before the council, in doing which, an opportunity was afforded him to quit the kingdom. He, however, prepared with alacrity to

obey the citation, and, as he passed through Smithfield, exclaimed, "This place has long groaned for me." About the same time, Cranmer and bishop Ridley were also committed to the Tower, and the three prelates were confined in the same room. From the Tower they were conveyed to Oxford, and confined in the common prison, preparatory to a disputation, in which Latimer behaved with intrepidity and simplicity, refusing to deliver any thing more than a free confession of his opinions. The three prelates, although condemned, remained in prison 16 months, chiefly because the statutes under which they had been tried had been formally repealed. In 1555, however, new and more sanguinary laws having been enacted, in support of the Roman religion, a commission, was issued by cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, to try Latimer and Ridley for heresy. Much pains were taken, during this second trial, to induce them to sign articles of subscription, which they steadfastly refused, and were, in consequence, delivered over to the secular arm, and condemned to the flames. This sentence was put in execution about a fortnight after their condemnation, Oct. 16, 1555. At the place of execution, having thrown off the old gown which was wrapped about him, Latimer appeared in a shroud, prepared for the purpose, and, with his fellow-sufferer, was fastened to the stake with an iron chain. A fagot, ready kindled, was then placed at Ridley's feet, to whom Latimer exclaimed, "Be of good comfort, master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candle, by God's grace, in England, as, I trust, shall never be put out." He then recommended his soul to God, and, with firmness and composure, expired. His preaching was popular in his own times, in which his simplicity, familiarity and drollery were highly estimated.

LATIN EMPIRE. (See Byzantine Empire.)

LATINS (Latini); an ancient people of Latium in Italy, who sprung from a mixture of the aborigines with ArcadianPelasgian and Trojan colonists. The derivation of their name is unknown. It is not probable that they received it from king Latinus. Janus, Saturn, Picus and Faunus, who were deified by their subjects, are represented to have been the most ancient Latin kings. These names were probably appellations of the old Pelasgian divinities. During the reign of Faunus, Hercules and Evander are said to have arrived in Latium; the latter

taught the aborigines the use of the alphabet, music, and other arts, and also succeeded Faunus in the government. About 60 years afterwards lived king Latinus, at whose court Æneas (q. v.) arrived, married his daughter Lavinia, and succeeded to his throne. The city of Alba Longa was built by Ascanius, the son of Eneas by a former marriage, and made the seat of the Latin kings. Henceforward we know nothing of the history of Latium, whose kings all bore the surname of Sylvius, until Romulus and Remus laid the foundations of a new city. Jealousy kindled a war between these two sister states, the Latin and the Roman, which terminated with the subjugation of the Latins and the demolition of their capital. Rome became the capital of all Latium, when king Servius united the Latins with the Romans in a permanent confederacy. From this epoch, we may date the beginning of the greatness and splendor of Rome; for, without the valor and friendship of the Latins, she would never have obtained the dominion of the world. Tarquinius Superbus endeavored to draw this alliance still closer; but, after his banishment, he excited the Latins to rise against Rome. This war of the Romans with the Latins, the first since the alliance which had been made between them, was decided in favor of Rome by the valor of the dictator, and the treaty was renewed. In the year of Rome 414, there was a still more dangerous rupture between them. The Latins made war upon the Samnites, who implored the assistance of the Romans. A dispute arose between Rome and Latium, in which the latter went so far as to demand that one consul and half of the senate should be Latins. This demand was indignantly rejected by the Romans, and, in the war which followed, the Latins were reduced after a very severe struggle. When the Romans had nearly obtained the dominion of the world, the Latins made another attempt to regain their freedom, by engaging in the Social war (A. U. C. 663), and they succeeded so far as to recover many of their privileges. (See Rome, and Latium.) Niebuhr's History of Rome (introductory chapter) contains a critical examination of the origin of the Latins.

LATINUS; a son of Faunus by Marcia. He was king of the aborigines in Italy. He married Amata, by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage, by her mother, to Turnus, king of the Rutuli, one

of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracle declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of Eneas in Italy seemed favorable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however, disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. Eneas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses, it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by a combat between the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the victory, and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. This is the form of the legend in the Eneid; other accounts are different.

