partly on level ground near the Genil and partly on the slopes of two adjacent hills, at an elevation of about 2300 feet above the sea. The more ancient quarters of the town still retain much of the Moorish style, but the modern part is somewhat commonplace. It contains several squares, of which the most remarkable is the Bibarrambla, where tournaments were formerly held. There is also a beautiful shady walk, called the Alameda, which is one of the most frequented promenades. The old city comprises the faubourgs of Antequeruela, Alcazaba, Alhambra, and Albaicin, the last being named after the settlers who came from Baeza, after the capture of that city by St Ferdinand. For a detailed account of the Alhambra the reader is referred to the special article, vol. i. p. 570. The Antequeruela and Albaiciu are mostly inhabited by the working classes. In the cemetery of the latter there are still a few ruins of an ancient mosque. The town proper contains a great number of churches and other public edifices. The cathedral, a somewhat heavy and irregular building, was begun in 1529 by Diego de Siloe, and finished in 1639. It is profusely ornamented with jasper and coloured marble and surmounted by a dome; and it contains several valuable paintings by Alonso Cano, portraits of Ferdinand and Isabella by Rincon, and marble statues of several kings and queens of Spain. In one of its numerous chapels (the Chapel Royal) are buried their "Catholic Majesties," and Philip and Juana. The church of Nuestra Señora de las Angustias has a splendid high altar and fine towers. That of St José is an elegant modern building. Other remark able edifices are the monastery of St Gerónimo, founded by Gonzalo de Cordova, who is buried there; the Carthusian convent (Cartuja) adorned with paintings by Murillo, Morales, and Cano; the university, founded in 1531 by Charles V.; and the library. Granada is the birthplace of many eminent writers and artists, both Mahometan and Christian; among the latter may be mentioned Fray Luis de Granada (1505); Hurtado de Mendoza (1505), the historian of the war of Granada; Alonso Cano (1601), the great painter; and Moya (1610), who was both painter and sculptor. The climate of the town is pleasant and healthy, especially during the spring and summer months. Its manufactures are unimportant, the chief being coarse woollen stuffs, hats, paper, saltpetre, and gunpowder. Silk-weaving was once extensively carried on, and large quantities of silk were exported to Italy, France, Germany, and even America; but the production now is very limited. The education of the lower classes is much neglected, the city having only a few insignificant schools. In the year 1878 the population amounted to about 75,000.

The history of Granada does not go back far, if at all, into the Roman period (for it is not to be confounded with the ancient Illiberis); and even under the Moors it held a place of very subordinate importance until the period of the conquests of St Ferdinand, when it became the exclusive seat of Islam in Spain, and rose to almost unparalleled splendour, under Mohammed-Ebn. Alahmar, the builder of the Alhambra. It is said in its best days to have had 400,000 inhabitants, 70,000 houses, and 60,000 warriors, but this is probably an exaggeration. In the 15th century it was the last stronghold of the Moors against the Christian forces under Ferdinand and Isabella, and after a long siege it was surrendered by Boabdil on 2d January 1492. From that time Granada's wealth and magnificence rapidly decreased till 1610, when the Moors were expelled from Spain.

GRANADA, a city of Central America, state of Nicar agua, is situated on the N.W. bank of the Lake of Nicaragua, 30 miles N.N.W. of the town of that name. The suburbs are composed of cane huts occupied by the poorer inhabitants, but the city proper is formed of one-storied houses built of adobes or sun-dried bricks, roofed with tiles. They have balconied windows, and are surrounded by courtyards with ornamental gateways. It possesses several old churches and the remains of ancient fortifications. By

6

means of the lake and the river San Juan, it communicates with the Caribbean Sea, and carries on a considerable trade in cocoa, cochineal, indigo, and hides. The steamer "Coburg" in the end of 1878, after several unsuccessful attempts, forced a passage up the river San Juan from the sea to Lake Nicaragua, thus establishing steam navigation between Granada, the Bay de la Vierge, San George, and other towns, and direct communication between Greyton and Granada. The feat is of importance in view of the project of constructing an oceanic canal by this route. Granada was founded by Francisco Fernandez do Cordova in 1522, and he erected a fort for its protection. At an early period in North America. It suffered greatly from the attacks of pirates it surpassed Leon in importance, and was one of the richest citics in the latter half of the 17th century, and in 1606 was completely sacked by them. In 1855 it was taken by the filibuster Willian Walker, and partially destroyed by fire, and though retaken in 1857 still in ruins. The population is about 10,000. it has never recovered its former prosperity, a great part of it being

GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588), a Spanish preacher and ascetic writer, was born of poor parents at Granada in 1504. At five years of age he was left an orphan, but the Conde de Tendilla, alcalde of Alhambra, having accidentally observed his singular intelligence, took him under his protection and had him educated with his own sons. At the age of nineteen he entered the Dominican convent of Santa Cruz, Granada, whence he went to the college of St Gregory, Valladolid. After completing his theological education he was named prior of the convent of Scala Coli, where he exercised his preaching gifts under the direction of the celebrated orator Juan de Avila, whom he subsequently rivalled, if ho did not surpass him, in eloquence. Having been invited by Cardinal Henry, infanta of Portugal and archbishop of Evora, to Badajoz in 1555, he founded a monastery there, and two years later was elected provincial of Portugal. He was also appointed confessor and councillor to the queen regent, but he declined promotion to the archbishopric of Braga, and on the expiry of his provincial office in 1661 he retired to a Dominican convent at Lisbon, where he died in 1588. Luis de Granada enjoyed the reputation of being the first ecclesiastical orator of his day, and his description of the "descent into hell" is one of the finest specimens of eloquence in the Spanish language. He also acquired great fame as a mystic writer, his Guia de Pecadores, or Guide to Sinners, first published in 1556, being still a favourite book of devotion in Spain, and having been translated into nearly every European language.

His principal other works aro Libro de la Oracion y Meditacion, Salamanca, 1567; Introduccion al simbolo de la Fé, Salamanca, 1582; Rhetorica Ecclesiastica, sive de ratione concionandi, Libri VI., Lisbon, 1576; Silva locorum communium omnibus verbi concionc toribus necessaria, 1582; and several series of sermons. A collected edition of the works of Luis de Grandda was published by Planta at Antwerp, in 1572, at the expense of the duke of Alva, and by Luis Meñozal, Madrid, in 1657, afterwards reprinted at various periods. See preface to this edition of his works; preface to Guia de Pecadorcs, Madrid, 1781; Biblioteca de Autores Esp., tom. vi., viii., xi.; Ticknor's History of Spanish Literature; and Eug. Baret, Hist. de la litt. espagnole, Paris, 1863.

GRANADILLA, the name applied to Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn., a plant of the natural order Passiflorea, a native of tropical America, having smooth, cordate, ovate, or acuminate leaves; petioles bearing from 4 to 6 glands; an emetic and narcotic root; scented flowers; and a large, oblong fruit, containing numerous seeds, imbedded in a subacid edible pulp. The granadilla is sometimes grown in British hothouses. The fruits of several other species of Passiflora are eaten. P. laurifolia is the "water lemon," and P. maliformis the "sweet calabash" of the West Indies.

GRAN CHACO, an extensive region in the heart of South America, which stretches from 20° to 29° of S. lat., and belongs partly to Bolivia and partly to the Argentine Republic, the boundary between the two states coinciding

with the parallel 22. The area is estimated at about 425,000 square miles, or more than twice the area of France, and the greater portion is still unexplored. It all belongs to the La Plata basin and in general terms may be described as a plain inclining towards the S.E. and watered by the Pilcomayo, the Vermejo, and other tributaries of the Paraguay. The northern portion, iying within the region of tropical rains, has a profusion of marshes and lakes, while the southern portion is a dry cactus-growing steppe, except in the neighbourhood of the rivers, which annually submerge large areas with the surplus water they bring from the north. The whole of the Gran Chaco is still in the hands of the Indians, who are just beginning to learn a little agriculture,-to grow pumpkins, water melons, and maize; but the richness and extent of its forests and pastures will certainly secure the country a prosperous future. It possesses more timber suitable for every purpose than the whole of Europe; it already exports large numbers of cattle to the neighbouring states; and, according to Major Host, it will be able to furnish abundant supplies of petroleuni. "At the foot of the western slope of the Santa Barbara range, 25 leagues from the confluence of the San Francisco river and the Vermejo, there is an extensive petroleum basin called the Laguna de la brea de San Miguel del Rastro, capable of yielding 2000 gallons per day."

