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WHAT THE PIECE OF JET HAD TO SAY.

Where jet occurs-Lias beds-Origin of jet-Ditto of name
"Lias" - Stratigraphical appearance of Liassic sea--The
"struggle for life"-Thickness of the Lias beds-Division
of ditto-Lower Lias shales and limestones-Dry land of the
Liassic age--Liassic flora-Introduction of new forms-The
"Age of Reptiles "-Ichthyosaurus — Plesiosaurus - Great
land reptiles — Flying Lizards — Pterodactyles — Physical
geography of Lias sea-Habits of marine lizards-Fish of
Liassic era-Lepidotus-Dapedius -Æchmodus-Hybodous
-Ancient sea-lilies-Pentacrinus-Description of ditto-
Sea-bed of Lias period-Abundance of Cephalopods-Ammo-
nites-Nautilus· ·Belemnites, or "thunder-bolts"-Nume-
rical abundance of Ammonites-Ditto of Belemnites-Census

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THE STORY OF A LUMP OF CLAY.

Commonness of clay-How old clay strata have been altered—
The Eocene period-Difference between the London clay
and the Boulder clays-Circumstances under which the
London clay was formed-A tropical climate in Britain-
The commencement of the Tertiary epoch-Thickness of the
Eocene strata-Description of ditto-Their fossils-Geo-
graphical distribution of animals and plants-The flora of
the Eocene period-Fossil fruits-Indian scenery in Britain
-Mammalia of the Eocene period-Palæotheria-Ganoid
fishes-Boa-constrictors in England-Water-snakes-Ano-
plotheria-Chæropotamus, or "river-hog - Dichobune-
Hyænodon-"Missing links"-Mollusca of Eocene period-
Their sub-tropical character-Sharks of the period-Turtles

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-Duration of the Eocene period-Elevation of mountain
chains-Physical geography of the Eocene period-Decrease

in climature-The register of the earth's crust . . 193-204

THE STORY OF A PIECE OF LIGNITE.

"Brown Coal," or Lignite, what it is-Its appearance, &c.—

The Miocene period-Great fresh-water lakes in Europe-

Luxuriant flora of the Miocene period-Extent of ditto-No

ice-cap at the North Pole-Connection of the Old and New

Worlds-Number of flower-bearing plants found fossilized-

Temperature of Miocene period-Its probable cause-An-

cestry of living animals and plants--Lignite beds in Europe,

Asia, &c.-Preservation of vegetable remains-Cosmopolitan

character of the Miocene flora-The great number of ever-

green plants-Distribution of Miocene species-The American

character of fossil flora-Smilax-Dryandroides-Proteacea—

Fan-palms-Tulip-trees — Magnolias, &c.—Beauty of the

Miocene landscapes - Lignite beds of Bovey Tracey

Number of species of fossil plants-denudation of the Dart-

moor granite-Miocene strata in Ireland and Scotland-The

last active volcanoes in the British Isles-Lignite beds of

Greenland, and what they teach-Ditto of Iceland-Ancient

Miocene land-Great fresh-water lakes in Switzerland—

Miocene strata of ditto-Their fossils-Fish, &c.-Caddis-

worms-Indian butterflies-Termites-Various fossil insects

-Appearance of Quadrumana or monkeys in European

woods-The Dryopithecus-Semnopithecus - Pliopithecus-

Opossums in Europe-Dinotheria — Tapirs— Mastodon —

Wart Hogs-Hippopotami-Wild Oxen-Wild Deer-The

Hipparion, or three-toed horse-Miocene deposits in India

-"Missing links" again-The Sivatherium-The great

Indian tortoise-Giraffe and camel in India - Miocene

horses in America-Mastodons and elephants in ditto-The

long-armed monkey-Volcanoes in Central France -Up-

heaval of sea-beds-Formation of the Alps, Pyrenees,

&c.-Refrigeration of climature-Formation of new sea-

CHAPTER XIII.

66
THE STORY OF THE CRAGS,"

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Meaning of the term "crag "-Where these beds are found-
Their number-The Pliocene period-The Coralline, Red,
and Norwich Crags-Suffolk the bed of a tolerably deep sea
-Fauna of the Coralline Crag sea-Ancient sea urchins-
Where now living-Time since Coralline Crag was formed
-Abundance of mollusca in Coralline Crag sea—'
-The As-
tartes-Pectunculus-Cyprina-Number of species of mol-
lusca - An ancient sea-bed, and what it teaches - No
"dredging" required - "Sea Mats"- Fascicularia - Ex-
tremes in Coralline Crag sea-Marine currents-The oldest
crag-Physical conditions of Pliocene period-Migration of
mollusca southerly-Coralline Crag shells in West Indies-
Ditto in Mediterranean-Thickness of Coralline Crag-How
formed The Red Crag-Origin of name-Denudations of
Coralline Crag previous to it-An ancient land surface in
Suffolk and Norfolk-How the "coprolite" beds were formed
- Mollusca of the Red Crag "Southern " forms -
"Northern" ditto--Refrigeration of climature--Corals--Cowrie
shells-False current bedding in Red Crag-Physical geo-
graphy of ditto-The chalk of Norfolk-A shallow estuary
over site of Norwich-Evidence of river communication-The
Norwich Crag-Its fluvio-marine character-Difference in
fossils from previous crags-Abundance of littoral shells-
Tellina-Mactra- Cerithium - Fresh-water shells - Pla-
norbis, Paludina - Lymnea, &c.-Land-snails -Census of
Norwich crag-Ancient land-animals in Norfolk-The Al-
deby Crag-Its fossils-Increase of "Northerly" mollusca
-Evidence of rigorous climate-The Upper Norwich Crag,
and its lessons-Pliocene and Pleistocene periods-Analy-
zation of shells of crags-Number of extinct species in ditto
-The Belgium crags-The " Box-stones" of Suffolk-Their
origin-Evidence of a broken-up deposit-Pliocene strata in
Sicily-English shells in ditto-How they came there-
Evidence of volcanic disturbance-Formation of Mount Etna
-Height of Pliocene beds on its flanks-Refrigeration of
climate in northern hemisphere-Preparation for the long
Arctic winter-The introduction of the Glacial epoch 222-237

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