quincuncial to the left. The other buds of that species were not observed. In the latter (A. cannabinum) four buds showed the sepals quincuncial to the left, and one to the right.

It will be observed that the æstivation of Asclepias and Apocynum are the same, at least so far as the specimens examined are concerned.

In the Rubiaceae, of one hundred and fifty buds of Cephalanthus I found that eighteen were convolute, thirteen to the right, three to the left. In Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hooker, in the tribe containing this species the text says, “Petals never contorted" Keeping in mind the position of all the petals as they stand with reference to each other and to the axis, and noticing the direction of the spirals, I found the petals of thirtyseven buds arranged in twenty-three different modes.

Each of the four petals was found to be outside, each inside, and each occupying either of the intermediate positions.

If we disregard the direction of the spiral and the position of the axis, these twenty-three modes are reduced to six modes.

In the same order, one hundred buds of Galium asprellum were all valvate.

Malvacea: In four hundred and thirty-three buds of Malva rotundifolia, two hundred and one petals were convolute to the right, two hundred and four to the left, fifteen quincuncial, and thirteen as in Figure 31. Lindley and Gray speak of the petals of this genus as convolute.

Tiliacea. In one hundred and seven buds of Tilia Americana, fifty-nine were quincuncial, turning to the left, twenty-four to the right, thirteen as in Figure 32; eight had one outside, and then the rest turned spirally to the right. Three were convolute to the left.

Oxalis stricta. Of nineteen buds, ten had the sepals quincuncial to the right, nine to the left. In twelve of these buds the petals were convolute to the right, in five to the left, in one spirally to the right, in one a still different mode.

In Scrophularia nodosa, the sepals are imbricated in various

modes and some are convolute. In buds of the irregular corolla, the two upper lobes cover the others. In twelve out of nineteen buds, the left lobe of the two outer lobes was outside; in seven the right lobe was outside. It is not easy to determine which is number three and which number four, both covering number five. Of over one hundred flowers of Phlox Drummondii, all had the lobes of the corolla convolute to the right. By cultivation and selection for some years, we have numerous permanent varieties or races showing a great variety in color, size, etc., but the æstivation shows no signs of change. I found in one hundred buds of perennial phlox the lobes of the corolla were all convolute to the right. Of over one hundred flower-buds of Lobelia cardinalis the lobes of the corolla were all valvate.

From the foregoing examples, I judge that enough attention has not heretofore been given to some of the forms of æstivation which have been thought uncommon. Each sepal and petal should be observed with reference to each other sepal and petal and the axis or bract; also the direction of the whorls or spirals, whether to the right or to the left. The tips of the flower-buds should not be cut off before observing them for diagram or description. Some species are quite constant as to mode, but vary in direction. of spirals; others are constant in mode and in direction; others vary as to which sepal or petal is outside the rest. I have introduced no new.names to express some of these modes of æstivation, nor have I used all those which others have proposed. In some cases I have preferred to number the outer sepal or petal one, the next within two, and so on till all are numbered. Then begin with number one and place the numbers in a horizontal row as they occur, passing always to the right as the flower is held before the observer. This mode would be of much greater value if we could always tell with ease which sepal or petal was next to the axis or opposite to it. Many authors have copied errors from each other. These errors have, doubtless, many of them been made, authors giving general or definite rules after examining only a few specimens.

As æstivation varies so much where it has been thought so constant, often even in the flowers on the same plant, it seems to me there has been too much stress placed upon certain modes; that it renders of less value the efforts of Jussieu and others to explain or harmonize the quincuncial with other kinds of æstivation. Perhaps we have placed too little stress upon some trivial circumstance or accident in deciding the mode of æstivation in any particular flower.

STONE IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS FROM THE RUINS OF COLORADO, UTAH, AND ARIZONA.

BY EDWIN A. BARBER.

IN N my two preceding papers relative to the Ancient Pueblos of the Pacific slope of the United States, the first in the August number of The Naturalist and the second in the December issue for 1876, I have described some of the pottery and rock etchings of an exceedingly old American race. I shall strive to convey some idea, in this paper, of the tools which were employed by the same people in the manufacture of articles and in the erection of their stone houses. Some of the specimens herein figured I believe to be unique, but this cannot be ascertained to a certainty without examining every collection of western antiquities.