See Von Reden, "Die Staaten im Strom-Gebiet des La Plata," in Petermann's Mitth., 1856; Petermann and Burmeister, Die Süd amerikanischen Republiken, Argentina, &c., 1875; Major Host in La Plata Monatschrift, 1873.

GRAND'COMBE, a town of France, in the department of Gard and arrondissement of Alais, is situated on the Gardon, 35 miles N.W. of Nîmes. In the neighbourhood there are very extensive coal-mines, and the town possesses manufactures of zinc, lead, and glass. The population in 1876 was 5342.

GRAND HAVEN, a city of the United States, capital of Ottawa county, Michigan, is situated on Lake Michigan, nt the mouth of Grand River, opposite Milwaukee, to which, as well as to the principal other towns on the lake, several steamers ply daily. It is a station of the Grand Haven Railway, and the terminus of the Detroit, Grand Haven, and Milwaukee line. On account of its fine situation and its medicinal springs, Grand Haven is becoming a favourite summer resort. It has saw and shingle mills, and manufactories of agricultural implements, of sashes and blinds, and of windmills: Shipbuilding is also carried on. In the neighbourhood there are extensive peach forests. Lumber and fruit are the principal shipments. Grand Haven was laid out in 1836, and became a city in 1867. Population (1870) 3147, now about 5000.

GRANDIMONTANES, or GRAMMONTINES (Ordo Grandi. montensis), a small religious order confined almost entirely to France. Its origin, which can be traced to about the close of the 11th century, is involved in some obscurity. The founder, St Stephen of Tigerno or Thiers, was born at Château Thiers, in Auvergne, in 1046, was educated for the church partly at Benevento and partly at Rome, and, returning home about 1073, in obedience to the solicitations of an inner voice which had been making itself heard for years, embraced a life of solitary asceticism. The scene of his retreat was the lonely glen of Muret, about a league eastward from Limoges; as his reputation for piety extended, his cell became a favourite resort with many likeminded persons, and ultimately a community large enough to excite public attention was formed. The nature of the rule observed by them at that time is not accurately known; a reply which, according to tradition, Stephen gave to the papal legates when asked to give some account of himself, forbids alike the belief that he identified himself with any of the religious orders then in existence and the assumption

that he had already received permission to establish a new one. Shortly after his death, which occurred on the 8th of February 1124, the lands at Muret were claimed by the neighbouring Augustinian friars of Ambazac,-a circumstance which in 1154 compelled the followers of Stephen to remove their abode, under che leadership of their second "corrector," some miles further eastward, to Grammont or Grandmont, whence the order subsequently took its name. So far as can be ascertained, the rule by which the community was governed was not reduced to writing until the time of Stephen of Lisiac, its fourth corrector. This rule, which was confirmed by Urban III. in 1186, was characterized by considerable severity, especially in the matters of silence, fasting, and flagellation; its rigour, however, was mitigated by Innocent IV. in 1247, and again by Clement V. in 1309. Under Stephen of Lisiac the order greatly flourished in Aquitania, Anjou, and Normandy, where the number of its establishments in 1170 is said to have exceeded sixty. The first Grandimontane house within the dominions of the king of France was that founded at Vincennes near Paris by Louis VII. in 1164; it soon acquired a position of considerable importance. Stephen of Thiers was, at the request of Henry II. of England, canonized by Clement III. in 1189; and the bestowal of this honour seems to have marked a culminating point in the history of the order which he had originated. The Grandimontanes (sometimes also like the followers of Francisco de Paola called Les bonshommes), owing to an almost endless series of internal disputes at once symptomatic and productive of disunion and disorganization, failed to achieve any considerable place in history, and were finally pensioned off and disbanded in 1769. To them belonged, until 1463, the priory of Creswell in Herefordshire, and also until 1441 that of Alberbury or Abberbury in Shropshire.

The Annales of the order were published at Troyes in 1662; and the Regula, sometimes attributed, though erroneously, to Stephen maxims or instructions, professedly by the same author, bas also of Thiers, was first printed in the 17th century. A collection of been largely circulated in France since 1704. See Helyot, Histoire dcs Ordres Monastiques, vol. vi.