LATITUDE, GEOGRAPHICAL; the distance of a place, on the surface of the earth, from the equator, measured by that arc of the meridian of the place which is intercepted between the place and the equator. Geographical latitude is either north or south, according as the place, reckoned from the equator of the earth, lies towards the north or the south pole. Latitude is the measure of the angle formed by a vertical line drawn from the place to the centre of the earth and the plane of the equator. Since, however, this vertical line, if continued to the heavens, passes through the zenith of the place, and the plane of the terrestrial equator, continued to the heavens, meets the celestial equator, the latitude of a place is also determined by the distance between the celestial equator and the zenith, or, in other words, by the complement of the altitude of the equator; and, as the complement of the altitude of the equator is the altitude of the pole, the latitude of a place is equal to the altitude of the pole at that place. Places situated in the equator itself have neither latitude nor altitude, because their two poles lie in the horizon. Nor can the latitude of place be more than 90°, because the altitude can never exceed 90°, that is to say, because the pole, at the most, can only be in the zenith itself. Latitudes, together with longitudes (q. v.), serve to fix the situation of places on the globe, and their distance from each other. The determination of local positions is the foundation of geography, and of the correct projec

tion of maps. In astronomy, latitude is used to signify the distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic, which distance is measured by the are of a great circle (circle of latitude), perpendicular to the ecliptic, which is intercepted between the ecliptic and the body, Here, also, latitude is north and south. A heavenly body in the ecliptic has no latitude, for which reason the sun has no latitude, and that of the planets is very small. The latitude of a heavenly body can never exceed 90°. It is determined by the right ascension and declination. The latitude of stars is laid down in the lists of the fixed stars. An extensive list of the geographical latitudes of places is contained in the Berlin Collection of Astronomical Tables, vol. i, p. 43 et seq.-Heliocentric latitude of a planet, is its latitude or distance from the ecliptic, such as it would appear from the sun. This, when the planet comes to the same point of its orbit, is always the same, or unchangeable.-Geocentric latitude of a planet, is its latitude as seen from the earth. This, though the planet be in the same point of its orbit, is not always the same, but alters according to the position of the earth in respect to the planet. The latitude of a star is altered only by the aberration of light, and the secular varia

tion of latitude.

LATITUDINARIAN, among divines, denotes a person of moderation with regard to religious opinions, in contradistinction to the rigid adherents to particular doctrines. This name was first given, by way of distinction, to those excellent persons, in England, who, about the middle and towards the close of the seventeenth century, endeavored to allay the contests that prevailed between the more violent Episcopalians, on the one hand, and the more rigid Presbyterians and Independents, on the other, and also between the Arminians and Calvinists. At present, it generally denotes one who departs, in opinion, from the strict principles of orthodoxy.

LATIUM; the principal country of ancient Italy, and the residence of the Latins. The limits, which appear to have changed at different periods, are generally represented to be the Tiber on the north, and the promontory of Circeii (Monte Circello) on the south; but this is probably too extensive. According to Strabo, there were, besides the Latins, Rutuli, Volsci, Hernici and Æqui in this region. The actual extent of Latium, at the time of the building of Rome, may have

amounted, at the most, to about 46 miles in diameter, and the actual boundaries were probably the Tiber on the west, the Anio on the north, mount Algidum on the east, and, on the south, the city of Ardea, which was situated at the distance of 160 stadia from Rome. Latium afterwards extended to the river Liris (Garigliano), but the northern and eastern boundaries remained the same. In the earliest times, there was a large laurel grove situated on the coast, at the mouth of the Tiber, which extended as far as the city of Laurentum. This grove not only gave the name to the city, but also to the surrounding country, which was hence called Laurentinus ager, and the inhabitants were styled Laurentes. This grove is said to have been standing in the time of the emperor Commodus. Between the Tiber and the city of Laurentum was the place where neas pitched his camp, which bore the name of Troy. To the eastward of this place, 24 stadia from the Tiber, was the city of Laurentum. Farther on, lay the little river Numicus and the sources of the Juturna; and still farther to the east, was situated the city of Lavinium. Beyond the sources of the Numicus and the Juturna, was the mountain upon which, 30 years after the building of Lavinium, was placed the city of Alba Longa. Behind this, towards the Hernici, lay Aricia; still farther above, in the extreme northeasterly corner of Latium, was the city of Præneste; towards the northern extremity of the same province, was the city of Tibur, and between these two cities and Rome, were Gabii and Tusculum. All these cities were colonies of Alba Longa. The first colony of the Romans was Ostia, established by Ancus Martius, below Rome. In the time of the Romans, Latium was very thinly inhabited; and, 100 years after the building of Rome, complaints began to be made on account of the desolation of the country and its unhealthy atmosphere. With the enormous wealth which the Romans acquired from the conquest of Greece and Asia, villas, which contained great numbers of slaves, were built in this desolate region, and the air was thus rendered somewhat healthier. In this way cities and villages sprung up around Rome, which were afterwards deserted and destroyed. The rivers of Latium were the Tiber, the Liris, the Anio, Numicus, Ufens, Amasenus and Almo. The Ufens flowed through the Pontine marshes. These marshes were known from the earliest times, and extended between the rivers Ufens and