Stone implements and utensils are so numerous throughout the section of country formerly occupied by the Ancient Pueblos, that for the sake of convenience in describing them I will separate them into two divisions, calling them objects of warlike or peaceful vocations. Thus we have

Weapons:

Arrowheads (of war1 and the chase).
Spear or lance heads and darts.

Battle-axes or tomahawks.

Arrow polishers or straighteners.

Implements:

Hammers and Mauls.

Axes.

Knives.

Saws and chisels.

Awls, "rimmers" or borers.

Skin scrapers, or "fleshers."

Mortars and pestles.

Millstones (metates) and grinders.

Pierced pottery and stones for drawing out sinew (gauges).
Meat pounders.

Because it is an indisputable fact that great battles have been

1 The greater number of the war arrows, I think, are undoubtedly of Ute origin, having been projected into the midst of the ancient towns, but some, at least, are the productions of the besieged, although they were eminently a peaceful people. We would not expect to discover these weapons of the Pueblo race, however, immediately under the walls of their own buildings, but rather further out on the plains. The majority of our specimens were found in the close neighborhood of the mural remains.

fought here, we would expect to discover large quantities of the utensils of war, and indeed we find this to be the case, as they abound in the vicinity of all of the greater ruins and many of the lesser.

The arrowheads are particularly noticeable on account of their delicacy, perfection, symmetry, diminutiveness (see Figure 51), and exquisite coloring.

(FIG. 51.)

Size.

be a

They surpass anything of the kind ever discovered in any other portion of the United States. In a single Natural locality is frequently found the greatest variety of forms, and two are seldom picked up of the same material. Figures 10 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h, Plate I., show some striking forms. We find them varying from less than half an inch in length to three inches. Sometimes we find a beautiful, transparent, ambercolored chalcedony specimen, while our next discovery may delicately fashioned point of obsidian. Here we discover a fleshcolored arrowhead made of agatized wood, while there we see another of a light pea-green tint. Red-jasper specimens seem to predominate, however, or are at least as numerous as those of flint, of which we find every shade of color. According to form, the arrowheads of this country may be classified into nine divisions, as follows:

(1.) Those which are leaf-shaped; (2), those which are triangular; (3), those which are indented at the base; (4), those which are stemmed; (5), those which are barbed; (6), those which are beveled; (7), those which are diamond-shaped; (8), those which are awl-shaped; and (9), those having the shape of a serpent's head. Of course these forms are subject to modification, and often one runs into another.

The materials are agate, jasper, chalcedony, flint, carnelian, quartz, sandstone, obsidian, or silicified and agatized wood. Among the relics of battles the barbed heads are the most common, while the leaf-shaped varieties occur more numerously at a distance from the ruins on the plains, where they have been employed in the slaying of game.

It will be immediately seen why this distinction in the selection of missiles was made. The leaf-shaped or diamond heads could be readily withdrawn from the bodies of animals and used again, while the shaft of the barbed varieties could not be extracted from the body of a human victim without leaving the point in the flesh to produce inflammation and probably death. The larger sizes may have been used on the points of lances or

spears, as they are too clumsy and heavy to have been employed in conjunction with the bow.

The smaller varieties of axes may have been used as tomahawks in war. Under the head of weapons I have placed the arrow-straighteners or polishers, although they may more properly be classed with the second division, as they were not used either for offense or defense, but only for polishing or straightening the wooden shafts of arrows. We found but one specimen, or rather the half of one. This instrument originally consisted of two flat stones about three inches long, two inches wide, and half or three quarters of an inch thick. These were ground smooth on the faces so as to fit accurately together, and through one end of the united halves was bored a circular hole, penetrating to the other end. Half of this orifice lay in each stone. The wooden shaft was laid horizontally in one stone and the other fitted over, and by drawing the stick in and out it was polished and straightened. (See Figure 52.) This specimen is made of a coarse, pink sandstone.

(FIG. 52.) ARROW-STRAIGHTENER. (Natural Size.)

The latter class, or household implements, though not so numerous, we found more widely distributed than the former. These were scattered through all of the ruins, the majority crudely made, but some of them smoothly polished and ground to a cutting edge.

The edges of the latter class of stone axes were kept in order by abrasion or by rubbing them down on stone whenever a notch was accidentally made. Sometimes this laborious process occupied days, and a single careless blow with the axe might destroy the results of many hours of labor. I noticed along the sloping surface of the narrow ledge of sandstone on which was built the Casa del Eco, a ruin on the San Juan, several rounded depres

1 For an illustration of a similar tool refer to Evans's Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain, page 241.