GRAND RAPIDS, a city of the United States, capital of Kent county, Michigan, is picturesquely situated on both sides of the Grand River near the rapids, 30 miles E. of Lake Michigan. The river is navigable up to this point, and steamers connect the city with Grand Haven and the navigation of Lake Michigan. The city is also the point of intersection of six railways. It possesses two public parks, a county jail, a central school, a large public library, and a scientific institute. It is the seat of the United States circuit and district courts for the western district of Michigan. The manufactures include a great variety of woodware (especially furniture, carriages, and waggons), agricultural implements, machinery, chemical substances, leather, beer, fruit, bricks of a very fine quality, and gypsum, which is very abundant in the neighbourhood. There is also a very extensive trade in lumber. The fall of the river at the rapids is about 18 feet in 1 miles, and this water power has been taken advantage of for many of the manufactories. Grand Rapids was settled in 1833 and incorporated in 1850. The population has been rapidly increasing; while in 1850 it was only 2686, it was 16,507 in 1870, of whom 5725 were foreigners.

GRANDSON. See GRANSON.

GRANDVILLE. See GÉRARD, JEAN I. I.

GRANET, FRANÇOIS MARIUS (1777-1849), was the first painter who felt and attempted to render the aesthetic charm of Middle Age and Renaissance architecture. He was born at Aix in Provence, on the 17th December 1777; his father was a small builder, but the boy's own strong desires led his parents to place him-after some preliminary teaching from a passing Italian artist-in a free school of art directed

potash mica, lepidomelane (Proc. Roy. Soc., xvii. p. 209). Professor Heddle finds that the black mica of most Scottish granites is a distinct species, which he calls Haughtonite Mineralog. Mag., No. 13, 1879, p. 72). A large number of accessory minerals occur in granite, no fewer than forty-four being cited by Zirkel (Lehrb. d. Petrog., i. p. 48. Upon the presence of these supplementary minerals numerous varieties of granite have been founded. Thus, if tourmaline be present, the rock is a schorlaceous or tourmaline granite; when cassiterite or tin-stone occurs, it forms a stanaiferous granite; the presence of epidote gives rise to an epidote granite; and so on with other minerals. The most common accessory constituent of granite is hornblende, a mineral which appears to replace to some extent the mica, and thus produces a hornblendic or syenitic granite. This rock was formerly, and by some petrographers is still, termed syenite; it is the syenites of Pliny, so named from Syene in Upper Egypt, where a smiliar rock was quarried by the ancient Egyptians. By modern petrographers, however, the term syenite is usually restricted to a rock which is an nggregate of orthoclase and hornblende,-in other words, a granite in which the quartz has disappeared while the mica has been superseded by hornblende. A beautiful schorlaceous rock, which is apparently a variety of granite, has been described by Pisani under the name of luxullianite (Comptes Rendus, lix., 1864, p. 913). It occurs in the parish of Luxullian, near Lostwithiel, in Cornwall, where it is found in the form of boulders, but has not been detected in situ. This rock is composed of tourmaline, or schorl, with quartz and orthoclase; the last named mineral occurring in large flesh-coloured crystals, which by contrast with the dark base produce a very beautiful effect. Two varieties of tourmaline, one brown and the other bluish, have been detected by Professor Bonney (Mineralog. Mag., No. 7, 1877, p. 215). The sarcophagus of the duke of Wellington, in St Paul's Cathedral, is wrought out of a splendid block of luxullianite. Many varieties of granite are founded upon structural characteristics. Occasionally the constituents are developed in such large individuals as to form a giant granite. Crystals of orthoclase, associated with quartz in a peculiar parallel arrangement, produce the variety known as graphic granite or Lapis Judaicus-names which refer to the resemblance which the rock presents, when cut in certain directions, to lines of Hebrew characters. Graphic granite was termed by Hauy pegmatite, but this name is now generally applied to a coarse admixture of orthoclase, quartz, and silvery mica. When any of the component minerals occur in large crystals, embedded in a fine-grained base, a porphyritic granite is produced. Generally the crystals are those of orthoclase, as in many of the West of England granites, and in the characteristic rock of Shap Fell in Westmoreland. Granitite is a name applied to a variety of granite made up of orthoclase and quartz, with more or less plagioclase and a small proportion of mica. A granite composed of only felspar and quartz is called haplite or semi-granite. Some of the micaless varieties are known as granulite. When, instead of the mica disappearing, the felspar is absent, the resulting aggregate of quartz and mica is termed greisen; it is frequently a tin-bearing rock. Occasionally the granite, when fine in grain, loses its mica, and an intimate mixture of orthoclase and quartz is thus obtained; such a rock is known as a felstone. Crystals of orthoclase disseminated through a felsitic matrix, either compact or microcrystalline, give rise to a felspar porphyry; while crystals or rounded grains of quartz in a similar felsitic base produce a quartz-porphyry or quartz-felsite. By Cornish miners these quartz-porphyries are termed elvans (elvanite of Jukes); but this name is also applied to fine-grained granites and to almost any rock which occurs as a dyke running through the killas or clay slate.