Nymphæus to a great distance. There were also some lakes in Latium, of which lake Regillus was the principal. The mountains of this province were, with few exceptions (as, for example, the Alban mountain and mount Algidum) merely hills. (For a minute account of this region, see the Description of Latium, with 20 engravings; and a map of the Campagna di Roma, London, quarto and Cramer's Description of Ancient Italy, Oxford, 1826.) The Latin right (jus Lati) originally be longed to the Latin allies of Rome, but was afterwards extended to some other states on their accession to the alliance. The members of these states were not enrolled among the Roman citizens, but. had a census of their own. They were required to raise auxiliary troops, which did not serve in the Roman legion, but as a separate force. They had the right of voting at Rome, but under certain limitations, and they elected their own magistrates. All who enjoyed neither the Roman citizenship (civitas Romana), nor the Latin right, were called foreigners (peregrini).

LATONA (by the Greeks called Leto, in the Doric dialect Lato), daughter of Coeus and Phoebe (according to some, of Saturn), became the mother of Apollo and Diana by Jupiter. During her pregnancy, she was persecuted by Juno, by whose command the dragon Pytho threatened her every where with death and ruin, and the earth was not permitted to allow her a place for her delivery. After long wanderings, she found rest on the island of Delos (q. v.), which rose from the sea to receive her. The giant Tityus, having attempted to offer her violence, was killed by Apollo and Diana. According to another fable, this giant was struck dead by Jupiter, with lightning, before her pregnancy. Jupiter also changed some Lycian peasants into frogs, because they would not permit her to drink, on her flight from Delos, from which Juno had again driven her (Ovid's Metam. vi, 4). Latona is represented as a mild, benevolent goddess, in a sea-green dress. With Diana she cured the wounded Æneas, and crowned him with glory. When Diana fled to Olympus, from the anger of Juno, Latona carried to her her quiver and arrows, which she had left behind. Latona was worshipped chiefly in Lycia, Delos, Athens, and other cities of Greece. In Crete, a festival was celebrated in honor of her, called Ecdysia. She is sometimes considered as the symbol of night, because the sun proceeds, as it were, from the

night. Hence, also, some derive her name from the Greek darbavar (to hide).

LATOUR D'AUVERGNE-CORRET, Theophilus de, one of the bravest soldiers mentioned in military history, was born in 1743, at Carhaix, in the department of Finisterre (Brittany), early decided to become a soldier, and was aid-de-camp to the duke De Crillon at the siege of Mahon. When the revolution broke out, he was among the first to rally round its standard, and distinguished himself among 8000 grenadiers, in the army of the Pyrenees. Higher appointments were offered to him, but he always declined, declaring that he was, only fit to command a company of grenadiers. His corps generally made the van-guard, and was called the infernal column. After the peace of Bâle, he fell into the hands of the English, and was a prisoner a year in England. After his exchange, he occupied himself with literary labors, and, in 1799, again bore arms instead of a son of his friend Lebrigard, fought under Massena, in Switzerland, and fell at Newburg, in 1800, while attached to the army of the Rhine, having been, not long before, named first grenadier of France by the first consul. A monument was erected on the spot where he fell. His heart was embalmed, and carried, in a silver box, by one of the company in which he had served. His name was always called, and the bravest grenadier answered-"Died on the field of honor." As an author, he made himself known by a singular work on the early history of Brittany.

LATOUR-MAUBOURG, Victor Fay, marquis de, born at Vivarais, of an ancient family, in 1756, was in the body-guard of the king, at the breaking out of the revolution, defended the royal family on the terrible night of Oct. 5, and emigrated after Aug. 10, 1792. (See France, History of.) Having returned, in consequence of the amnesty proclaimed after the 18th Brumaire, he entered the service of the republic, and distinguished himself in the campaigns of Egypt, Austria, Prussia and Spain. His services at Austerlitz, Friedland, and on other occasions, procured hin the title of count of the empire, and general of division. In 1812, he was enployed against Russia, and, at the battle of Leipsic, lost a leg. Louis XVIII created him peer of France in 1814. During the hundred days, he remained in retirement, and, after the second restoration, was appointed commander of the order of St. Louis, and knight of the order of the Holy Ghost. In 1817, the port-folio of the war