I picked up in an old Indian camp (Plate II., Figures 6 and 7) are worth twenty-five cents each. The Indians are very ingenious and economical in working up the aulones: wherever there is a broad, flat space they take out a dollar piece; where the curve is sharper, smaller ones. They especially value the outer edge of the whorl or lip, where the color is brilliant, and these they are obliged to cut into twenty-five cent pieces. You will see that the uhllo is cut into pieces of different sizes, and even pieces of the same size vary in value according to their brilliancy. ... All the money that I have seen was strung on grocery twine, but they often use sinew of various kinds, also the outer bark of a weed called milkweed 2 about here." 3

The uhllo necklace has three or four strings of very small glass beads above the shells, forming a band about one quarter of an inch wide, which encircles the neck. . . . A common deep conical basket, of about a bushel and a half capacity, such as the squaws use for carrying their household effects, is worth one and one half or two strings of uhllo, that is, fifteen or twenty dollars. Another form of money is made from the heavy shells of a bivalve, a ponderous clam (Pachydesma crassatelloides) peculiar to the southern coast of California. This is cut into circular pieces of the diameter as shown in the annexed figure (65), the thickness of the pieces varying with

the thickness of the shells from which they are made. The larger pieces (Figure 65, 1 and 1 a), of the value of twenty-five cents, are cut from the thicker parts of the valves, and the smaller (Figure 65, 2, 2 a), of the value of four cents each, from the thinner portions. This money, of which the smaller pieces closely resemble the disk-shaped beads of the natives of the Paumotu Islands in the South Pacific, except in being of twice the diameter and thick

2 Asclepias.

1 a

(FIG. 65.) HAWOCK.

2

2α

8 Placer County, Cal.

1 Columella. The Paumotus are in about longitude 130° W. and latitude 23° S. The pieces made by these islanders are of about one half the diameter and one half the thickness of Figure 5; they are made of Oliva carneola, and it must require great labor, as these transverse sections are formed by grinding off the small upper whorls of the apex, and also nearly the entire body whorl, until a disk is obtained of an average thickness of only one twelfth of an inch; these are strung alternately with thinner disks of the same diameter, made of the inner hard shell of the cocoanut, forming a neat necklace, with a pleasing contrast of black and white.

ness, is strung upon strings the same as beads in a necklace, for which purpose it is also used. Figure 5 is the same in form and of about the size of the pieces made from Saxidomus gracilis (S. aratus), according to Yates, and in use "among the Indians of Lake County. Eighty of these disks are valued at one dollar."

This money, which is called hawock, according to Mr. Powers, is universal throughout Middle and Southern California, though different tribes call it by different names and attach different values to it.

"Sometimes disks of hawock are made two inches in diameter and half an inch thick, which are rated at one dollar a piece, but such large pieces are seldom seen."

"The Bear River Indians (Neeshenams) are the only ones I have seen who count it by the single piece, the others rate it by the foot or yard. . . . It is sometimes strung upon a string many yards long, in hundreds of pieces, and doubled into lengths of about a yard. The Wi-Lackees make the buttons thin, then every tenth one thicker, so that it looks like a Catholic rosary, and their name for it is tocalli."

In a photograph of a young woman of the Bear River Indians, named Válputteh, received from Mr. Powers, her person is adorned with a necklace of hawock which, it is stated, is ten yards long, requiring to be wound several times about her neck, and consisting of about 1160 pieces, valued at $232. Another of the same tribe, Pedah or Captain Tom, has an inventory of money and ornaments made of the uhllo (Haliotis), hawock (Pachydesma), and colcol (Olivella), of the total value of $479. The uhllo, however, seems to be the most highly prized, and in various ways is wrought into gorgets, girdles, and head-dresses, as the hawock and colcol is principally used for necklaces. Gorgets of Haliotis are especially valued, as they require a large and fine shell for this purpose.

Upon reviewing the present and my previous papers, it will be observed that the species of shells named in the following table have been or are now used as money by barbarous tribes on this continent and in other parts of the world.

Ν

GAMING AMONG THE UTAH INDIANS.

BY EDWIN A. BARBER.

IN their indolent hours, gaming and horse-racing are extensively resorted to by the nomadic tribes of America. Having much unoccupied time on their hands, they turn to these exciting amusements as a relief from the consuming ennui of idleness.

During the summer of 1874, I had some opportunities for studying the habits of the Yampa branch of the Utah nation, located in the northwestern corner of Colorado. In strolling through their encampment, one was always attracted to several of the more prominent wick-e-ups, or canvas lodges, by the sound of subdued music, and on entering either of the tents, the visitor was rewarded for his trouble by the sight of several warriors engaged in gambling. So great, indeed, is their earnestness when engaged in this pastime that they do not observe the arrival of strangers, and as they progress they become so deeply absorbed in the exciting reverses of the game that they can only be awakened to a consciousness of surrounding objects by the greatest exertion. They may commence by putting up small articles of apparel or ornament, such as moccasins, necklaces, or strings of beads. Should these be lost, blankets, powder, lead, caps, flour, the highly prized wampum, and other miscellaneous articles will be staked, and the unfortunate loser not infrequently comes out of the play-room without an object in the world that he can call his own or his wife's. All is lost, including his horses, his house, and even the very rags he has on his back.

The manner of procedure is as follows: A row of players, consisting of five or six or a dozen men, is arranged on either side of the tent, facing each other. Before each man is placed a bundle of small twigs or sticks, each six to eight inches in length and pointed at one end. Every tête-à-tête couple is provided with two cylindrical bone dice, carefully fashioned and highly polished, which measure about two inches in length and half an inch in diameter, one being white and the other black, or sometimes ornamented with a black band. At the rear end of the apartment, opposite the entrance, several musicians beat time on rude parchment-covered drums. The whole assembly, sitting "Turk fashion" on the ground, then commence operations. The pledges are heaped up near the players, and each couple soon becomes oblivious of all the rest. One of the gamblers incloses