Few questious have been more warmly discussed than the origin of granite. When this rock is found forcing its way through older rocks, and appearing at the surface in large bosses from which veins are sent forth in all directions, there can be little doubt of its eruptive character. The small width of some of these granitic veins, or apophyses, suggests that the rock must have existed in a condition of perfect fusion or complete liquidity, and not simply as a viscous paste, before it could have been injected into such narrow fissures as those which are now occupied by granito. In many cases, the rocks which are penetrated by the granitic veins are altered in such a manner as to indicate a considerable elevation of temperature: a limestone in the neighbourhood of the veins may become saccharoidal, and shales may become indurated or even converted into hornstone, while new minerals are often developed in the vicinity of the intruded veins. In these veins the granite is apt to change its mineralogical constitution, becoming either fine-grained or felsitic, or even reduced at the extremities of the vein to quartz. From the days of Hutton it has been generally admitted that most granite is of igneous origin. Since it appears to have been solidified at great depths beneath the surface, it has been distinguished as a plutonic rock, while those eruptive rocks which have risen to the surface, and have there consolidated, are termed volcanic rocks. The older geologists regarded granite as the primitive rock of the earth's crust, forming the floor of all stratified deposits and the nucleus of mountain chains. Such a view, however, has been long exploded. It-is known indeed that granite, so far from being in all cases an original rock, may be of almost any geological age. Some is undoubtedly as old as the Silurian period, while other granites are certainly as young as the Tertiary rocks, and perhaps of even more recent date. By many field-geologists granite has of late years been regarded as a metamorphic rather than as a truly igneous rock. Metamorphism, however, is a term which has been so vaguely used that most of our eruptive rocks may, in a certain sense, be said to be metamorphic. Still, in the case of granite, it has often been pointed out that a passage may be traced from this rock into gneiss, and that gneiss itself may be regarded as an altered sedimentary rock. Thus so experienced an observer as Professor Ramsay expresses his opinion that "granite is sometimés merely gneiss still further metamorphosed by heat in the presence of moisture" (Phys. Geol. of Gt. Brit., 5 ed., 1878, p. 42). For a number of instances in which granite is said to pass into gneissose rocks, and these in turn, by numerous gradations, into un doubtedly stratified deposits, see Green's Geology, part i. p. 307, and also GEOLOGY, vol. x., p. 309.

Chemists have also brought forward arguments against the igneous origin of granite. Thus it has been argued that the specific gravity of the quartz of granite is about 2-6, while that of silica after fusion is only 2.2. It must be remembered, however, that the quartz of granite has solidified under great pressure, as proved by Mr Sorby's observations, and it is probable that such pressure would increase the density of the silica. Moreover, it has been pointed out by the late D. Forbes (Geol. Mag., iv., No. 10, 1867, p. 443) that the siliceous tests of certain infusoria, which assuredly have not been fused, are as low as 2.2. Another argument which has been advanced against the igneous origin of granitic rocks is based on the fact that they contain minerals of a basic character which could not have existed in a state of fusion in the presence of free silica, without forming a combination with the latter. Again, some of the accessory minerals in granite would suffer change by an elevation of temperature, while many of them contain water which, it is assumed, would be expelled on fusion. Probably, however, these minerals are in most